Post on 24-Dec-2015
Metabolic Processes - Part II
Test Review
Part A: True and False
Aerobic cellular respiration requires that oxygen be present.
A. TrueB. False
Aerobic cellular respiration requires that oxygen be present.
A. TrueB. False
Cellular respiration results in the relatively rapid, uncontrolled release of energy from a molecule of glucose to produce ATP for use by cells for various functions.
A. TrueB. False
Cellular respiration results in the relatively rapid, uncontrolled release of energy from a molecule of glucose to produce ATP for use by cells for various functions.
A. TrueB. False- relatively slow controlled
The function of enzymes in a biochemical pathway is to speed the reactions up in order to produce product more efficiently.
A. TrueB. False
The function of enzymes in a biochemical pathway is to speed the reactions up in order to produce product more efficiently.
A. TrueB. False - control the reactions
Glucose is the initial electron acceptor.
A. TrueB. False
Glucose is the initial electron acceptor.
A. TrueB. False
Krebs cycle is located in the matrix of the mitochondria.
A. TrueB. False
Krebs cycle is located in the matrix of the mitochondria.
A. TrueB. False
The electron transport chain is located on the inner portion of the cell membrane. A. TrueB. False
The electron transport chain is located on the inner portion of the cell membrane. A. TrueB. False - inner mitochondrial membrane
When oxygen is scarce in human muscle tissue, ethanol fermentation takes place in order to keep glycolysis running.
A. TrueB. False
When oxygen is scarce in human muscle tissue, ethanol fermentation takes place in order to keep glycolysis running.
A. TrueB. False - lactic acid fermentation
The ultimate metabolic waste product from the metabolism of proteins is ammonia.
A. TrueB. False
The ultimate metabolic waste product from the metabolism of proteins is ammonia.
A. TrueB. False
Fatty acids need to be metabolized to pyruvate before they can enter Krebs cycle.
A. TrueB. False
Fatty acids need to be metabolized to pyruvate before they can enter Krebs cycle.
A. TrueB. False - acetly-CoA
In the absence of oxygen, human muscle cells convert pyruvate to lactate in order to keep resupplying glycolysis with NAD+.
A. TrueB. False
In the absence of oxygen, human muscle cells convert pyruvate to lactate in order to keep resupplying glycolysis with NAD+.
A. TrueB. False
Through ethanol fermentation, yeast are able to metabolize glucose to ethanol and produce distilled spirits of around 40% alcohol directly.
A. TrueB. False
Through ethanol fermentation, yeast are able to metabolize glucose to ethanol and produce distilled spirits of around 40% alcohol directly.
A. TrueB. False - 12% alcohol directly
Part B: Multiple Choice
Which of the following processes most likely does not involve anaerobic conditions?a. yeast causing bread dough to riseb. bacteria working in an aeration tank
at a sewage plantc. bacteria in the soil help in
compostingd. alcohol is produced in fermentatione. sewage breaks down in a septic
tank
Which of the following processes most likely does not involve anaerobic conditions?a. yeast causing bread dough to riseb. bacteria working in an aeration
tank at a sewage plantc. bacteria in the soil help in
compostingd. alcohol is produced in fermentatione. sewage breaks down in a septic
tank
Which of the following would you expect yeast cells to be able to use for anaerobic respiration?
a. maltoseb. fructosec. sucrosed. glucosee. all of the above
Which of the following would you expect yeast cells to be able to use for anaerobic respiration?
a. maltoseb. fructosec. sucrosed. glucosee. all of the above
In which of the following situations would you least expect to find anaerobic respiration occurring?a. a vat in which beer is being
manufacturedb. a human brain engaged in writing this
testc. the inside of a bacterium living inside a
human intestined. a runner's leg muscle during a 400m
dashe. the sediments at the bottom of a pond
In which of the following situations would you least expect to find anaerobic respiration occurring?a. a vat in which beer is being
manufacturedb. a human brain engaged in writing this
testc. the inside of a bacterium living inside a
human intestined. a runner's leg muscle during a 400m
dashe. the sediments at the bottom of a pond
During aerobic cellular respiration, which of the following is the most common type of reaction to take place in the cell?a. hydrolysisb. condensationc. neutralizationd. redox e. dehydration
During aerobic cellular respiration, which of the following is the most common type of reaction to take place in the cell?a. hydrolysisb. condensationc. neutralizationd. redox e. dehydration
The reactants in cellular respiration, glucose, and oxygen are stable compounds. How do these substances react?a. the activation energy is reduced by a higher
pressure inside the cellb. the activation energy is reduced by a higher
temperature inside the mitochondrionc. the activation energy is reduced by
enzymesd. the activation energy is reduced by
inorganic catalystse. none of the above
The reactants in cellular respiration, glucose, and oxygen are stable compounds. How do these substances react?a. the activation energy is reduced by a higher
pressure inside the cellb. the activation energy is reduced by a higher
temperature inside the mitochondrionc. the activation energy is reduced by
enzymesd. the activation energy is reduced by
inorganic catalystse. none of the above
Glycolysis can best be described as which of the following kinds of pathways?a. catabolic and syntheticb. glycolytic and aerobicc. aerobic and catabolicd. anaerobic and catabolice. anaerobic and anabolic
Glycolysis can best be described as which of the following kinds of pathways?a. catabolic and syntheticb. glycolytic and aerobicc. aerobic and catabolicd. anaerobic and catabolice. anaerobic and anabolic
