Post on 14-Mar-2022
MIPS I t ti S t MIPS I t ti S t MIPS Instruction Set Architecture I
MIPS Instruction Set Architecture IArchitecture IArchitecture I
Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)Jin Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)Computer Systems Laboratory
Sungkyunkwan Universityhtt // l kk dhttp://csl.skku.edu
Architecture (1)Architecture (1)Architecture (1)Architecture (1)
“the attributes of a system as seen by the programmer i ethe attributes of a system as seen by the programmer, i.e., the conceptual structure and functional behavior, as distinct from the organization of the data flow and controls, g ,the logical design, and the physical implementation”
‐‐ Amdahl, Blaauw, and Brooks, Architecture of the IBM System/360,
Th i ibl i t f b t ft d h d
, , , f y / ,IBM Journal of Research and Development, April 1964.
• The visible interface between software and hardware• What the user (OS, compiler, …) needs to know to
reason about how the machine behavesreason about how the machine behaves• Abstracted from the details of how it may accomplish
its task
2ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
its task
Architecture (2)Architecture (2)Architecture (2)Architecture (2)Computer “Architecture” definesp• Instruction set architecture (ISA)
– Instruction set– Operand types– Data types (integers, FPs, …)
M dd i d– Memory addressing modes, …
• Registers and other stateTh i t t/ ti d l• The interrupt/exception model
• Memory management and protectionVi t l d h i l dd l t• Virtual and physical address layout
• I/O model
3ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
• ...
Architecture (3)Architecture (3)Architecture (3)Architecture (3)Microarchitecture• Organization of the machine below the visible level
– Number/location of functional units– Pipeline/cache configurations– Programmer transparent techniques: prefetching, …
M id i ( i ) h• Must provide same meaning (semantics) as the visible architecture model
Implementation• Hardware realization• Logic circuits, VLSI technology, process, ...
4ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
Architecture (4)Architecture (4)Architecture (4)Architecture (4)
Itanium(IA‐64)
XScale(IXA)
Intel 64(IA‐32e, EM64T, x86‐64)
ArchitectureBrand Name IA‐32
P5 P6 NetBurst CoreMicroarchitectureBrand Name Mobile
PentiumPentium MMX
Pentium ProPentium IIPentium III
Pentium 4Pentium D
Pentium M Core Duo/Solo Core 2 Quad/Duo/Solo
ProcessorBrand Name
P5, P54C, P54CS
―
P55C,Till k
Pentium Pro―
Klamath, Deschutes
Willamette,Northwood,Prescott,Cedar Mill
Banias,Dothan
Yonah Conroe,Allendale,Wolfdale
―
M
ProcessorCode Name
Tillamook ―
Katmai,Coppermine,Tualatin
―
Smithfield,Presler
Merom, Penryn
―
Kentsfield,Yorkfield
5ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
Yorkfield
Instruction Set (1)Instruction Set (1)Instruction Set (1)Instruction Set (1)Instruction set• The repertoire of instructions of a computer• Different computers have different instruction setsp
– But with many aspects in common
• Early computers had very 1400
1300Other
simple instruction sets– Simplified implementation
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
SPARCHitachi SHPowerPCMotorola 68KMIPSIA-32
• Many modern computers also have simple instructionsets
800
700
600
500
IA-32ARM
sets– “RISC (Reduced Instruction
Set Computer)”
400
300
200
100
6ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
01998 2000 2001 20021999
Instruction Set (2)Instruction Set (2)Instruction Set (2)Instruction Set (2)MIPS instruction set• Similar to other architectures developed since 1980’s• Stanford MIPS commercialized by MIPS Technologies y g
(www.mips.com)• Large share of embedded core market
– Applications in consumer electronics, network/storage equipment, cameras, printers, …Almost 100 million MIPS processors manufactured in 2002– Almost 100 million MIPS processors manufactured in 2002
– Used by NEC, Nintendo, Cisco, Silicon Graphics, Sony, …
