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DATABASATABAS
E
SYSTEMYSTEMMELJUN CORTESELJUN CORTES
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ATA ORGANIZATIOTA ORGANIZATIOTERTER is the basic building block of DATADATA which
consist of upper & lower case letter numericdigit (0, 1, 2, etc.) or special character (-, +,
ACTERCTER are put together to form a FACTFACT.re called Field, Item, Word, or String of Chara number, a name, or a combination of Char
RD – a collection of related FACTS.
:loyee Record – it is collection of FACT about one emicates name, address, phone #, pay rate, earning m
date & so on.
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is a collection of related RECORDRECORD.:1.) A collection of all employee record for one com
would be an Employee FileEmp
loyee File.2.)
Inventory FileInventory
File – collection of all inventory recoa particular company or organization.
ATA ORGANIZATIOTA ORGANIZATIO
Student ID# : 034456
Student Name : MELJUN CORTESCourse : BSCS – 4
Birthday : October 2, 1975
Zodiac Sign : Libra
Student ID# : 034456Student Name : MELJUN CORTES
Course : BSCS – 4
Birthday : October 2, 1975
Zodiac Sign : Libra
Student ID# : 034456Student Name : MELJUN CORTES
Course : BSCS – 4
Birthday : October 2, 1975
Zodiac Sign : Libra
FILEILE
RECORDECORD
MELJUN CORTES
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ATA ORGANIZATIOTA ORGANIZATIOHIERARCHY OF DATAIERARCHY OF DATA :
HARACTER – are combined to make a Fact.
ACT – are combined to make Record.
ECORD – are combined to make File.
ILE – are combined to make DataBase
DataBase
File
Record
Fact
Character
ote: The Heart of most Organization is DATAATA.
DataBase – is a collection of integrated & related master filemaster file.
Note: A data base is used as the raw materialraw material or input datainp
ut data
for all of the application system perform by the
organization.MELJUN CORTESELJUN CORTES
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YSTEMSTEM
MELJUN CORTESELJUN CORTES
Number Date Customer Amount
101 Oct 30, 2009 MELJUN CORTES 12,500
102 Dec. 12, 2009 PIOLO PASCAUL 78,452
103 Nov. 15,2009 MARTIN RIVERA 89,500
104 Jan. 14,2010 SAM MELBY 10,500
ROW is a RECORD.ROW is a RECORD.
COLUMN is a FIELD.COLUMN is a FIELD.
UMN TITLES are FIELD NAME.MN TITLES are FIELD NAME.type of DATA stored in a FIELD is a FIELD TYPE.ype of DATA stored in a FIELD is a FIELD TYPE.
number of CHARACTER in a FIELD is its FIELD WIDTH.umber of CHARACTER in a FIELD is its FIELD WIDTH.
TABASE is composed of one or more TABLE.ABASE is composed of one or more TABLE.
TABASE is a FILE which is created in automated DBMS SOFTWABASE is a FILE which is created in automated DBMS SOFTW
FIELD NAMEIELD NAME
RECORD
RECORD
RECORD
RECORD
TABLE
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ATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEMMPLE OF DATABASE STRUCTURE:
cture for Database :C:\STLMASTER.dbfture for Database :C:\STLMASTER.dbfber of Data Records : 268 recordser of Data Records : 268 records
of last update : 10/26/1996of last update : 10/26/1996
ame of DATABASE FILE : STLMASTER.dbfme of DATABASE FILE : STLMASTER.dbf
Field NameField Name Field Data Types Field Width Dec Indexield Data Types Field Width Dec Index
AppNumberppNumber character 6haracter 6AppDateppDate datedate 88
Nameame character 20haracter 20
Address character 30ddress character 30
LoanAmount numeric 12 2oanAmount numeric 12 2
Rebate numeric 7 2ebate numeric 7 2Interest numeric 7 2nterest numeric 7 2
Balance numeric 12 2alance numeric 12 2
Penalty numeric 7 2enalty numeric 7 2
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ATA ORGANIZATIOTA ORGANIZATIO
DATA – is a raw materials or input to
any data processing
system.
- is considered as INPUT DATA.
- is manipulated to provide
OUTPUT DATA.
