Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceinthe

ElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

ChrisMarnay

TrottierInstituteforSustainabilityin

EngineeringandDesign

McGillUniversity,Montreal

SeminaratHECMontréal

26January2017

MikeQuashi&GraemeBalint

2 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure2

WhatistheTrottierInstituteforSustainabilityin

EngineeringandDesign(TISED)?

• AnInstitutethat‘lives’intheFacultyofEngineeringatMcGillUniversityinMontréal.

•  InstitutesatMcGillgenerallyconductresearchbutcanalsoofferacademicprograms,andfrequentlyhostevents

• TISEDsupportstheworkofengineers,architects,andurbanplannersforsustainabilityadvances.

• TISEDisasistertoInstitutdel’énergieTrottier(IET)atPolytechniqueMontréal

3 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

• microgriddefinition

• powersectorhistory&paradigms

• motivationsformicrogrids&emergenceofresiliency

• N.Y.Prize

• examples:NYU,BorregoSprings,Sendai,&Higashi-Matsushima

• relevancetoQuébec

4 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

5 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

CIGRÉC6.22WorkingGroup&NYSERDA

MicrogridDefinitions

ConseilInternationaldesGradesRéseauxÉlectriquesInternationalCouncilonLargeElectricSystemsMicrogridsareelectricitydistributionsystemscontainingloadsanddistributedenergyresources,(suchasdistributedgenerators,storagedevices,orcontrollableloads)thatcanbeoperatedinacontrolled,coordinatedwayeitherwhileconnectedtothemainpowernetworkorwhileislanded.

NewYorkStateEnergyResearchandDevelopmentAuthorityMicrogridsarelocalenergynetworksthatareabletoseparatefromthelargerelectricalgridduringextremeweathereventsoremergencies,providingpowertoindividualcustomersandcrucialpublicservicessuchashospitals,firstresponders,andwatertreatmentfacilities.

6 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

DefinitionsofReliability&Resilience

• Resilienceisthe"…abilitytoprepareforandadapttochangingconditionsandwithstandandrecoverrapidlyfromdisruptions."

U.S.PresidentialPolicyDirective21(TheWhiteHouse,2013)

* Reliabilitybycontrastfocusesonthestatisticalexpectationofpower

availability,andshortand/orextremeeventsareoftenexcludedfrom

thecalculation.

ASAI=AverageServiceAvailabilityIndex,e.g.99%is“twonines”

SAIDI=SystemAverageInterruptionDurationIndex,min/a

SAIFI=..................Frequency...,prob.ofevent

7 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

8 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

CentralParadigmLimitations* conflictingpolicyobjectives

generationcompetition(equipmentstress,volatilemarkets)

connectionofintermittentrenewables

* resiliency,security,…(inherentlyinsecurenetworks)

* infrastructureinterdependency* environmentalconstraints(carbon,water,etc.)

* loadgrowth?(transportationelectrification,heating,…)

* centralizedgenerationheatloss* reliabilityiscostlyforafundamentallyinsecuresystem

* restrictedexpansionofcentralizedsystem

* DCsourcesandsinks,heterogeneouspowerquality

* plug-inelectricvehiclesapotentialgamechanger

* gridparadigmvs.internetparadigm

9 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

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nanogrid“n�grid?”

truemicrogrid/facilityisland“μ�grid?”

community/u9litymicrogrid/areaEPSisland/EID/milligrid“m�grid?”

Megagrid“M�grid?”macrogrid/u9litygrid/legacygrid

10 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

11 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure11

source:OmarSaadeh

AdopterMotivations(mostlytruemicrogridsi.e.μgrids)

• reducedirectcostofmeetingenergyservicerequirements

• reduceindirectcosts(emissions,noise,…)/

(increaserenewablefraction)

• reliability&resilience• marketopportunities

(direct,wholesale,

ancillaryservices,…)

•  independence&surety

12 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

EUàJapanàUS(RDSI,SPIDERS)àAsia(China,Korea,Singapore)

NEDOprogram(2003-20XX)

Jeju islandHangzhouDianzi Univ. XiamenUniv.

