Post on 31-Dec-2015
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 1
Progress in Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
R. BellazziniINFN - sez. Pisa
Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 2
Outline• Why are we interested in Micro Pattern Gas Detector?
• Performances and limitations• Solutions with Single-stage Devices• Solutions with Multi-stage Devices• Some ‘exotic’ applications• Conclusions
Two recent, excellent reviews: F.Sauli, 8th Pisa Meeting on Advanced Detectors, Elba 2000
A. Sharma, IEEE NSS and Medical Imaging Conference, Lyon 2000
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 3
Electric field Signals
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 4
Spatial resolution = 30.5 ± 0.4 m
Overall spatial resolution
Ne(25)-DME(75)Vcath= -530 VVdrift= -3000 V
MSGC
Residuals distribution
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 5
Global Occupancy at different S/N (ORCA2 sim.)
48 minimum bias events in 3 bunch crossings
MSGC
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 6
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Relative gain
6 7 8 90.1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91
2 3 4 5
Rate (MHz/mm2)
Vd= -3000V, V
c= -460V
Pestov glass coating
ρbulk=10 10 Ωcm
ρbulk=10 11 Ωcm
MSGC
- INFN Pisa
: 5.4 -Source KeV Cr X rays- (50/50)Ne DME
Vd= -1000 , V V
c= -564V
263 D uncoatedρ
surface=510 17 Ω/square
Rate capability > 1 MHz/mm2
MSGC
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 7
Efield on insulating substrate
Efield on thin conducting layer(coating) over insulating substrate
Uncoated MSGC
Coated MSGC
MSGC
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 8
At high gain on exposure to heavilyionizing particles possible discharges
MSGC
Advanced passivation
Standard passivation
A. Bressan et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A424 (1998) 321
Solution! Cathode edge passivation
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 9
Telescope of 32 MSGCs tested at PSI in Nov99 (Milestone)
MSGC
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 10
MSGC
350-400 MeV/c +/p beam.MIP spectrum with non-negligible HIP rate.
4 channels (out of 16000)lost in ~400 hrs run
32 days exposure @LHC rate! (Max rate ~6 KHz/mm2 )
R. Bellazzini et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A457 (2001) 22
Spark rate 1/day/detectorin the whole telescope
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 11
Measured spark probability 4 10-13
MSGC
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 12
MSGC
Strip loss historyduring the whole
PSI Test Beam period (5 weeks H.I.)
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 13
MSGC
Detection efficiency vs S/N
~ 98% at S/N = 13
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 14
MSGC
Example of gain stability at low and high intensity
3 weeks run
3 weeks run
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 15
Exploited2D-Reconstruction capability
with Pion beam
MSGC
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 16
Summary of PSI-Milestone for CMS Barrel MSGCs
• 32 barrel modules exposed for 5 weeks of HI at PSI;• no single access, no single short, no cathode trips;• lost 40% of 1 strip and 2 electronic channels (3 including margin phase);• margins explored up to a factor 2.4 without any significant increase of spark rate and strip loss;• lifetime = 20 times the expected one;• system brought back in perfect integrity ( < 1.4 % dead channels)• measured discharge probability = 4 10-13
MSGC
From the Addendum to the CMS tracker TDR by the CMS collaboration:“ In the fall of 1999, the large scale PSI Milestone (~40 k strips exposed for 5 weeks) resulted in an unambiguous demonstration of the viability of the CMS MSGC’s for tracking at the LHC.”