Example: Student Admission Form & Enrollment Form
Pay Slip of an employee
INFORMATION – when this OUTPUT DATA can be
used to help people make economic
decision making.
DATA PROCESSING – is that procedures of transforming
INPUT DATA into
desired OUTPUT DATA.
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ATA ORGANIZATIOTA ORGANIZATIO
INFORMATION PROCESSING – a special case of data
processing is the
procedure of transforming dataata into
informationnformation which
can be used to make betterdecision.
Data Processing System – includes all people, procedures &
computer device used to produce
desirable outputor meaningful
information.Information Processing System – includes all people,
procedures, computer
devices used to procedure
useful that can be used in
decision making
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ATA ORGANIZATIOTA ORGANIZATIO
verview of DATA ProcessingEx. Payroll System
INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT
Example:
1.) Pay Rate
2.) HoursWorked
3.) Payroll
Deduction
Example:
1.) Classifying
2.) Sorting
3.) Calculating
4.) Storing
5.) Summarizing
6.) Reproducing
Example:
1.) Pay Slip
2.) PayrollReport
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FORMATION SYSTEORMATION SYSTEHardware, Software, People,
Procedures, Policies, DATA arecombined to create an
INFORMATIONNFORMATION
SYSTEMYSTEM.The term INFORMATION SYSTEM is a generic reference to a
Computer-Based
System that provides the following:
1.) DATA PROCESSING – capabilities for a company .- DATA PROCESSING capability
refers to the System’s ability to handle
and process DATA.
2.) INFORMATION SYSTEM – people need to make better more
informed Decisions.
- The more sophisticated INFORMATIONMELJUN CORTESELJUN CORTES
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DATABASATABAS
E
SYSTEMYSTEMMELJUN CORTESELJUN CORTES
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ATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEM
Database
Concepts
Datavs.Information
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DatabaseDatabaseComputerized Record
Keeping System
Collection of Data usedby an organization to
1. Record its Operations
2. Support Decision Making
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Dataa ta
Raw facts and figures
Can be of typeText
Number
Sound, Image, Chart,Video
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DATABASE SYSTEATABASE SYSTE
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I n fo rmat ioo rma o
nProcessed Data
Used for Decision Making
Data is alsoINFORMATION
Information createsDATA
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ATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEM
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ATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEMMPLE OF DATABASE STRUCTURE:
cture for Database :C:\STLMASTER.dbfture for Database :C:\STLMASTER.dbf
ber of Data Records : 268 recordser of Data Records : 268 records
of last update : 10/26/1996of last update : 10/26/1996
ame of DATABASE FILE : STLMASTER.dbfme of DATABASE FILE : STLMASTER.dbf
Field NameField Name Field Data Types Field Width Dec Indexield Data Types Field Width Dec Index
AppNumberppNumber character 6haracter 6AppDateppDate datedate 88
Nameame character 20haracter 20
Address character 30ddress character 30
LoanAmount numeric 12 2oanAmount numeric 12 2
Rebate numeric 7 2ebate numeric 7 2Interest numeric 7 2nterest numeric 7 2
Balance numeric 12 2alance numeric 12 2
Penalty numeric 7 2enalty numeric 7 2
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YSTEMSTEM
MELJUN CORTESELJUN CORTES
Number Date Customer Amount
101 Oct 30, 2009 MELJUN CORTES 12,500
102 Dec. 12, 2009 PIOLO PASCAUL 78,452
103 Nov. 15,2009 MARTIN RIVERA 89,500
104 Jan. 14,2010 SAM MELBY 10,500
ROW is a RECORD.ROW is a RECORD.
COLUMN is a FIELD.COLUMN is a FIELD.
UMN TITLES are FIELD NAME.MN TITLES are FIELD NAME.type of DATA stored in a FIELD is a FIELD TYPE.ype of DATA stored in a FIELD is a FIELD TYPE.
number of CHARACTER in a FIELD is its FIELD WIDTH.umber of CHARACTER in a FIELD is its FIELD WIDTH.
TABASE is composed of one or more TABLE.ABASE is composed of one or more TABLE.