• Typical of many modern ISAsTypical of many modern ISAs– See MIPS Reference Data tear-out card (“green card”), and
Appendixes B and E
7ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
Arithmetic Operations (1)Arithmetic Operations (1)Arithmetic Operations (1)Arithmetic Operations (1)Arithmetic operationsp• Add and subtract, three operands
– Two sources and one destination
add a, b, c # a b + c
• All arithmetic operations have this form
• Design Principle 1: Simplicity favors regularity– Regularity makes implementation simplerg y– Simplicity enables higher performance at lower cost
8ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
Arithmetic Operations (2)Arithmetic Operations (2)Arithmetic Operations (2)Arithmetic Operations (2)Arithmetic examplep• C code:
f = (g + h) – (i + j);
• Compiled MIPS code:
add t0, g, h # temp t0 = g + hadd t1, i, j # temp t1 = i + j
b f t0 t1 # f t0 t1sub f, t0, t1 # f = t0 – t1
9ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
Operands (1)Operands (1)Operands (1)Operands (1)Register operandsg p• Arithmetic instructions use register operands• MIPS has a 32 x 32-bit register fileg
– Use for frequently accessed data– Numbered 0 to 31– 32-bit data called a “word”
• Assembler names$ $ $ f t l– $t0, $t1, …, $t9 for temporary values
– $s0, $s1, …, $s7 for saved variables
• Design Principle 2: Smaller is faster– (cf.) Main memory: millions of locations
10ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
Operands (2)Operands (2)Operands (2)Operands (2)Register operand exampleg p p• C code:
f ( h) (i j)
– f, g, h, i, j in $s0, $s1, $s2, $s3, $s4
f = (g + h) – (i + j);
• Compiled MIPS code:
add $t0, $s1, $s2add $t1 $s3 $s4add $t1, $s3, $s4sub $s0, $t0, $t1
11ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
Operands (3)Operands (3)Operands (3)Operands (3)MIPS registersg
# Name Usage
0 $zero The constant value 0
# Name Usage
16 $s0 Saved temporaries1 $at Assembler temporary2 $v0 Values for results and
expression evaluation3 $v14 $a0 Arguments
(Callee‐save registers)17 $s118 $s219 $s320 $s44 $a0 Arguments
5 $a16 $a27 $a3
20 $s421 $s522 $s623 $s77 $a3
8 $t0 Temporaries(Caller‐save registers)9 $t1
10 $t2
23 $s724 $t8 More temporaries
(Caller‐save registers)25 $t926 $k0 Reserved for OS kernel
11 $t312 $t413 $t514 $t6
27 $k128 $gp Global pointer29 $sp Stack pointer30 $f F i t
12ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
14 $t615 $t7
30 $fp Frame pointer31 $ra Return address
Operands (4)Operands (4)Operands (4)Operands (4)Memory operandsy p• Main memory used for composite data
– Arrays, structures, dynamic data
• To apply arithmetic operations– Load values from memory into registers
0
4
32 bits of data
32 bits of data– Store result from register to memory
• Memory is byte addressedE h dd id ifi 8 bi b
4
8
12
32 bits of data
32 bits of data
32 bits of data– Each address identifies an 8-bit byte
• Words are aligned in memoryAddress must be a multiple of 4
...
– Address must be a multiple of 4
• MIPS is Big Endian– Most-significant byte at least address of a word
13ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
– Most-significant byte at least address of a word
Operands (5)Operands (5)Operands (5)Operands (5)Memory operand example 1y p p• C code:
h A[8]
– g in $s1, h in $s2, base address of A in $s3
g = h + A[8];
• Compiled MIPS code:– 4 bytes per word– 4 bytes per word– Index 8 requires offset of 32
l $ ($ ) l d dlw $t0, 32($s3) # load wordadd $s1, $s2, $t0
14ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
offset base register
Operands (6)Operands (6)Operands (6)Operands (6)Memory operand example 2y p p• C code:
A[12] h A[8]
– h in $s2, base address of A in $s3
A[12] = h + A[8];
• Compiled MIPS code:– Index 8 requires offset of 32– Index 8 requires offset of 32
lw $t0, 32($s3) # load word$ $ $add $t0, $s2, $t0
sw $t0, 48($s3) # store word
15ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