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 17
GEM
F. Sauli, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A386 (1997) 531
70 m
140 m
Transfer
MultiplicationConversion and drift
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 18
GEM + MSGC
Applications: HERA-B, CMS Forward Tracker
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 19
GEM + MSGC
HERA-B Detector
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 20
GEM + MSGC
M. Holhmann, 8th Pisa Meeting on Advanced Detectors, Elba 2000
HERA-B:High rate experiment
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 21
GEM + MSGC
HERA-B Inner Tracker: the world’s largest Micro Pattern Detector
MSGC-GEM detectors
Rmin ~ 6 cm
106 particles/cm2•sec300 m pitch184 chambers: max 25x25 cm2
~ 10 m2
140.000 channels
M. Holhmann, 8th Pisa Meeting on Advanced Detectors, Elba 2000
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 22
GEM + MSGC
HERA-B : Spark rate and exposure time
Gem+MSGC appear to be adequate solution even if they need long and careful HV training in the beam
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 23
GEM + MSGC
Courtesy F. Eisele (Desy)
HERA-B GEM+MSGC
Hit efficiency ~ 90÷96 % (after individual VGEM adjustment)
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 24
GEM + MSGC
HERA-B : tracks in the Inner Tracker
Courtesy F. Eisele (Desy)
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 25
CMS Forward Tracker
PSI Test Beam Set-up18 MSGC+GEM modules
GEM + MSGC
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 26
GEM + MSGC
High intensity event reconstruction
CMS Forward MSGC+GEM modules
M. Ageron et al., Preprint sub. Nucl. Instr. Meth., 21 June 2000
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 27
Detection efficiency vs S/N
M. Ageron et al., Preprint sub. Nucl. Instr. Meth., 21 June 2000
PSI low intensity run
GEM + MSGC
~ 98% at S/N = 17
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 28
M. Ageron et al., Preprint sub. Nucl. Instr. Meth., 21 June 2000
GEM + MSGC
(HI runs @ S/Npremux ~ 37)
Mile
ston
e ce
iling
Strip loss history during the 3 weeks
of PSI-Milestone Test Beam
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 29
GEM + MGD
PSI99 M1 TB - Low Intensity S/N
Two-stages Micro Pattern detector: GEM + MicroGroove Detector
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 30
GEM + MGD
1 week high intensity run: NO sparks, NO loss of strips or electronic channels at low transfer field (4 kV/cm)
PSI99- M1 Test beam
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 31
Double - Triple GEM
S. Bachmann, CERN-EP/2001-151
Double-GEM detector
Discharge probability vs gainfor -particles
Fast read-out (electrons) 2D capability Single GEM (uniform field) more prone
to sparking than MSGC (sharp field)
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 32
Double - Triple GEM
The PSI M1 beam @ 300 MeV/creproduces very well LHC spectra
-beam
-particles
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 33
Double - Triple GEM
PSI installation: large area (31 x 31 cm2) segmented GEMs
COMPASS Double GEM
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 34
... even though the detectors experienced several thousands of discharges in the course of the discussed test beam experiments, damages were not observed neither to the GEM foils nor to the readout electronics.(S. Bachmann et al., CERN-EP/2000-116)
Double - Triple GEM
COMPASSDouble GEM prototype
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 35
Double - Triple GEM
COMPASS
B. Ketzer IEEE NSS and MI Conference19 October 2000
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 36
Double - Triple GEM
Triple GEM detector forLHCb inner tracker
Detection efficiency vs GEM Voltage
M. Ziegler et al., hep-ex/0007007, 6 July 2000
375V
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 37
Double - Triple GEM
@ 375V (beginning of plateau)Discharge probability
≈ 8.3x10-12
(45 sparks in 2 det. in 12.5 hrs)
M. Ziegler et al., hep-ex/0007007, 6 July 2000
Gain and Discharge probability vs GEM Voltage
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 38
Applications: MSGC
The JEM-X Project on INTEGRAL ( a -ray observatory satellite)Danish Space Research Institute
To be launched this year by ESA
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 39
The JEM-X Detector consists of 2 identical, high pressure, 2D-MSGCs.
The gas filling is a mixture Xenon-Methane (Gain ~ 1500).The diameter is 250 mm, corresponding to a collecting area of 500cm2
Applications: MSGC
Qualification model2D-MSGC plate
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 40
Applications: MSGC
Spectral sensitivity of the JEM-X qualification model
Courtesy C. Budtz-Jorgensen (DSRI)
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 41
Applications: MSGC
Response of JEM-X to a full area illumination
Courtesy C. Budtz-Jorgensen (DSRI)
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 42
GEM + Pixel Read-Out
The complete separation between the amplification structure and the pick-up electrodes allows full flexibility on the choice of read-out pattern GEM+Micro Pixel electrode
Recent applications: X-ray PolarimeterTime resolved plasma diagnostic
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 43
GEM + Micro Pixel Read-Out
∂σ∂Ω
=ro2
5Z4137mc2
hν
⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎞
⎠
724 2
2sin θ( )2cosϕ( )
1−βcosθ( )( )4
Heitler W.,The Quantum Theory of Radiation
8-layer read-out boardPixel size 0.2 mm Area 2.4 x 2.4 mm2 (128 pixels)
X-ray Polarimeter
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 44
GEM + Micro Pixel Read-Out
Reconstructed emission angles of the photoelectron
Photoelectron tracks reconstruction(larger boxes == larger energy losses)