TABASE is a FILE which is created in automated DBMS SOFTWABASE is a FILE which is created in automated DBMS SOFTW
FIELD NAMEIELD NAME
RECORD
RECORD
RECORD
RECORD
TABLE
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A DataBase Management SysteDataBase Management Syste
(DBMS)DBMS)often just called ‘Database
Software’InputInput
Processin
g Outpututput
Storing
Querying
Sorting
FORMSORMS REPORTSEPORTS
SourcesDocuments
Like:
Enrollment
Forms
Printed
Documents
Like:
Assessment Forms
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Databaseatabase
TerminologyerminologyTerm Meaning
Database
Table
Record
Field
Data Type
An organised collection (or Store) of data.
A collection of related records, such
as all the pupil records in a class.
A collection of related fields,such as a pupil’s record.
An individual data item, such
as Firstname or Date of Birth.
Type of information in a field such
astext, numeric, date and boolean
(Yes/No)
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The Russian Dollhe Russian Doll
Analogynalogy
Fields
inside of…
A
Database
Tables
inside
of…ecords
inside of…
Data
inside of…
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TABASE SYSTEM
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YSTEMSTEM
MELJUN CORTESELJUN CORTES
Number Date Customer Amount
101 Oct 30, 2009 MELJUN CORTES 12,500
102 Dec. 12, 2009 PIOLO PASCAUL 78,452
103 Nov. 15,2009 MARTIN RIVERA 89,500
104 Jan. 14,2010 SAM MELBY 10,500
ROW is a RECORD.ROW is a RECORD.
COLUMN is a FIELD.COLUMN is a FIELD.
UMN TITLES are FIELD NAME.MN TITLES are FIELD NAME.type of DATA stored in a FIELD is a FIELD TYPE.ype of DATA stored in a FIELD is a FIELD TYPE.
number of CHARACTER in a FIELD is its FIELD WIDTH.umber of CHARACTER in a FIELD is its FIELD WIDTH.
TABASE is composed of one or more TABLE.ABASE is composed of one or more TABLE.
TABASE is a FILE which is created in automated DBMS SOFTWABASE is a FILE which is created in automated DBMS SOFTW
FIELD NAMEIELD NAME
RECORD
RECORD
RECORD
RECORD
TABLE
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ATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEMMPLE OF DATABASE STRUCTURE:
cture for Database :C:\STLMASTER.dbfture for Database :C:\STLMASTER.dbf
ber of Data Records : 268 recordser of Data Records : 268 records
of last update : 10/26/1996of last update : 10/26/1996
ame of DATABASE FILE : STLMASTER.dbfme of DATABASE FILE : STLMASTER.dbf
Field NameField Name Field Data Types Field Width Dec Indexield Data Types Field Width Dec Index
AppNumberppNumber character 6haracter 6AppDateppDate datedate 88
Nameame character 20haracter 20
Address character 30ddress character 30
LoanAmount numeric 12 2oanAmount numeric 12 2
Rebate numeric 7 2ebate numeric 7 2Interest numeric 7 2nterest numeric 7 2
Balance numeric 12 2alance numeric 12 2
Penalty numeric 7 2enalty numeric 7 2
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What is ahat is a DBMSBMS?
A collection of computer programs that allow
storage, modification, and extraction of
information from a databasenformation from a database. There are
many different types of DBMS ranging from
small systems that run on personalcomputers to huge systems that run on
mainframes.
Examples--
Computerized library systemsComputerized library systems, automated
teller machines, flight reservation systems,
computerized parts inventory systemscomputerized parts inventory systems.
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ATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEM
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Introductiontroductio
n To DBMSTo DBMS
ConceptsonceptsMELJUN CORTESELJUN CORTES
ATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEM
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What is ahat is a DBMSBMS?
A collection of computer programs that allowstorage, modification, and extraction of
information from a databasenformation from a database. There are
many different types of DBMS ranging from
small systems that run on personalcomputers to huge systems that run on
mainframes.
Examples--
Computerized library systemsComputerized library systems, automated
teller machines, flight reservation systems,
computerized parts inventory systemscomputerized parts inventory systems.