Operands (7)Operands (7)Operands (7)Operands (7)Register vs. Memoryg y• Registers are faster to access than memory• Operating on memory data requires loads and storesp g y q
– More instructions to be executed
• Compiler must use registers for variables as much as possible– Only spill to memory for less frequently used variables
R i i i i i i– Register optimization is important
16ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
Operands (8)Operands (8)Operands (8)Operands (8)Immediate operandsp• Constant data specified in an instruction
ddi $ 3 $ 3 4
• No subtract immediate instruction
addi $s3, $s3, 4
o subt act ed ate st uct o– Just use a negative constant
ddi $ 2 $ 1 1
• Design Principle 3: Make the common case fast
addi $s2, $s1, ‐1
• Design Principle 3: Make the common case fast– Small constants are common– Immediate operand avoids a load instruction
17ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
p
Operands (9)Operands (9)Operands (9)Operands (9)The constant zero• MIPS register 0 ($zero) is the constant 0
– Cannot be overwritten
• Useful for common operations– E.g., move between registers
add $t2, $s1, $zero
18ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
Representing Data (1)Representing Data (1)Representing Data (1)Representing Data (1)Unsigned binary integersg y g• Given an n-bit number
012n1n 2x2x2x2xx ++++ −−
• Range: 0 to +2n – 1
00
11
2n2n
1n1n 2x2x2x2xx ++++= −− L
a ge: 0 to• Example
– 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 101122
= 0 + … + 1×23 + 0×22 +1×21 +1×20
= 0 + … + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 1110
• Using 32 bits– 0 to +4,294,967,295
19ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
Representing Data (2)Representing Data (2)Representing Data (2)Representing Data (2)2’s-complement signed integersp g g• Given an n-bit number
012n1n 2x2x2x2xx ++++ −−
• Range: –2n – 1 to +2n – 1 – 1
00
11
2n2n
1n1n 2x2x2x2xx ++++−= −− L
a ge: to• Example
– 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 110022
= –1×231 + 1×230 + … + 1×22 +0×21 +0×20
= –2,147,483,648 + 2,147,483,644 = –410
• Using 32 bits– –2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647
20ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
Representing Data (3)Representing Data (3)Representing Data (3)Representing Data (3)2’s-complement signed integers (cont’d)p g g ( )• Bit 31 is sign bit
– 1 for negative numbers– 0 for non-negative numbers
• –(–2n – 1) can’t be represented• Non-negative numbers have the same unsigned and
2’s-complement representation• Some specific numbers:
0: 0000 0000 ... 0000‐1: 1111 1111 ... 1111
Most‐negative: 1000 0000 ... 0000M t iti 0111 1111 1111
21ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
Most‐positive: 0111 1111 ... 1111
Representing Data (4)Representing Data (4)Representing Data (4)Representing Data (4)Signed negationg g• Complement and add 1
– Complement means 1 0, 0 1
11111...111xx 2 −==+
x1x −=+
• Example: negate +2– +2 = 0000 0000 … 00102
2 1111 1111 1101 1– –2 = 1111 1111 … 11012 + 1= 1111 1111 … 11102
22ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
Representing Data (5)Representing Data (5)Representing Data (5)Representing Data (5)Sign extensiong• Representing a number using more bits
– Preserve the numeric value
• In MIPS instruction set– addi: extend immediate value– lb, lh: extend loaded byte/halfword– beq, bne: extend the displacement
R li t th i bit t th l ft• Replicate the sign bit to the left– (cf.) unsigned values: extend with 0s
• Examples: 8 bit to 16 bit• Examples: 8-bit to 16-bit– +2: 0000 0010 0000 0000 0000 0010– -2: 1111 1110 1111 1111 1111 1110
23ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
Representing Instructions (1)Representing Instructions (1)Representing Instructions (1)Representing Instructions (1)Representing instructions in MIPSp g• Instructions are encoded in binary
– Called machine code
• MIPS instructions– Encoded as 32-bit instruction words– Small number of formats encoding operation code (opcode),
register numbers, ...– Regularity!Regularity!
