Post on 10-Jul-2015
Midterm Review
Prologue: Intro to Psychology
• Psychology
– Biology and Philosophy
• Wundt’s Lab
– Reaction Time(psychophysics/Atoms of the Mind
• Structuralism
– Edward Titchener
– Introspection
• Functionalism
– William James
– Charles Darwin
• American Psychologists
– G. Stanley Hall
– Mary Calkins
– Margret Washburn
• Psych Perspectives (in order of history)
– Psychodynamic
– Freud
– Cognitive
- Behavioral
• Watson, Skinner
– Humanistic
• Maslow, Rogers
– Biological
– Evolutionary
– Social-Cultural
Research Methods
• Independent vs. Dependent Variables
• Ethics in Research
• Random Assignment vs. Random Sample
• Case Studies
• Surveys
• What makes a study scientific?
• Statistical Significance
Positive Correlation:Muscle size and exercise
Negative Correlation: Smoking and health
No Correlation: Weight and GPA
Biology and Behavior
• Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic
• Broca’s vs. Wernicke’s Areas
• Medulla vs. Pons
• Amygdala
• Split Brain Research
• Twin Studies
• fMRI scans vs. PET scans
• Endocrine System Glands
• Lobes of the Brain
• Hypothalamus and Dopamine Rewards
Agonist (Heroin) vs. Antagonist (Botox)
Mimic & ExciteBlock & Inhibit
Types of Brain Scans
PET SCAN MRI
fMRI
EEG Brain Wave Activity
Developmental
• Reflexes
• Habituation
• Maturation
• Erikson’s Stages (Adolescence and Young Adulthood)
• Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence
• Gender Typing
Schemas
• Assimilation
– Taking new information and fitting it into an existing schema
• Accommodation
– Taking new information and creating a new schema or changing the existing one
Accommodate it by making its own category or adjusting your schema for horse
Assimilate it by saying it is a type of horse
Longitudinal vs. Cross Sectional Studies
Longitudinal: Watch the same group grow up over time, periodically testing themPros: Eliminate difference variables between peopleCons: Expensive, time consuming and people die
Cross Sectional: Different people with similar characteristics being tested at the same timePros: Quick, less expensiveCons: Different people might have different backgrounds, which leads to confounding variables.
Year 1 Year 5 Year 10
Age 1 Age 5 Age 10
Same Day, Different Ages
Same People, Different Days
Piaget Cognitive Development
Harlow vs. Ainsworth
Kohlberg’s Moral Development
Is his Research Biased against women?
-Coral Gilligan
Baumrind’sTypes of Parenting
Sensation and Perception
• Selective Attention
• Absolute Threshold
• Color Blindness
• Brain Plasticity
• Gestalt Psychology
• Feature detectors
• Pain
• Hearing Mechanisms
Change Blindness
• Selective Attention
• Cocktail Party Effect
• Inattentional Blindness
• Change Blindness
Feature Detectors (Hubel and Wiesel)
Color Vision Theories
Trichromatic Theory (Y-H Theory)Cones see in red, blue and green, helps explain color blindness
Opponent Processing TheoryOpponent cells get stimulated after exposure to opposite colors.
The Ear
PLACE THEORYThe place in the cochlea where hair cells are stimulated determines pitch
FREQUENCY THEORYThe number of times per second the hair cells are stimulated determines pitch
States of Consciouness
• REM sleep
• Sleep Disorders
• Circadian Rhythms
• Hypnosis
• Withdrawal vs. Dependence
• Alcohol
Learning
• Classical Conditioning Process
• Punishment
• Little Albert Study
• Edward Thorndike
• Positive reinforcement vs. Negative Reinforcement
• Higher-Order Conditioning
• The Garcia Effect
• Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
• Overjustification Effect
• Observational Learning (BoBo Doll)
•
Secondary or Higher Order Conditioning:
Could pairing light with a bell cause the dog to salivate to the light alone?
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning
Watson's Classical Conditioning
Little Albert Generalized his fear to be afraid of all white furry things
Reinforcement & Punishment
Memory
• Repression
• Types of Mnemonics
• Short-Term Memory
• Procedural vs. declarative memories
• Recall vs. Recognition
• Types of Amnesia
• Long-Term Potentiation
• Proactive vs. Retroactive interference
•
DECLARATIVE/
EXPLICIT MEMORY
NON-DECLARATIVE, IMPLICIT OR PROCEDURAL
MEMORY
SEMANTICMEMORY
EPISODICMEMORY
MEMORY
Amnesia
TimeOnset of Amnesia
Anterograde Amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia
Memory Loss
Memory Loss
Source amnesia: Forgetting where you saw or acquired the information
Forgetting
33Mr. Burnes
Encoding Failure with pennies
Sleep prevents retroactive interference. Therefore, it leads to better recall.
Thinking and Language
• Concepts vs. Prototypes
• Functional Fixedness
• Algorithms
• Divergent vs. Convergent thinking
• Availability vs. Representativeness Heuristics
• Wolfgang Kohler
• Noam Chomsky vs. BF Skinner
• Phonemes vs. Morphemes
• Syntax vs. Semantics
• Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis (Whorf)
Concepts and Prototypes
Concept“General Category”
Prototype“Specific Representation”
Why is a penguin nota typical prototype?
Representativeness and Availability Heuristics
Availability HeuristicWhat ever comes to mind quickest
Is it safer to fly or drive?More words that begin with K or
have K as the third letter?
Representativeness HeuristicWhat ever best fits our schema best
Is this man more likely a bankerOr a pro basketball player?
Gambler’s Fallacy
Whorf-Sapir Hypothesis of Linguistic Determinism