Kythnos

NationalTech.Univ.ofAthens

MVVMannheim-Wallstadt

PalauUbinHuatacondo

HartleyBay

BCHydromicrogrid

Sendai

Aichi

Hachinohe

SPIDERS(2011-2015)

RDSIgrants(2008-2013)

BornholmIslandMultiMicrogrid

Eigg Island

FP5(micro-generation)1998-2002

FP6(MoreMicrogrids)2002-2006

FP7(smartgrid)2007-2011

Kyotango

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

A*STAR

13 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

Japan’sPivottoResilience

•  longandnotablehistoryinmicrogridresearch

•  outstandingperformanceofSendai(andRoppongiHills)microgridsduring

Mar2011earthquakeandtsunamiwasnoPcedinpolicycircles

•  movetowardsgreaterdependencyonmicrogrids

•  interestinmicrogridsmovedbeyondNEDO,toMinistryofEnvironment,

andothers,aswellastheprivatesector

•  JunMatsumoto,MinisterinChargeof

BuildingNationalResilience

•  heterogeneouspowerqualityrepresentsonekeytoresiliency

ErikoYamatani

JunMatsumoto

14 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

15 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

•  followedreleaseofReformingtheEnergyVisionStaffReport,April2014

•  NYPrizeannouncedinDecember2014

•  organizedbyNYSERDA&NewYorkGovernor’sOfficeofStormRecovery

•  availabilityofuptoUS$40M,undertheNYPrizeCommunityGridCompetition

•  tosupportthedevelopmentofcommunitymicrogrids

•  theNYPrizecompetitioniscomprisedofthree(3)stages:

•  Stage1:FeasibilityAssessment(~100pages)•  83projectsreceived100k$toconductFeasibilityAssessments•  (i)preliminaryassessmentofthetechnicaldesignandsystemconfiguration•  (ii)assessmentofcommercial,financialandlegalviability,and•  (iii)benefit-costanalysisoftheproposedproject.

•  Stage2:Audit-GradeDetailedEngineeringDesignandFinancial/BusinessPlan• RFPdeadlinewas12Oct2016•  ~8projectswillreceive1M$each• detailedengineeringdesign,financialandbusinessplanassessment

•  Stage3:MicrogridBuild-outandOperation•  .•  .

16 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

17 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure17

NYUCHPFacility:SandySuccessStory• major2011updatetoUS$125MCHPswitchfromoiltoNG

•  savesUS$5-8M/a,23%lessGHG,65%lesscriteria

• doubledcapacityto13.4MW

• powers22buildings,HW&cooling&heatingto37

•  ranislandedforsixdaysinSandyaftermath• notefirmNGsupply

18 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

AllBelowGradePowerStation

18

19 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

20 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

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Los Angeles

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Santa Barbara

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Ci ty ofCer ri to s

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Ci ty ofBanningCity of

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Bur bank Water & Pow er

Azus a L ig ht & Wate r

elevation182mrecordhightemp.50°C

averageJul&Aug>40°Cannualrainfall175mm

inAnza-BorregoStateParksummerpopulation3,500

winterpopulationreaches5,000largeretiredpopulation

RicardoBrecedasculptures

BorregoSprings

21 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

BS1:RDSIProject2008-13

•  SanDiegoGas&ElectricaprogressivedistribuPoncompany•  classicmilligrid•  renewableandDistributedSystemsIntegraPonaprogramofU.S.DOE

•  9“microgrid”projects2008-2013,incl.SantaRita&BorregoSprings

•  goalwas15%peakloadreducPon•  BorregoSpringsdependsonsinglevulnerable28MW32km69kVPe

•  26&5MWIPPPVarraysinthearea

•  14MWpeaklocalload+28MWPeunabletoabsorballPVoutput

•  environmentallysensiPveareaandsuspiciouspopulaPon

•  relaPvelysimpletechnologyandunclearobjecPves

•  exampleofadistribuPonuPlityembracingmicrogrids

•  butregulatoryresponseunclear

22 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure22

IslandingFromaDesertSubstation

23 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

6September2013

•  hotmorning,38°Cby10:00and42°Cat13:20

•  thunderstormsbegantoformbetween12:00and13:00

•  producedrainfalltotalsof33mmatWarnersby14:00,withsimilaramountsalongthedesertslopeswestoftown

•  gusty outflow winds from the thunderstorms began to reach the Borrego area at 14:00.