Unpolarized photons
E. Costa et al.
Polarizedphotons
Interaction point and Auger e-
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 45
GEM + Micro Pixel Read-Out
Observing time to measure at 99% confidence level the degree of polarization of galactic and extra-galactic sources with traditional and MP polarimeters
Degree of polarizationExtra-galactic sources
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 46
New implementation:512 independent chans out of 30 mm2 area
GEM + Micro Pixel Read-Out
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 47
GEM + Macro Pixel Read-Out
Ultra-fast system for X ray imaging based on GEMNew diagnostic device in soft X range (315 KeV) for magnetic fusion plasmas
Printed circuit board128 pixels (2.5 x 2.5 cm2)
Parallel read-out
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 48
GEM + Macro Pixel Read-Out
The inner toroid
The Frascati TOKAMAK (FTU)
Bt = 8 T, Ip = 1.6 MA R = 0.93 m a = 0.3 m
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 49
GEM + Macro Pixel Read-Out
Linearity of GEM current at very high counting rates.Counting rate linear up to 2 MHz/pixel (limited by electronics dead-time)
D. Pacella et al., Review of Scientific Instrument, Vol.72 No.2 (2001)
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 50
GEM + Macro Pixel Read-Out
1 KHz sampling - 3 MHz/pixel counting rate
Shot 18608
-500
0
500
1 000
1 500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0.00E +00 2.00E +02 4.00E +02 6.00E +02 8.00E +02 1 .00E +03 1 .20E +03
ti me (ms )
Multiple injections of D2 pellets
Time (ms)
Time response from 4 pixels for ohmic plasma
Co
un
ts /
ms
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 51
GEM + Macro Pixel Read-Out
X-ray time response for two different injection runs
20 KHz sampling, 3 MHz/pixel counting rate
Normal
Aborted
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 52
GEM + Macro Pixel Read-Out
Imaging capabilities at high rates (2MHz/pixel)
Image of a wrench placed close to the detector
Exposure time = 50 ms
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 53
Double GEM + Macro Pixel Read-Out
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1 8 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 71 78 85 92 99 106 113 120 127 134 141 148 155 162 169 176 183 190 197 204
V=1900
V=2050
B
O
B
O
183 eV
523 eV
Spectra of B (183 eV) and O (523 eV) in vacuum
Double GEM Gain = 20000
C. Buttner et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth., A409 (1998) 79
D. Pacella et al.
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 54
GEM + Macro Pixel Read-Out
Thresh.> 0.1 KeVThresh.> 0.6 KeV
Spectral map and composition of fusion plasma
Courtesy of D. Stutman, Johns Hopkins University
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 55
New Micro-Pattern Structures
F. Bartol et al., J. Phys III France 6 (1996) 337
MICROCAT
A. Sarvestani et al., Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A410 (1998) 238
Compteur a Trou (CAT)
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 56
MICROMEGAS
Y. Giomataris et al., Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A376 (1996) 29
New Micro-Pattern Structures
Large MICROMEGAS (40x40cm2) for COMPASS
Y. Giomataris, F.Kunne, F. Jeanneau, P. mangeot
Low field: conversion and drift
Very high field: multiplication
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 57
New Micro-Pattern Structures
MICRO-WIRE chamber MICRO-PIN ARRAY Detector (MIPA)
B. Adeva et al., Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A435 (1999) 402
P. Rehak et al., IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symposium seattle 1999
Micro Pattern Gas Detectors
VCI- Vienna Conference on Instrumentation 2001 R.Bellazzini - INFN Pisa 58
Conclusions
• The field of Micro Pattern Gas Detector is STILL showing great vitality and propulsion.• Single stage and Multistage Devices showed suitable for tracking at high luminosity.• Competition of solid state devices is becoming HARD, especially at hadron machines.• Great potential as X-ray detectors.• Coupling of distributed amplification structures (GEM,…) to separate, pixel read-out structures seems the most exciting perspective.