What is the function of water in oxidative phosphorylation?a. accept electrons during Krebs
cycleb. hydrolyze carbohydratesc. add hydrogen ions to pyruvate
at the end of glycolysisd. supply hydrogen ionse. supply electrons for the
reduction of NADP
What is the function of water in oxidative phosphorylation?a. accept electrons during Krebs
cycleb. hydrolyze carbohydratesc. add hydrogen ions to pyruvate
at the end of glycolysisd. supply hydrogen ionse. supply electrons for the
reduction of NADP
Where in the electron transport chain does the energy come from for the synthesis of ATP?a. the combination of hydrogen ions,
electrons, and oxygen to form waterb. the breakdown of waterc. the cytochromesd. an electrochemical gradient across the
inner mitochondrial membranee. oxygen
Where in the electron transport chain does the energy come from for the synthesis of ATP?a. the combination of hydrogen ions,
electrons, and oxygen to form waterb. the breakdown of waterc. the cytochromesd. an electrochemical gradient across
the inner mitochondrial membranee. oxygen
At the end of the electron transport chain, the final product is which of the following?
a. cytochrome oxidaseb. pyruvatec. co-enzyme Ad. ATPe. water
At the end of the electron transport chain, the final product is which of the following?
a. cytochrome oxidaseb. pyruvatec. co-enzyme Ad. ATPe. water
Proteins are to ribosomes as ATP is to which of the following cell organelles?
a. centriolesb. mitochondria c. Golgi apparatusd. chromosomese. nucleus
Proteins are to ribosomes as ATP is to which of the following cell organelles?
a. centriolesb. mitochondria c. Golgi apparatusd. chromosomese. nucleus
Glucose is slightly modified at the beginning of glycolysis. Which of the following modifications takes place?
a. addition of an atom of oxygen b. addition of a phosphate groupc. removal of an atom of oxygend. addition of a hydrogene. removal of a molecule of water
Glucose is slightly modified at the beginning of glycolysis. Which of the following modifications takes place?
a. addition of an atom of oxygen b. addition of a phosphate groupc. removal of an atom of oxygend. addition of a hydrogene. removal of a molecule of water
In which of the following forms is energy immediately made available for use by living cells?
a. ATPb. glucosec. ADPd. fatse. starch
In which of the following forms is energy immediately made available for use by living cells?
a. ATPb. glucosec. ADPd. fatse. starch
The final product from the electron transport chain that contains most of the electrons is which of the following?
a. cytochrome oxidaseb. oxygenc. chlorophylld. ATPe. water
The final product from the electron transport chain that contains most of the electrons is which of the following?
a. cytochrome oxidaseb. oxygenc. chlorophylld. ATPe. water
During aerobic cellular respiration, which of the following molecules activates Krebs cycle?a. citrateb. pyruvatec. cytochrome oxidased. acetyl coenzyme Ae. carbon dioxide
During aerobic cellular respiration, which of the following molecules activates Krebs cycle?a. citrateb. pyruvatec. cytochrome oxidased. acetyl coenzyme Ae. carbon dioxide
Anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration for which of the following reasons?a. less ATP is produced in anaerobic
respirationb. aerobic respiration allows for rapid
oxidation during strenuous exercisec. blood carries more than enough oxygen
to support aerobic respirationd. only bacteria and yeast use anaerobic
respiratione. most animals have to breathe air in
order to survive
Anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration for which of the following reasons?a. less ATP is produced in anaerobic
respirationb. aerobic respiration allows for rapid
oxidation during strenuous exercisec. blood carries more than enough oxygen
to support aerobic respirationd. only bacteria and yeast use anaerobic
respiratione. most animals have to breathe air in
order to survive
At the end of glycolysis, most of the energy originally found in glucose is located in molecules of
a. phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) b. reduced NADc. pyruvated. ATPe. lactate
At the end of glycolysis, most of the energy originally found in glucose is located in molecules of
a. phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) b. reduced NADc. pyruvated. ATPe. lactate
When muscles cells do work under anaerobic conditions, the muscle cellsa. use lactate to synthesize glycogen for
glycolysisb. use the pyruvate-acetyl-CoA shunt as
an alternative energy sourcec. get their energy from oxidative
phosphorylation insteadd. produce lactate and release energy
that waye. stop functioning, which results in
cramping
When muscles cells do work under anaerobic conditions, the muscle cellsa. use lactate to synthesize glycogen for
glycolysisb. use the pyruvate-acetyl-CoA shunt as
an alternative energy sourcec. get their energy from oxidative
phosphorylation insteadd. produce lactate and release energy
that waye. stop functioning, which results in
cramping
Proteins and fats may be used in respiration if first they are converted, respectively, intoa. pyruvate and lactateb. pyruvate and acetyl CoAc. pyruvate and citrated. citrate and oxaloacetatee. oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA
Proteins and fats may be used in respiration if first they are converted, respectively, intoa. pyruvate and lactateb. pyruvate and acetyl CoAc. pyruvate and citrated. citrate and oxaloacetatee. oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA
Amino acids can enter cellular respiration, but first they have to be
a. deaminatedb. hydrolyzed d. converted to glucosec. phosphorylatede. converted into protein
Amino acids can enter cellular respiration, but first they have to be
a. deaminatedb. hydrolyzed d. converted to glucosec. phosphorylatede. converted into protein
Part C: Short Answer
1.How are the chemical equations for cellular respiration and photosynthesis related?