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ATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEM
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Examples ofxamples of
DATABASE(1)ATABASE(1)Admission System
Examination System
Library SystemPayroll & Personnel
Management System
Accounting SystemHotel Reservation System
Airline Reservation System
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ATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEM
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Examples of DATABASExamples of DATABASE
(2)Patient Recording System
Inventory System
Sales and Purchase and AccountingSystem
Enrollment System
Knowledge-Based ManagementSystem
Every Government, Military, Privateand other organizations plusIndividual can make use of DB
ATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEM
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Data Managementata Management
Manual Filing Systemanual Filing System
Computerized Filingomputerized Filing
Systemystem
Database Systemsatabase Systems
ATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEM
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Filing SystemFiling SystemEvery Department/Company has its ownEvery Department/Company has its own
Data File(s)Data File(s)
Application to Maintain Data File(s)Application to Maintain Data File(s)
-- Computerized Data Maintenance-- Computerized Data Maintenance
SystemSystem
ATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEM
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Databaseatabase
Systemystemingle, Central, Large Repository
Shared Resource
Have Logical Connectionsamong data items
DBA is responsible of itsdesign, creation andmaintenance
ATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEM
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Is a PERSONs a PERSON
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Members
Management
Application
Catalog
Management
Application
Transaction
Management
Application
Lists of All Members,
New Members,
Joins between
specified Dates. etc
Lists of All Books,
New Books,
Issued Books,
Lost Books,. etc
Books Issued Today,
Books Receipt Today,
etc
Members
Catalog
Register
DBMSBMS
atabasetabase
ATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEM
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Library Systemibrary System -- Exaxa
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DBMSBMSSoftware Package that providesoftware Package that provides
Support to applicationsupport to applicationssystemystem
-- Computerized DATA- Computerized DATA
HandlingandlingUser-interface for on-lineser-interface for on-line
queriesueries
ATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEM
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Advantages of DBMS (1dvantages of DBMS (1)
Sharing of Data
Control of Redundancy
-(unnecessary wastage of disk space)
Data Consistency
Improvement of Data Standards
Improvement of Data Integrity
-(Intra-record, inter-record, referential)
Balancing of ConflictsFaster Development of New Applications
ATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEM
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Advantages of DBMSdvantages of DBMS
(2)2)Better Security
Passwords
Encryption
Views and Stored Procedures
Better Data Accessibility
(query language- SQL programming)
Economy of Scale
Transaction handling
Better backup and Recovery Procedures
ATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEM
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Disadvantages ofisadvantages of
DBMSBMSHigher Costs of
DBMS
Hardware
ConversionProgramming
Slow Processing of Some
ApplicationsMore Security Risks
More Difficult Recovery
ATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEM
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Kinds of Databaseinds of DatabaseRelational: Oracle 9i/8i, SQL-Server 2000/7.0/6.5,Relational: Oracle 9i/8i, SQL-Server 2000/7.0/6.5,
Teradata, Sybase(SQL Anywhere),Teradata, Sybase(SQL Anywhere),
DB2, InformixDB2, Informix
MS-Access, Foxpro 2.6/2.5,dbase IV/3 +MS-Access, Foxpro 2.6/2.5,dbase IV/3 +
Network e.g.Network e.g. IDS Server IDS Server
Paradox, FoxBase, Dbase3+, DbaseIVParadox, FoxBase, Dbase3+, DbaseIV
DBU, Visual FoxPro, MS-Access – Windows 7DBU, Visual FoxPro, MS-Access – Windows 7
ATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEM
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Relational DBMSRelational DBMSATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEM
TABLETABLE
TABLETABLE
TABLETABLETABLETABLE
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Important RDBMSmportant RDBMS
ObjectsbjectsTablesables
Viewsiews
TriggersriggersStored Procedurestored Procedures
Functionsunctions
Primary Keyrimary Key
Foreign Keyoreign Key
ATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEM
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SQL
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SQL:
It is an acronym for Structuredt is an acronym for Structured
Query Language.uery Language.
It is the language in which, thet is the language in which, theclient sends the requestlient sends the request
to the database forto the database fordataata
Eg. Select name, addressg. Select name, address
From emprom emp
SQL:
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PL/SQL:PL/SQL:It is an acronym for Programming Language/Structured QueryProgramming Language/Structured Query
LanguageLanguage
Apart from writing the SQL you also have the programminglanguage constructs like
• If then else (checking conditions)
•
Looping (Executing the set of statements more that once)• Exception and error handling (Taking care of run time errors)
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Database Designatabase Design
Database designis the process of producing a detailed
data model of a database. This logical data model contains all theneeded logical and physical design choices and physical storageparameters needed to generate a design in a Data DefinitionLanguage, which can then be used to create a database. A fullyattributed data model contains detailed attributes for each entity.
Process:• Determine the data to be stored in the database• Determine the relationships between the different data elements• Superimpose a logical structure upon the data on the basis of
these relationships.
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In database packagesatabase packages, the term Cursor refers to a controlstructure for the successive traversal (and potentialprocessing) of records in a result set.
A Transaction Log (also database log or binary log) is ahistory of actions executed by a database managementsystem to guarantee ACID properties over crashes or
hardware failures. Physically, a log is a file of updates doneo the database, stored in stable storage.
A Database Index is a data structure that improves thespeed of operations in a table. Indexes can be created usingone or more columns, providing the basis for both rapid
random lookups and efficient ordering ofaccess to records.
A Stored Procedure is a subroutine available to applicationsaccessing a relational database system. Stored procedures(sometimes called a sproc or SP) are actually stored in the
database.
Databaseatabase
Objectsbjects
ATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEM
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TRANSACTIONRANSACTION
MANAGEMENTANAGEMENT
What is a Database Transaction ?
A database transactiondatabase transaction is a unit of interaction with a
database management system or similar system that istreated in a coherent and reliable way independent of other transactions. In general, a database transaction must be
atomic, meaning that it must be either entirely completedor aborted. Ideally, a database system will guarantee theproperties of Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation andDurability (ACID) for each transaction.
A Simple Transaction1. Begin the transaction2. Execute several queries3. Commit the transaction
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ACIDCIDIn computer scienceomputer science, ACID (Atomicity, Consistency,
Isolation, Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee thatdatabase transactions are processed reliably. In the context of databases, a single logical operation on the data is called a
transaction.
Atomicity - Atomicity refers to the ability of the DBMS to guaranteethat either all of the tasks of a transaction are performed or none of them are.Consistency - Consistency refers to the database being in a legal state
when the transaction begins and when it ends. This means that atransaction cannot break the rules, or integrity constraints, of thedatabase.Isolation - Isolation refers to the ability of the application tomake operations in a transaction appear isolated fromall other operationsDurability -Durability ensures that the results of a completedtransaction are permanent and can survive future system and
ATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEM
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Kinds of Databaseinds of Database
Consultantsonsultants
DATABASE DesignersDATABASE Designers
is a personis a personDATABASE DevelopersDATABASE Developers
is a personis a person
DBA (Data Base Administrator)DBA (Data Base Administrator)is a personis a person
ATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEM
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DATABASEATABASE
Designers:esigners:These consultants Analyze,hese consultants Analyze,
design the completeesign the complete
structure of the database.tructure of the database.
They design Tables, Views,hey design Tables, Views,
Normalization, ER Diagram,ormalization, ER Diagram,
Integrity constraints, etc.ntegrity constraints, etc.
ATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEM
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DBB ADMINISTRATORDMINISTRATOR :These consultants’ profilehese consultants’ profileincludes installation,ncludes installation,configuration, migration,onfiguration, migration,
backup, recovery operationsackup, recovery operationsVarious Tasks of the DBA are:arious Tasks of the DBA are:
a) Granting access) Granting access
b) User creation and deletion) User creation and deletion
c) Performance tuning) Performance tuning
d) Query optimization) Query optimization
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Related Skills in DATABASE
SYSTEMata Warehousingata Warehousing
Development of a data warehouse includes development of systems toextract data from operating systems plus installation of a warehouse
database system that provides managers flexible access to the dataData Miningata Mining
A class of database applications that look for hidden patterns in a groupof data that can be used to predict future behavior
Data Modelingata Modeling
The analysis of data objects and their relationships to other data objects.Data modeling is often the first step in database design and object-oriented programming as the designers first create a conceptual model of
how data items relate to each other. Data modeling involves a progressionfrom conceptual model to logical model to physical schema.
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