1Arbib: CS564 - Brain Theory and Artificial Intelligence, USC, Fall 2001. Lecture 2. Charting the Brain 1

Michael Arbib: CS564 - Brain Theory and Artificial Intelligence

Lecture 2. Charting the Brain 1

Reading Assignment:TMB2: Section 2.4.

2Arbib: CS564 - Brain Theory and Artificial Intelligence, USC, Fall 2001. Lecture 2. Charting the Brain 1

A View of the Human Brain

3Arbib: CS564 - Brain Theory and Artificial Intelligence, USC, Fall 2001. Lecture 2. Charting the Brain 1

A View of the Monkey Brain

4Arbib: CS564 - Brain Theory and Artificial Intelligence, USC, Fall 2001. Lecture 2. Charting the Brain 1

Dorsal Spinal Cord Ventral

5Arbib: CS564 - Brain Theory and Artificial Intelligence, USC, Fall 2001. Lecture 2. Charting the Brain 1

Flexor and Extensor Muscles

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How Motoneuron Firing Shortens Muscles

Henneman’s Size Principle:See HBTNN: Motoneuron recruitment

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Eye and retina

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Retinotopy

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Mammalian and Frog Visual Systems

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Mammalian Auditory System

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Broca’s and Wernicke’s Aphasias

Paul Broca (1865): Broca's aphasia is characterized by nonfluent speech, few words, short sentences, and many pauses. The words that the patient can produce come with great effort and often sound distorted. The melodic intonation is flat and monopitched. This gives the speech the general appearance of a telegraphic nature, because of the deletion of functor words and disturbances in word order. However, aural comprehension for conversational speech is relatively intact. There is often an accompanying right hemiparesis involving the face, arm, and leg.

Carl Wernicke (1874): Wernicke’s aphasia is known as a fluent aphasia because the patient does not appear to have any difficulty articulating speech, but may be paraphasic. However, comprehension of speech is impaired and sometimes even single words are not comprehended. The patient may even speak in a meaningless “neoligistic” jargon, devoid of any content but with free use of verb tenses, clauses, and

subordinates.

Dorsal Language Cortex Ventral Warning: Localization of Aphasias is HIGHLY Variable

Wernicke’s original drawing (wrong hemisphere!)

Broca’s Area (Negative Image) Wernicke’s Area

MRI-scans fromKeith A. Johnson, M.D. and J.

Alex Becker The Whole Brain Atlas

http://www.med.harvard.edu./

AANLIB/home.html Slice viewed from below:

So “right” is left

a = Wernickeb = Broca

13Arbib: CS564 - Brain Theory and Artificial Intelligence, USC, Fall 2001. Lecture 2. Charting the Brain 1

Reading, No - Writing, Yes!Alexia without Agraphia

Dejerine, 1892

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Frog

Snake

Horse

Primitive Mammal

Catfish

Alligator

Goose

Varieties of Vertebrate Brains

15Arbib: CS564 - Brain Theory and Artificial Intelligence, USC, Fall 2001. Lecture 2. Charting the Brain 1

The “Bauplan” for the Mammalian Brain

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From Basic Vertebrate to Primate Brain