It is the same equation, just reversed for photosynthesis.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O 6CO2 + 12H2O + energy
1.How can the process of cellular respiration be kept track of?
In cellular respiration there are three components to track:
(1) rearrangement of Carbon skeleton (2)production of ATP and (3) reduction/oxidation reactions (REDOX)
1.In the overall reaction for cellular respiration, what is oxidized and what is reduced?
Ultimately, glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced to form water
1.What is the “final electron acceptor” in cellular respiration?
2.What molecules transfer or carry the electrons?
3.(You should be able to identify both of these molecules.)
The final electron acceptor in cellular respiration is oxygen. Electron carriers are co-enzymes or cytochromes.
What is another general name for glucose in these reactions?
Glycolysis
Another general name for glucose is " substrate".
Describe the process in which energy is supplied to “kick start” glycolysis.
The process where energy is supplied to kick start glycolysis is substrate-level phosphorylation.
What is “substrate level phosphorylation”?
Why is it important?
ATP is synthesized through the action of an enzyme directly on a respiratory substrate.
The Citric Acid Cycle (aka The Krebs Cycle):
What must happen to pyruvate before it can enter the CAC?
Pyruvate must first cross the membranes of the mitochondrion, where it is converted to acetyl co-enzyme A (acetyl co-A) by the removal of CO2 and the reduction ofNAD+ to NADH + H+.
Why is this part of cellular respiration called the Citric Acid Cycle?
This part of cellular respiration is called the Citric Acid Cycle because citric acid is a major intermediate created when acetyl co-A and oxaloacetate join together at the beginning of the cycle.
How many rotations of the CAC are required for one glucose molecule?
Two rotations of the CAC are required for one glucose molecule.
At this point in the process of cellular respiration, where is most of energy from glucose stored?
At this point, most of the energy from glucose is stored as NADH + H+ (reduced NAD+).
The Electron Transport Chain:
How many ATP are produced from one NADH + H+? How many ATP are produced from one FADH2?
What is this process called?
Three molecules of ATP are produced from one NADH + H+. Two ATP are generated from one FADH2.
This process is called oxidative phosphorylation.
How are the electrons moved in the ETC?
Electrons are moved along by a series of electron carriers in order of decreasing electrical potential. At three positions in the chain the energy drop is sufficient to drive the synthesis of ATP. (Recall: ATP synthesis is an endergonic reaction.)
Describe the electron carriers which make up the ETC?
The electron carriers are made up of four multiprotein complexes which extend across the mitochondrial inner membrane.
How do the large number of folds of the inner mitochondrion membrane assist in this process?
How is this folding related to specific energy requirements of the cell?
The large number of folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane provide a large surface area to accommodate a large number of electron transport complexes. Mitochondria in insect flight muscles and other cells with high energy requirements typically have an extensively folded inner membrane. Cells with lower energy requirements have fewer folds.
Describe chemiosmosis completely?
Chemisomosis is the theory of ATP synthesis, proposed by Mitchell, which states that a proton gradient is created across a membrane, and as the protons return through a membrane via a channel, ATP is produced.
Respiratory Control:
What 2 processes are “coupled” in order to control cellular respiration?
ATP synthesis and electron transport are "coupled" in order to control cellular respiration.
How do some poisons interfere with respiratory control?
What is the result?
Dinitrophenol (DNP) transports protons across membrane (sending them back into the matrix), eliminating the proton motive force, bypassing the ATP synthase channel.
Distinguish between alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.
Alcoholic fermentation involves the breakdown of pyruvate into acetaldehyde by the removal of CO2 and finally to ethanol by the oxidation of NADH + H+. This occurs in the absence of oxygen in yeast cells. Lactic acid fermentation involves the breakdown of pyruvate, in the absence of oxygen, to lactic acid by the oxidation of NADH + H+. This occurs in animal muscle cells and in certain microogranisms.