•  peak gusts of 87-105 km/h were measured between 14:20 and 14:30, though evidence supports that a microburst likely occurred near the center of the storm, producing gusts up to 113 km/h

• ~ 167 lightning strikes occurred in the Borrego area

source: SDG&E

24 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

Restoration•  9 transmission and 11 distribution poles were down •  all roads into/out of Borrego Springs were closed •  restoration took 25 h•  >200 employees involved

source: SDG&E

25 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

OutageGeneration

•  At14:20,singletransmissionlinetoBorregotripsout

•  1056totalcustomersrestoredduringoutage

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Load

(kW)

Borrego Microgrid

load(MW)

source: SDG&E

26 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

BorregoSpringsMicrogrid2.0

CEC:4.7M$&SDG&E:1.75M$

Goals

EnhanceEmergencyReadiness

IncreaseOperationalFlexibility

DecreaseOutageResponseTimes

IncreaseGridResiliency

DemonstrateNewMicrogridTechnologies

IncreaseMicrogridLoadCapacity

EnhancetheBorregoSpringsMicrogridtobemoreflexibleandautomatedinrespondingtoavarietyofpotentialoutagesituations,andleveragevariousnewtechnologiesand

DistributedEnergyResourcesforincreasedMicrogridcapabilities.

source: SDG&E

27 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

28 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

SendaiMicrogridDemonstraPon

28

source: NTT Facilities

29 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

430 VDC bus

30 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

Source:hfp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/the-smarter-grid/a-microgrid-that-wouldnt-quit/0

TheTOHOKUregionpacific

coastearthquake,

March11,2011

SENDAImicrogridsystem

byNTTFaciliPes

LongduraPonoutage

areacausedbythe

disaster.

SendaiSuccessStory

31 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

MulPplePowerQualiPesDuringOutage

31

source: NTT Facilities

32 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

July22,2012

Footertexthere32

SendaiandHigashi-Matsushima�

33 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

34 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

Higashi-Matsushima:Disaster-ResilientEco-City�

Tokyo

Sapporo

Osaka

35 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

36 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

RelevancetoQuébec

•  youcanprobablyguess•  ENEAreportmighthelp

•  amorenerdyapproach

36

URBANMICROGRIDJanuary2017

Overview, challengesand opportunities

A study funded by:

37 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

McIntyreMedicalScienceBuilding

Footertexthere37

•  built1965,remodeled1998

•  16storeycirculartower(30000m2)

•  sickblg.venilationfix2003•  2theatres&classrooms

•  officeandlab.space

38 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

PreliminaryDER-CAMAnalysisequipmentdetails

38

technology

capital

cost

($/kW)

discrete

size(kW)

fixedO&M

($/kW-a)

variable

O&M

($/kWh)

recovery

rate eff(%)

Microturbine-HX 3822 500 0.015 0.003 1.4 0.21

Biomass-HX 5434 500 0.017 0.010 1.8 0.29

PVsystem 4495 0.025 0

SolarThermal 4284 0.050 0

•  hourlyelectricityuseandmonthlysteamusefromsimulation

•  modeledtotalheatrequirementandshapebasedonaMinneapolishealthcareblg.

•  *flat5¢/kWh&14$/kW

•  6.5$/GJforNG&biogas

•  3.5$/tCO2carbonallowance

•  gridavailability99%

•  outagecost225$/kW(option)

•  widerangeofsensitivities10$/tCO2,5&10$/GJNG&biogas,emissionsfrombiogasproduction,….

•  sitevs.sourceemissions500,850,4000gCO2/kWh(RobertHowarth,2015,)

*allinCAD

39 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

PreliminaryFindings�

•  inefficientbuilding,using≈�moreenergythanatypicalCanadianmedicalbuilding

•  withoutreliabilityonlyPVandsolarthermaleverchosen

•  except,worsecastshalegasCH4emissionsplus10$/tCO22x500,1x400,&1x100kWbiogasCHPplus75kWsolarthermal

•  withreliabilityconsidered,99%availability,NGCHP&PVdominate1500&2x100kWplus15kWPVrobustsolution

•  solartechnologiessurprisinglyattractiveoftenhitfootprintconstraint•  NGCHPcouldbeattractive,assensitiveloads,butupstreamemissions

•  morecarefullookatbiomassandgroundsourceoptionsnecessary�

40 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

WanttolearnmoreaboutMicrogrids?

• IsThereaRoleforMicrogridsinQuébec?workshoporganizedbyTISED,eveningof25April2017NewResidenceHall,3625AvduParc,Montréal

•  hfp://microgridknowledge.com/

• Newcastle2017SymposiumonMicrogrids28Nov–1Dec2017–byinvitaPononly–askmenowhfp://microgrid-symposiums.org/Sunday3-Friday8Dec20172017IEEEPESInnovaPveSmartGridTechnologiesAsia(ISGTAsia2017)Conference,Auckland,NewZealand

40

41 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

ChrisMarnayTrottierInstituteforSustainabilityinEngineeringandDesign

McGillUniversityoff:+1.514.398.3287-mob:+1.510.508.7705

chris.marnay@mcgill.ca

mike.quashie@mail.mcgill.ca-graeme.balint@mail.mcgill.ca