Post on 13-Dec-2014
description
Media History
Session 2: Press and News Media
Topics
News and societyNews and technologyNews and economy
News and Society
What are news media?
What are news media?
Source of information and opinion
What are news media?
One-to-many form of communication
What is Society?
What is society?
A useful concept is Benedict Anderson's "imagined
communities"
Imagined communities
A nation “is imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow-members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion” (Anderson, 6-7)
Imagined communities
Nation building takes place through language
Imagined communities
“Print-capitalism” - nations form around national print-language
Imagined communities
This language standard continues in radio and TV with enforcement
of a standardized spoken language
Imagined communities
Media texts articulate a nation’s cultural and social identity
Imagined communities
Unifying
Imagined Communities and the News Media
Imagined communities and the news media
Newspapers determine what issues are important
Imagined communities and the news media
Objectivity or fact over opinion
Imagined communities and the news media
Do news media reflect public opinion or do they lead and shape
public opinion?
Imagined communities and the news media
Propaganda and social order
Imagined communities and the news media
A ban on photos of dead American soldiers from Iraq and Afghanistan
Imagined communities and the news media
The news media leads to the rise of the public sphere
Imagined communities and the news media
Critical self-reflection and reflection on the state
Imagined communities and the news media
Allows participation
The Public Sphere and Electronic Media
The public sphere and electronic media
Complex, critical and culturally demanding material is made widely
available
The public sphere and electronic media
Consumption becomes increasingly privatized
The public sphere and electronic media
Public sphere broken up, loss of unified participation
Public Sphere and Digital Media
The public sphere and digital media
User participation is increased and democratized
The public sphere and digital media
Overflow of information, pure opinion, uninformed and lack of
critical detail
Public Sphere and Imagined Communities
The public sphere and imagined communities
Fragmented media makes for a fragmented nation
The public sphere and imagined communities
No longer unified view of cultural and social identity
The public sphere and imagined communities
Loss of national unity and national identity
News Media and Technology
News media and technology
Telegraph 1844Transatlantic cable 1850sTelephone 1870sTelephone news channels 1880s
News media and technology
News moves fast
Media Types
Media types
Time-based
Durable, stable, immobile Clay, rock
Creates social reproduction over long periods of time
Media types
Space-based
Temporary, unstable, mobilePaper
Expansive over large territories
Media types
Electronic media
Proliferate, mutate, omnipresentAnnihilate space and timeInvasive, relocating, deterritorializing
Radio and TV News
Radio and TV News
Commercial vs public broadcasting
Radio and TV News
News becomes a group activity
Radio and TV News
Especially family-oriented
Radio and TV News
British newspapers hostile towards radio
Radio and TV News
The result is state regulation
Radio and TV News
In the US, the relationship is complimentary and competitive
Radio and TV News
1933: Attempt at limiting broadcasting to specific times of the
day
News Media and the Web
News media and the web
Official versus alternative channels
News media and the web
Replicates and remediates the format of the newspaper
News media and the web
Alternative news proliferate
News media and the web
Blogging
Different authority“Live”Part of the action, not detached
Supposed to be many-to-manyBut in fact, many-to-few and few-to-many
News as Institutions
News as institutions
Institutions are socially interpreted facts
News as institutions
Institutions help us think about society
News as institutions
Basic, stable structures of society
News as institutions
Institutions are carriers of ideology
Ideology
Ideology
“The ruling ideas of the ruling class”
Ideology
Our understanding and knowledge of the world is determined by
political interests
Ideology
Propagated by mass media
Ideological Slants of News Media
Ideological slants of news media
Party press
Communication tool for a political partyAgitation/propaganda
Ideological slants of news media
Public news
Communication channel between social institutions and citizensService for the public
Ideological slants of news media
Commercial news
Contact between organization and audienceService