• Register numbers– $t0 – $t7 are registers 8 – 15$ $ g– $t8 – $t9 are registers 24 – 25– $s0 – $s7 are registers 16 – 23
24ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
Representing Instructions (2)Representing Instructions (2)Representing Instructions (2)Representing Instructions (2)MIPS R-format instructions
op rs rt rd shamt funct6 bi 6 bi5 bi 5 bi 5 bi 5 bi
Instruction fields
6 bits 6 bits5 bits 5 bits 5 bits 5 bits
• Instruction fields– op: operation code (opcode)– rs: first source register numberrs: first source register number– rt: second source register number– rd: destination register number– shamt: shift amount (00000 for now)– funct: function code (extends opcode)
25ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
Representing Instructions (3)Representing Instructions (3)Representing Instructions (3)Representing Instructions (3)MIPS R-format examplep
op rs rt rd shamt funct6 bi 6 bi5 bi 5 bi 5 bi 5 bi6 bits 6 bits5 bits 5 bits 5 bits 5 bits
add $t0 $s1 $s2add $t0, $s1, $s2
special $s1 $s2 $t0 0 addspecial $s1 $s2 $t0 0 add
0 17 18 8 0 32
000000 10001 10010 01000 00000 100000
26ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
000000100011001001000000001000002 = 0232402016
Representing Instructions (4)Representing Instructions (4)Representing Instructions (4)Representing Instructions (4)MIPS I-format instructions
op rs rt constant or address6 bi 5 bi 5 bi 16 bi
• Immediate arithmetic and load/store instructionsrt: destination or source register number
6 bits 5 bits 5 bits 16 bits
– rt: destination or source register number– Constant: –215 to +215 – 1– Address: offset added to base address in rs
• Design Principle 4: Good design demands good compromisescompromises– Different formats complicate decoding, but allow 32-bit
instructions uniformly
27ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
– Keep formats as similar as possible
Representing Instructions (5)Representing Instructions (5)Representing Instructions (5)Representing Instructions (5)MIPS J-format instructions
op address6 bit 26 bits
• Jump instructions (j and jal)
6 bits 26 bits
• Jump instructions (j and jal)– Address: encodes 26-bit target address
28ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
Representing Instructions (6)Representing Instructions (6)Representing Instructions (6)Representing Instructions (6)Stored program computersp g p• Instructions represented in
binary, just like data• Instructions and data stored in
memory• Programs can operate on
programsil li k– e.g., compilers, linkers, ...
• Binary compatibility allows compiled programs to work oncompiled programs to work on different computers– Standardized ISAs
29ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
S a da d ed S s
Logical Operations (1)Logical Operations (1)Logical Operations (1) Logical Operations (1) Logical operationsg p• Instructions for bitwise manipulation
Operation C Java MIPSOperation C Java MIPS
Shift left << << sll
h f h lShift right >> >>> srl
Bitwise AND & & and, andi
Bitwise OR | | or, ori
Bitwise NOT ~ ~ nor
– Useful for extracting and inserting groups of bits in a word
30ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
Logical Operations (2)Logical Operations (2)Logical Operations (2)Logical Operations (2)Shift operationsp
op rs rt rd shamt funct6 bi 6 bi5 bi 5 bi 5 bi 5 bi
shamt: how many positions to shift
6 bits 6 bits5 bits 5 bits 5 bits 5 bits
• shamt: how many positions to shift• Shift left logical
Shift left and fill with 0 bits– Shift left and fill with 0 bits– sll by i bits multiples by 2i
• Shift right logicalShift right logical– Shift right and fill with 0 bits– srl by i bits divides by 2i (unsigned only)
31ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
Logical Operations (3)Logical Operations (3)Logical Operations (3)Logical Operations (3)AND operationsp• Useful to mask bits in a word
– Select some bits, clear others to 0
and $t0, $t1, $t2
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1101 1100 0000$t2
0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1100 0000 0000$t1
$ 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1100 0000 0000$t0
32ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
Logical Operations (4)Logical Operations (4)Logical Operations (4)Logical Operations (4)OR operationsp• Useful to include bits in a word
– Set some bits to 1, leave others unchanged
or $t0, $t1, $t2
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1101 1100 0000$t2
0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1100 0000 0000$t1
$ 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1100 0000 0000$t0
33ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)
Logical Operations (5)Logical Operations (5)Logical Operations (5)Logical Operations (5)NOT operationsp• Useful to invert bits in a word
– Change 0 to 1, and 1 to 0
• MIPS has NOR 3-operand instruction– a NOR b == NOT (a OR b)
nor $t0, $t1, $zero
0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1100 0000 0000$t1
1111 1111 1111 1111 1100 0011 1111 1111$t0
34ICE3003: Computer Architecture | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu)