Med Term Ch 1 and Ch 2

Medical LanguageMedical LanguageImmerse YourselfImmerse Yourself

CHAPTER

Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley

THIRD EDITION

The Structure of Medical Language

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

1. Identify the five skills of medical language communication.

2. Describe the origins of medical language.

3. Recognize common Latin and Greek singular nouns and form their plurals.

4. Describe characteristics of combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes.

5. Give the medical meaning of common word parts.

6. Divide medical words into word parts and build medical words from word parts.

7. Spell and pronounce common medical words.

8. Describe the format and contents of the medical record.

9. Dive deeper into medical language by reviewing the activities at the end of this chapter and online at www.MyMedicalTerminologyLab.com.

Multimedia DirectoryMultimedia Directory

Effective Communication VideoSlide 111Patient Histories VideoSlide 112Taking Vital Signs VideoSlide 114Paramedic Career Video

Welcome to Medical Language!Welcome to Medical Language!

• Medical language is the language of the healthcare profession, and medical words are the tools of the trade.

• Learning medical language is your key to a successful career in the healthcare field.

Figure 1-1 Medical language.Keith Brofsky/Getty Images

Medical Language and Medical Language and CommunicationCommunication

• Communication in any language consists of five language skills.

• These same five language skills are important in medical language.

The Five Medical Language SkillsThe Five Medical Language Skills

1. Reading2. Listening3. Thinking, analyzing, and

understanding4. Writing (or typing) and spelling5. Speaking and pronouncing

Figure 1-2 Medical language communication.Charles Thatcher/Getty

Effective Communication VideoEffective Communication Video

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The Beginning of Medical The Beginning of Medical LanguageLanguage

• Etymology is the study of word origins.• Many words have come from other

languages.• Many medical words come from the

ancient Latin or Greek languages.

• Some medical words are identical to Latin or Greek words.

• Some medical words are similar (but not identical) to Latin or Greek words.

• Some medical words are similar to words from old English, Dutch, and French.

Medical Word Language of Origin

nucleus Latin nucleuspelvis Latin pelvissinus Latin sinusparanoia Greek paranoia

thorax Greek thorax

artery Latin arteriamuscle Latin musculusvein Latin venaphobia Greek phobos

sperm Greek sperma

bladder English blaedreheart English heortedrug Dutch droogphysician French physicien

Medical Singular and Plural NounsMedical Singular and Plural Nouns

• Latin

Singular Ending

How to Form the Plural Example

-a Change -a to -ae vertebra → vertebrae

-us Change -us to -i bronchus → bronchi

-um Change -um to -a bacterium → bacteria

-is Change -is to -es testis → testes

-ex Change -ex to -ices apex → apices

Medical Singular and Plural NounsMedical Singular and Plural Nouns

• Greek

Singular Ending

How to Form the Plural Example

-is Change -is to -ides iris → irides

-nx Change -nx to -nges phalanx → phalanges

-omaChange -oma to

-omatafibroma → fibromata

-on Change -on to -a ganglion → ganglia

Medical Word PartsMedical Word Parts

• Medical language contains medical words.

• Most medical words contain word parts.• Word parts are puzzle pieces that, when

fit together, build a medical word.

Medical Word PartsMedical Word Parts

There are three different kinds of word parts.

Word Part Meaning

combining form the foundation of the word

suffix the word ending

prefix an optional word beginning

Figure 1-3 Combining form.

Medical Word Parts: Medical Word Parts: Combining FormsCombining Forms

• Characteristics of a Combining Form Is the foundation of a word Gives the word its main medical

meaning Has a root, a forward slash, a combining

vowel, and a final hyphen

Medical Word Parts: Medical Word Parts: Combining FormsCombining Forms

• Characteristics of a Combining Form Most medical words contain a combining

form. Sometimes a medical word contains two

or more combining forms, one right after the other.

Common Combining FormsCommon Combining Forms

Combining Form Medical Meaningabdomin/o- abdomenappend/o- appendix

arteri/o- artery

intestin/o- intestine

laryng/o- larynx (voice box)

muscul/o- muscle

thyroid/o- thyroid gland

tonsill/o- tonsil

ven/o- vein

Combining Form Medical Meaning

arthr/o- joint

cardi/o- heart

derm/o- skin

gastr/o- stomach

mamm/o- breast

nas/o- nose

psych/o- mind

Combining Form Medical Meaning

cholecyst/o- gallbladder

cost/o- rib

enter/o- intestine

hepat/o- liver

hyster/o- uterus

lapar/o- abdomen

Medical Word Parts: SuffixesMedical Word Parts: Suffixes

• Characteristics of a Suffix A suffix is a word part that is at the end

of a word. A suffix modifies or clarifies the medical

meaning of the combining form. A suffix is a single letter or group of

letters that begins with a hyphen.

Medical Word Parts: SuffixesMedical Word Parts: Suffixes

• Characteristics of a Suffix Most medical words contain a suffix. Occasionally, a medical word has two

suffixes. Examples: nutritional, personality, incisional.

Figure 1-4 Suffix.

Suffixes for AdjectivesSuffixes for Adjectives

Suffix Medical Meaning Example and Definition

-ac pertaining to cardiac (pertaining to the heart)

-al pertaining to intestinal (pertaining to the intestine)

-ar pertaining to muscular (pertaining to the muscle)

-ary pertaining to urinary (pertaining to the urine)

Suffixes for AdjectivesSuffixes for Adjectives

Suffix Medical Meaning Example and Definition

-ic pertaining to pelvic (pertaining to the pelvis)

-ine pertaining to uterine (pertaining to the uterus)

-ive pertaining to digestive (pertaining to break[ing] down food)

-ous pertaining to venous (pertaining to a vein)

Suffixes for ProcessesSuffixes for Processes

Suffix Medical Meaning

Example and Definition

-ation a process; being or having urination (a process [of making] urine)

-ion action; condition digestion (action of break[ing] down food)

Suffixes for DiseasesSuffixes for Diseases

-ia condition; state; thing pneumonia (condition of the lung)

-ism process; disease from a specific cause

hypothyroidism (disease from a specific cause of deficient thyroid

gland [hormone])

-itis inflammation of; infection of tonsillitis (infection of the tonsil)

-megaly enlargement cardiomegaly (enlargement of the heart)

-oma tumor; mass neuroma (tumor on a nerve)

-osis condition; abnormal condition; process

psychosis (abnormal condition of the mind)

-pathy disease arthropathy (disease of a joint)

Suffixes for Diagnostic,Suffixes for Diagnostic,Medical, and Surgical ProceduresMedical, and Surgical Procedures

-ectomy surgical removal appendectomy (surgical removal of the appendix)

-gram a record or picture mammogram (a record or picture of the breast)

-graphy process of recording mammography (process of recording the breast)

-metry process of measuring spirometry (process of measuring the breathing)

-scope instrument used to examine

colonoscope (instrument used to examine the colon)

Suffixes for Diagnostic,Suffixes for Diagnostic,Medical, and Surgical ProceduresMedical, and Surgical Procedures

-scopyprocess of using an

instrument to examine

gastroscopy (process of using an instrument to examine the

stomach)

-stomy surgically created opening

colostomy (surgically created opening in the colon)

-therapy treatment psychotherapy (treatment of the mind)

-tomy process of cutting or making an incision

laparotomy (process of cutting or making an incision

in the abdomen)

Suffixes for MedicalSuffixes for MedicalSpecialties and SpecialistsSpecialties and Specialists

-iatry medical treatment psychiatry (medical treatment for the mind)

-ics knowledge; practice dietetics (knowledge and practice of foods and diet)

-ist one who specializes in therapist (one who specializes in therapy)

-logy the study of cardiology (the study of the heart)

Medical Word Parts: PrefixesMedical Word Parts: Prefixes

• Characteristics of a Prefix A prefix is a word part that, if present, is

at the beginning of a word. A prefix modifies or clarifies the medical

meaning of the combining form. A prefix is a single letter or group of

letters that ends with a hyphen. Occasionally, a medical word has two

prefixes.

Figure 1-5 Prefix.

Prefixes for Location or DirectionPrefixes for Location or Direction

Prefix Medical Meaning Example and Definition

endo- innermost; within endotracheal (pertaining to within the trachea)

epi- upon; above epidermal (pertaining to upon the skin)

inter- between intercostal (pertaining to between the ribs)

intra- within intravenous (pertaining to within a vein)

Prefixes for Location or DirectionPrefixes for Location or Direction

peri- around pericardial (pertaining to around the heart)

post- after; behind postnasal (pertaining to behind the nose)

pre- before; in front ofpremenstrual (pertaining to

before the monthly discharge of blood)

sub- below; underneath subcutaneous (pertaining to underneath the skin)

trans- across; through transvaginal (pertaining to through the vagina)

Prefixes for Amount,Prefixes for Amount,Number, or SpeedNumber, or Speed

bi- two bilateral (pertaining to two sides)

brady- slow bradycardia (condition of a slow heart)

hemi- one half hemiplegia (condition of one

half [of the body with] paralysis)

hyper- above; more than normal

hypertension (condition of more than normal pressure)

hypo- below; deficient

hypothyroidism (disease from a specific cause of deficient thyroid gland

[hormone])

Prefixes for Amount,Prefixes for Amount,Number, or SpeedNumber, or Speed

poly- many; much polyneuritis (inflammation of many nerves)

quadri- four quadriplegia (condition of four [limbs with] paralysis)

tachy- fast tachycardia (condition of a fast heart)

tri- threetrigeminal (pertaining to

three [nerve branches in a] group)

Prefixes for Degree or QualityPrefixes for Degree or Quality

a- away from; without aspermia (condition [of being] without sperm)

an- without; not anesthesia (condition [of being] without sensation)

anti- against antibiotic (pertaining to against living organisms)

de- reversal of; without dementia (condition [of being] without a mind)

Prefixes for Degree or QualityPrefixes for Degree or Quality

dys- painful; difficult; abnormal

dysphagia (condition of painful or difficult eating

and swallowing)

eu- normal; goodeuthyroidism (process of

normal thyroid gland [function])

mal- bad; inadequatemalnutrition (being or

having inadequate nourishment)

re- again and again respiration (a process of again and again breathing)

Analyze and Define Words: Analyze and Define Words: Combining Form and SuffixCombining Form and Suffix

• Divide the medical word into its combining form and suffix.

• Give the meaning of each word part.• Put the word part meanings in order,

beginning with the suffix, then the combining form. Then add small connecting words to make the definition.

Analyze and Define Words: Analyze and Define Words: Combining Form and SuffixCombining Form and Suffix

cardiology

combining form suffix

cardiology: the study of (the) heart (and related structures)

Analyze and Define Words:Analyze and Define Words:Prefix, Combining Form, and SuffixPrefix, Combining Form, and Suffix

• Divide the medical word into its prefix, combining form, and suffix.

• Give the meaning of each word part.• Put the word part meanings in order,

beginning with the suffix, then the prefix, then the combining form. Then add small connecting words to make the definition.

Build Medical Words:Build Medical Words:Suffix that Begins with a ConsonantSuffix that Begins with a Consonant

• Select the suffix and combining form whose meanings match the definition of the medical word.

• Change the order of the word parts to put the suffix last.

• Because the suffix begins with a consonant, keep the combining form's vowel.

• Delete the forward slash and hyphen from the combining form.

• Delete the hyphen from the suffix. Then, join the two word parts.

the study of the heart

suffixcombining

Build Medical Words:Build Medical Words:Suffix that Begins with a VowelSuffix that Begins with a Vowel

• Select the suffix and combining form whose meanings match the definition of the medical word.

• Change the order of the word parts to put the suffix last.

• Because the suffix begins with a vowel, delete the combining form's vowel.

• Delete the forward slash, combining vowel, and hyphen from the combining form.

• Delete the hyphen from the suffix. Then, join the two word parts.

pertaining to the heart

suffix combining form

Build Medical Words:Build Medical Words:Contains a PrefixContains a Prefix

• Delete the hyphen from the suffix.• Join the three word parts.

Building Medical Words:Building Medical Words:Contains a PrefixContains a Prefix

pertaining to within the heartsuffix

combining formprefix

Classroom Response System

Which of the following is an Which of the following is an example of a combining form?example of a combining form?

A. intra-B. -ectomyC. ven/o-D.poly-

Which of the following is an Which of the following is an example of a combining form?example of a combining form?

A. intra-B. -ectomyC.ven/o-D.poly-

The medical word diverticulum is aThe medical word diverticulum is aLatin noun. To make the plural form, you would Latin noun. To make the plural form, you would

change the word ending -um to:change the word ending -um to:

A. -aB. -icesC. -usD.-ae

The medical word diverticulum is aThe medical word diverticulum is aLatin noun. To make the plural form, you would Latin noun. To make the plural form, you would

change the word ending -um to:change the word ending -um to:

A.-a B. -icesC. -usD.-ae

The parts of medical wordsThe parts of medical wordscan include:can include:

A. combining forms.B. suffixes.C. prefixes.D.all of the above.

The parts of medical wordsThe parts of medical wordscan include:can include:

A. combining forms.B. suffixes.C. prefixes.D.all of the above.

A suffix is found at the A suffix is found at the beginning of the medical word.beginning of the medical word.

A. trueB. false

A suffix is found at the A suffix is found at the beginning of the medical word.beginning of the medical word.

A. trueB.false

A prefix:A prefix:

A. is always at the end of a medical word.B. is always at the beginning of a medical

word.C. never ends in a vowel.D.never attaches to the beginning of a

combining form.

A prefix:A prefix:

A. is always at the end of a medical word.B.is always at the beginning of a

medical word.C. never ends in a vowel.D.never attaches to the beginning of a

combining form.

The parts of a combiningThe parts of a combiningform include:form include:

A. a root and a suffix.B. a root and a prefix.C. a root and a combining vowel.D.a combining vowel and a prefix.

The parts of a combiningThe parts of a combiningform include:form include:

A. a root and a suffix.B. a root and a prefix.C.a root and a combining vowel.D.a combining vowel and a prefix.

Is the combining form foundIs the combining form foundat the end of a medical word?at the end of a medical word?

A. yesB. no

Is the combining form foundIs the combining form foundat the end of a medical word?at the end of a medical word?

A. yesB.no

The combining vowel gives The combining vowel gives meaning to the medical word.meaning to the medical word.

A. trueB. false

The combining vowel gives The combining vowel gives meaning to the medical word.meaning to the medical word.

A. trueB.false

In the medical word psychology,In the medical word psychology,which part is the combining form?which part is the combining form?

A. psychB. -logyC. -oD.psych/o-

In the medical word psychology,In the medical word psychology,which part is the combining form?which part is the combining form?

A. psychB. -logyC. -oD.psych/o-

Which is the most common Which is the most common combining vowel?combining vowel?

A. aB. oC. eD. i

Which is the most common Which is the most common combining vowel?combining vowel?

A. aB.oC. eD. i

A suffix, by itself, cannot beA suffix, by itself, cannot bethe foundation of a medical word.the foundation of a medical word.

A. trueB. false

A suffix, by itself, cannot beA suffix, by itself, cannot bethe foundation of a medical word.the foundation of a medical word.

A.trueB. false

The suffixes -ac, -al, -ar,The suffixes -ac, -al, -ar,-ary, and -ous all mean:-ary, and -ous all mean:

A. a process; being or having.B. pertaining to.C. diagnosis.D.action; condition.

The suffixes -ac, -al, -ar,The suffixes -ac, -al, -ar,-ary, and -ous all mean:-ary, and -ous all mean:

A. a process; being or having.B.pertaining to.C. diagnosis.D.action; condition.

Suffixes such as –iatry,Suffixes such as –iatry,-ist, and -logy describe:-ist, and -logy describe:

A. medical specialties or specialists.B. procedures or instruments.C. diseases.D.colors.

Suffixes such as –iatry,Suffixes such as –iatry,-ist, and -logy describe:-ist, and -logy describe:

A.medical specialties or specialists.B. procedures or instruments.C. diseases.D.colors.

Suffixes beginning with a consonantSuffixes beginning with a consonantcan be joined to the combining form by:can be joined to the combining form by:

A. adding an o to the beginning of the suffix before adding it to the combining form.

B. keeping the combining form's combining vowel.

C. adding an i to the beginning of the suffix before adding it to the combining form.

D.dropping all vowels.

Suffixes beginning with a consonantSuffixes beginning with a consonantcan be joined to the combining form by:can be joined to the combining form by:

A. adding an o to the beginning of the suffix before adding it to the combining form.

B.keeping the combining form's combining vowel.

C. adding an i to the beginning of the suffix before adding it to the combining form.

D.dropping all vowels.

Prefixes such as hyper-Prefixes such as hyper-and poly- indicate:and poly- indicate:

A. time or speed.B. a characteristic.C. amount or number.D.weight.

Prefixes such as hyper-Prefixes such as hyper-and poly- indicate:and poly- indicate:

A. time or speed.B. a characteristic.C.amount or number.D.weight.

In the medical wordIn the medical wordhypothyroidism, the suffix -ism means:hypothyroidism, the suffix -ism means:

A. a condition, state, or thing.B. pertaining to.C. a disease from a specific cause.D.medical treatment.

In the medical wordIn the medical wordhypothyroidism, the suffix -ism means:hypothyroidism, the suffix -ism means:

A. a condition; state; thing.B. pertaining to.C.a disease from a specific cause.D.medical treatment.

Which suffix means processWhich suffix means processof recording? of recording?

A. -pathyB. -graphyC. -ationD.-iatry

Which suffix means processWhich suffix means processof recording? of recording?

A. -pathyB.-graphyC. -ationD.-iatry

Medical words must be defined by Medical words must be defined by analyzing them, beginning with the: analyzing them, beginning with the:

A. prefix.B. combining form.C. suffix.D. latin part of the word.

Medical words must be defined by Medical words must be defined by analyzing them, beginning with the: analyzing them, beginning with the:

A. prefix.B. combining form.C.suffix.D.latin part of the word.

Which of the following is an Which of the following is an example of a suffix?example of a suffix?

A. -iaB. post-C. dys-D.nas/o-

Which of the following is an Which of the following is an example of a suffix?example of a suffix?

A.-iaB. post-C. dys-D.nas/o-

Pronounce Medical WordsPronounce Medical Words

• Knowing the definition of a medical word is important.

• Being able to pronounce the medical word correctly is equally important.

• Follow these simple directions for pronouncing medical words: Say each syllable by following the “see-

and-say” pronunciation. Accented syllables are in all capital

letters.

• Follow these simple directions for pronouncing medical words: Secondary accented syllables are in

smaller capital letters. Practice pronouncing the word several

times until you have mastered its pronunciation.

appendectomy (AP-en-DEK-toh-mee)arthritis (ar-THRY-tis)gastric (GAS-trik)

laryngitis (LAIR-in-JY-tis)mammography (mam-AW-grah-fee)

pneumonia (noo-MOHN-yah)therapist (THAIR-ah-pist)

The Medical RecordThe Medical Record

• The medical record is where healthcare professionals document all care provided to a patient.

• It contains not only medical documents, but those that are also legal documents that can be used in a court of law.

• The paper medical record has been the traditional form of a medical record, but it has some disadvantages: Only one person can access it at a time. It can become lost or damaged, and it

can take time to retrieve a patient's past medical records.• This delay can compromise the delivery

of quality care.

Computerized PatientComputerized PatientRecords (CPRs)Records (CPRs)

• Most physicians' offices, hospitals, and other healthcare facilities have converted to computerized patient records (CPRs).

• Healthcare professionals can have immediate access to both current and previous medical records.

Figure 1-6 Computerized patient record (CPR).auremar/Fotolia.

• The electronic patient record (EPR), electronic medical record (EMR), or electronic health record (EHR) provides seamless, immediate, and simultaneous access by many healthcare professionals to all parts of a patient's record regardless of where those parts were created or stored.

Standard Headings in Hospital Standard Headings in Hospital Admission and Discharge DocumentsAdmission and Discharge Documents

• Chief Complaint (CC)• History of Present Illness (HPI)• Past Medical (and Surgical) History

(PMH)• Social History (SH) and Family History

Standard Headings in Hospital Standard Headings in Hospital Admission and Discharge DocumentsAdmission and Discharge Documents

• Review of Systems (ROS)• Physical Examination (PE)• Laboratory and X-ray Data• Diagnosis (Dx)• Disposition

Types of Documents in theTypes of Documents in theMedical RecordMedical Record

• Consent to Treatment Forms Before patients can be treated at any

type of healthcare facility, they must sign consent to treatment forms that give the physicians and other healthcare professionals the right to treat them.• Treatment without consent is against the

law and is considered to be battery (touching another person without his or her consent).

• Consent to Treatment Forms For patients who are minors, the parent

or legal guardian signs the consent to treatment.• In an emergency situation, care is

provided until the appropriate person is able to consent.

• Patients must sign another consent form if they are to have surgery.

• Prior to a surgery, the physician describes the purpose of the surgery and informs the patient of alternatives, risks, and possible complications.

• The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996. Patients must also sign a form allowing

the facility to contact their insurance companies to obtain payment for the health care provided.

• The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996. All healthcare settings must provide

patients with a statement verifying that their medical record information is secure and is only released to authorized healthcare providers, insurance companies, or to healthcare quality monitoring organizations.

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Vital Signs VideoVital Signs Video

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AbbreviationsAbbreviations

CC chief complaint

CPR computerized patient record

D/C* discharge; discontinue

DS discharge summary

Dx diagnosis

EHR electronic health record

EMR electronic medical record

EPR electronic patient record

FH family history

H&P history and physical (examination)HIPAA Health Insurance Portability and AccountabilityAct (pronounced “HIP-ah”)HPI history of present illnessISMP Institute for Safe Medication PracticesPE physical examinationPMH past medical historyROS review of systemsSH social history

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Combining Forms Match UpCombining Forms Match Up

1. arthr/o-2. gastr/o-3. lapar/o-4. nas/o-5. phag/o-

a. eatingb. abdomenc. nosed. jointe. stomach

Medical LanguageMedical LanguageImmerse YourselfImmerse Yourself

CHAPTER

THIRD EDITION

The Body in Health and Disease

1. Describe approaches used to organize information about the human body.

2. Identify body planes and directions, body cavities, body systems, and medical specialties.

3. Describe various categories of diseases.

4. Describe techniques used to perform a physical examination.

5. Describe categories of healthcare professionals and settings in which health care is given.

6. Give the medical meaning of word parts and abbreviations related to the body, health, and disease.

7. Build medical words about the body, health, and disease from word parts and divide and define words.

8. Spell and pronounce medical words about the body, health, and disease.

9. Dive deeper into the body, health, and disease by reviewing the activities at the end of this chapter and online at www.MyMedicalTerminologyLab.com.

Multimedia DirectoryMultimedia Directory

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) VideoSlide 53Introduction to Body Systems AnimationSlide 99Physical Examination VideoSlide 100Hand Hygiene and Gloving VideoSlide 130Health Information Management Video 1Slide 131Health Information Management Video 2Slide 132Health Information Management Video 3Slide 133Health Information Management Video 4Slide 134Health Information Management Video 5

The Body in HealthThe Body in Health

• Seven different approaches for studying the body:1. Body planes and body directions2. Body cavities 3. Body quadrants and regions4. Anatomy and physiology5. Microscopic to macroscopic6. Body systems7. Medical specialties

Figure 2-1 Human body in anatomical position.

Body Planes Body Planes and Body Directionsand Body Directions

• When the human body is in anatomical position, it can be studied by dividing it with planes.

• A plane is an imaginary flat surface, like a plate of glass, that divides the body into two parts.

• There are three body planes: coronal plane, sagittal plane, and transverse plane.

Body Planes Body Planes and Body Directionsand Body Directions

• These body planes divide the body into front and back, right and left, and top and bottom sections.

• Body directions represent movement away from or toward those planes.

Coronal Plane and Body DirectionsCoronal Plane and Body Directions

• The coronal plane (or frontal plane) is a vertical plane that divides the body into front and back sections.

• The coronal plane is named for the coronal suture in the cranium.

Figure 2-2 Coronal plane.

Figure 2-3 Coronal and sagittal sutures of the cranium.

• The front of the body is the anterior or ventral section.

• The back of the body is the posterior or dorsal section.

• Lying with the anterior section of the body down is being in the prone position.

• Lying with the posterior section of the body down is being in the dorsal or supine position.

Figure 2-4 Anterior and posterior directions.

Figure 2-5 Posteroanterior direction.

Sagittal Plane and Body DirectionsSagittal Plane and Body Directions

• The sagittal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sections.

• The sagittal plane is named for the sagittal suture in the cranium.

• If this plane divides the body at the midline into equal right and left sections, then it is a midsagittal plane.

• Moving from the side of the body toward the midline is moving in a medial direction, or medially.

• Moving from the midline toward the side of the body is moving in a lateral direction, or laterally.

• Bilateral indicates both sides.

Figure 2-6 Sagittal plane.

Figure 2-7 Midsagittal view of the head on an MRI scan.DrUnique/Custom Medical Stock

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Figure 2-8 Medial and lateral directions.

Transverse Plane and Body Transverse Plane and Body DirectionsDirections

• The transverse plane is a horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower sections.

• The upper half of the body is the superior section, and the lower half is the inferior section.

Figure 2-9 Transverse plane.

Figure 2-10 Superior and inferior sections.

Transverse Plane and Body Transverse Plane and Body DirectionsDirections

• Moving toward the head is moving in a superior direction, or superiorly. This is also the cephalad direction.

• Moving toward the tail bone is moving in an inferior direction, or inferiorly. This is also the caudad direction.

Figure 2-11 Cephalad and caudad directions.

Other Body Directions and Other Body Directions and LocationsLocations

• Moving from the trunk of the body toward the end of a limb (arm or leg) is moving in a distal direction, or distally.

• Moving from the end of a limb toward the trunk of the body is moving in a proximal direction, or proximally.

Figure 2-12 Distal and proximal directions.

Other Body Directions and Other Body Directions and LocationsLocations

• Structures on the surface of the body are superficial or external.

• Structures below the surface and inside the body are deep or internal.

Figure 2-13 External and internal locations.

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

• The human body can be studied according to its body cavities and their internal organs.

• A cavity is a hollow space that is surrounded by bones or muscles.

• The cranial cavity lies within and is protected by the cranium.

• The spinal cavity or spinal canal is a continuation of the cranial cavity as it travels down the midline of the back.

• The spinal cavity lies within and is protected by the bones (vertebrae) of the spine.

• The spinal cavity contains the spinal cord, the spinal nerves, and spinal fluid.

• The thoracic cavity lies within the chest and is protected by the breast bone (sternum) anteriorly, the ribs bilaterally, and the bones of the spine posteriorly.

• The inferior border of the thoracic cavity is the large, muscular diaphragm that functions during respiration.

• The thoracic cavity contains the lungs.

• The abdominal cavity lies within the abdomen and is protected by the abdominal wall anteriorly, and the bones of the spine posteriorly.

• The pelvic cavity is a continuation of the abdominal cavity and is surrounded by the pelvic (hip) bones anteriorly and bilaterally, and the bones of the spine posteriorly.

• These two cavities are often called the abdominopelvic cavity because it is one continuous cavity with no dividing structure.

Figure 2-14 Body cavities.

Body Quadrants and RegionsBody Quadrants and Regions

• The human body can be studied according to its quadrants and regions.

• The anterior surface of the abdominopelvic area can be divided into four quadrants or nine regions.

• The four quadrants include:1. Right upper quadrant (RUQ)2. Left upper quadrant (LUQ)3. Right lower quadrant (RLQ)4. Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Figure 2-15 Quadrants of the abdominopelvic area.

• The nine regions include the: Right and left hypochondriac Epigastric Right and left lumbar Umbilical Right and left inguinal or iliac Hypogastric

Figure 2-16 Regions of the abdominopelvic area.

Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy is the study of the structures of the human body.

• Physiology is the study of the function of those structures.

Microscopic to MacroscopicMicroscopic to Macroscopic

• Most cells and cellular structures are microscopic in size and can be seen only through a microscope.

• Some cells, such as a female ovum, can be seen with the naked eye.

• Cells combine to form tissues, and tissues combine to form organs.

Microscopic to MacroscopicMicroscopic to Macroscopic

• Tissues and organs are macroscopic and can be seen with the naked eye.

• Organs combine to form a body system.• The human body contains several

different body systems.

Body SystemsBody Systems

• The human body can be studied according to its structures and how they function together in a body system. Gastrointestinal (Gl) system Respiratory system Cardiovascular (CV) system Blood Lymphatic system

• The human body can be studied according to its structures and how they function together in a body system. Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system Nervous system Urinary system

• The human body can be studied according to its structures and how they function together in a body system. Male genital and reproductive system Female genital and reproductive system Endocrine system

• The human body can be studied according to its structures and how they function together in a body system. Eyes Ears, nose, and throat (ENT) system

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Medical SpecialtiesMedical Specialties

• The human body can be studied according to the medical specialties that make up the practice of medicine.

• Each medical specialty includes the anatomy, physiology, diseases, laboratory and diagnostic procedures, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs for that body system.

• Gastroenterology Gastrointestinal system A gastroenterologist is a physician who

specializes in gastroenterology.

GastroenterologyGastrointestinal System

• Pulmonology Respiratory system A pulmonologist is a physician who

specializes in pulmonology.

PulmonologyRespiratory System

• Cardiology Cardiovascular system A cardiologist is a physician who

specializes in cardiology.

CardiologyCardiovascular System

• Hematology Blood A hematologist is a physician who

specializes in hematology.

• Immunology Blood, lymphatic system A immunologist is a physician who

specializes in immunology.

ImmunologyImmune System

• Dermatology Integumentary system A dermatologist is a physician who

specializes in dermatology.

DermatologyIntegumentary System

• Orthopedics Skeletal system An orthopedist is a physician who

specializes in orthopedics.

OrthopedicsSkeletal System

• Orthopedics Muscular system

OrthopedicsMuscular System

• Neurology Nervous system A neurologist is a physician who

specializes in neurology.

NeurologyNervous System

• Urology Urinary system A urologist is a physician who

specializes in urology.

UrologyUrinary System

• Male Reproductive Medicine Male genital and reproductive system A reproductive specialist is a physician

who specializes in reproductive medicine.

Male Reproductive MedicineMale Genital and Reproductive System

• Gynecology and Obstetrics Female genital and reproductive system A gynecologist is a physician who

specializes in gynecology. An obstetrician is a physician who specializes in obstetrics.

Gynecology and ObstetricsFemale Genital and Reproductive System

• Endocrinology Endocrine system An endocrinologist is a physician who

specializes in endocrinology.

EndocrinologyEndocrine System

• Ophthalmology Eyes An ophthalmologist is a physician who

specializes in ophthalmology.

OpthalmologyEyes

• Otolaryngology Ears, nose, and throat (ENT) system An otolaryngologist is a physician who

specializes in otolaryngology.

OtolaryngologyEars, Nose, and Throat System

Other Medical SpecialtiesOther Medical Specialties

• Other medical specialties that are not directly related to a body system include:

Medical Specialty Description

Psychiatry study and treatment of the mind

Oncology study and treatment of cancer

Radiology and Nuclear Medicine

use of x-rays, sound waves, and other forms of radiation and energy to diagnose and treat disease

Dentistry study and treatment of the teeth and gums

Other Medical SpecialtiesOther Medical Specialties

Medical Specialty Description

Dietetics study and use of nutrition, nutrients, and diet

Pharmacology study of drugs used as medicines

Neonatology study and treatment of newborn infants

Pediatrics study and treatment of children

Geriatrics study and treatment of the elderly

The Body in DiseaseThe Body in Disease

• Preventive medicine is the healthcare specialty that focuses on keeping a person healthy and preventing disease.

• Much of medical language deals with diseases and how they are diagnosed and treated.

• Disease is any change in the normal structure or function of the body.

The Body in DiseaseThe Body in Disease

• The etiology is the cause or origin of a disease.

• In most cases, the cause of a disease is known or can be discovered through medical testing. In some cases, the exact cause of a disease is never completely understood.

Disease CategoriesDisease Categories

• Congenital• Degenerative• Environmental• Hereditary• Iatrogenic

• Idiopathic• Infectious• Neoplastic• Nosocomial• Nutritional

Onset of DiseaseOnset of Disease

• The onset of disease is often noticed because of symptoms and/or signs.

• A symptom is any deviation from health that is experienced or felt by the patient.

• When a symptom can be seen or detected by others, it is known as a sign.

• Symptomatology is the clinical picture of all the patient's symptoms and signs.

• A syndrome is a set of symptoms and signs associated with, and characteristic of, one particular disease.

• Patients who are asymptomatic (showing no symptoms or signs) can still have a disease, but one that can only be detected by medical tests.

• The physician takes a history and performs a physical examination.

• For the history of the present illness, the physician asks the patient in detail about the location, onset, duration, and severity of the symptoms.

• The physician also asks about the patient's past medical history, past surgical history, family history, social history, and history of allergies to drugs.

• After taking the patient's history, the physician performs a physical examination to look for signs of disease.

• The physician uses the following techniques (as needed) during the physical examination: inspection, palpation, auscultation, and percussion.

Figure 2-18 Inspection.S. O’Brien/Custom Medical Stock Publishers

Figure 2-19 Palpation.

Figure 2-20 Auscultation.

Figure 2-21 Percussion.

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• Based on the patient's history and results of the physical examination, the physician makes a diagnosis and identifies the nature and cause of the disease or condition.

• If the physician cannot make a final diagnosis, a temporary or working diagnosis is assigned and the patient is scheduled to undergo further diagnostic tests or referred to a specialist.

Course and Outcome of DiseaseCourse and Outcome of Disease

• The course of a disease includes all events from the onset of the disease until its final outcome.

• Symptoms and signs may be: Acute (sudden in nature and severe in

intensity), Subacute (less severe in intensity), or Chronic (continuing for three months or

• An exacerbation is a sudden worsening in the severity of the symptoms or signs.

• Remission is a temporary improvement in the symptoms and signs of a disease without the underlying disease being cured.

• A relapse or recurrence is a return of the original symptoms and signs of the disease.

• A sequela is an abnormal condition or complication that arises because of the original disease and remains after the original disease has resolved.

• The physician prescribes drugs or orders therapy for the patient.

• If the treatment is therapeutic, the symptoms or signs of the disease disappear.

• A disease that is refractory (resistant) is one that does not respond to treatment.

• Certain diseases that cannot be treated with drugs or therapy may require surgery.

• The prognosis is the predicted outcome of the disease.

• The prognosis is the predicted outcome of a disease.

• The course of a disease ends in one of the following outcomes: Recuperation or recovery Disability Terminal illness

Healthcare ProfessionalsHealthcare Professionals

• Physician (or doctor) The leader of the healthcare team who

examines the patient, orders tests, diagnoses diseases, and treats diseases by prescribing drugs or therapy.

Surgeons are physicians who complete additional training in surgical techniques.

• Physician (or doctor) Primary care physicians (PCPs)

specialize in family practice or pediatrics.

A physician or doctor who is on the medical staff of a hospital and admits a patient to the hospital is known as the attending physician.

• Physician Extenders Healthcare professionals who work

under the supervision of a physician or doctor (MD or DO) to examine, diagnose, and treat patients and sometimes prescribe medications.

• Physician Extenders Examples include: • physician's assistants (PAs). • nurse practitioners (NPs). • certified nurse midwives (CNMs). • certified registered nurse anesthetists

(CRNAs).

• Allied Health Professionals Nurses (registered nurse [RN], licensed

practical nurse [LPN], or licensed vocational nurse [LVN]) examines patients, makes nursing diagnoses, and administers treatments or drugs ordered by the physician.

Nurses give hands-on care and focus on the physical and emotional needs of the patient and the family.

• Other Allied Health Professionals Technologists Technicians Therapists Dietitians Medical assistants Phlebotomists Dental hygienists Audiologists

Healthcare SettingsHealthcare Settings

• Hospital Traditional setting for providing care for

patients who are acutely ill and require medical or surgical care for longer than 24 hours.

The attending physician must write an order in the patient's medical record to admit or discharge the patient.

A patient in the hospital is an inpatient.

• Hospital Divided into floors or nursing units that

provide care for specific types of patients. There are also specialty care units such as the intensive care unit (ICU).

• Hospital Ancillary departments provide additional

types of services and include radiology, physical therapy (PT), dietary, emergency (ED or ER), clinical laboratory, and pharmacy.

• Physician's Office One of the most frequently used

healthcare settings A single physician (or group of

physicians) maintains an office where patients are seen, diagnosed, treated, and counseled.

• Physician's Office Some offices have their own laboratory

and x-ray equipment for performing diagnostic tests.

Seriously ill patients who cannot be quickly diagnosed or adequately treated in the office are sent to a hospital.

• Clinic Provides healthcare services similar to

that of a physician's office, but for just one type of patient or one type of disease

For example, a well-baby clinic provides care to newborn infants.

• Clinic Outpatient clinics are located in a

hospital or in their own separate facility and their patients are outpatients because they are not admitted to the hospital and do not stay overnight in the clinic.

• Ambulatory Surgery Center (ASC) A facility where minor surgery is

performed and the patient does not stay overnight.

• Long-Term Care Facility Primarily a residential facility for older

adults or those with disabilities who are unable to care for themselves

Provides 24-hour nursing care Persons in long-term care facilities are

called residents rather than patients because the facility is their home.

• Long-Term Care Facility Skilled nursing facility (SNF) is a long-

term care facility that provides a high level of medical and nursing care for patients recently discharged from the hospital.

• Home Health Agency Provides a range of healthcare services

to persons (who are known as clients) in their homes when they are unable to come to a physician's office or clinic and do not want to live in a long-term care facility.

Figure 2-22 Home Health Nurse.Andy Levin/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.

• Hospice An inpatient facility for patients who are

dying from a terminal illness Their physicians have certified that they

have less than 6 months to live.

• Hospice Hospice services include:• Palliative care• Pain management• Counseling• Emotional support for the patient and

family

AbbreviationsAbbreviations

• A&P anatomy and physiology• AP anteroposterior• ASC ambulatory surgery center• CNM certified nurse midwife• CRNA certified registered nurse anesthetist• CV cardiovascular• D.C. Doctor of Chiropracty (or Chiropractic Medicine)• D.D.S. Doctor of Dental Surgery• D.O. Doctor of Osteopathy (or Osteopathic Medicine)• D.P.M. Doctor of Podiatry (or Podiatric Medicine)• Dr. doctor• Dx diagnosis• ED emergency department• ENT ears, nose, and throat• ER emergency room• GI gastrointestinal• GYN gynecology• H&P history and physical (examination)• Hx history• ICU intensive care unit• LLQ left lower quadrant

• LPN licensed practical nurse• LUQ left upper quadrant• LVN licensed vocational nurse• M.D. Doctor of Medicine• NP nurse practitioner• OB obstetrics• OB/GYN obstetrics and gynecology• O.D. Doctor of Optometry• PA physician’s assistant, posteroanterior• PCP primary care physician• PE physical examination• Pharm. D. Doctor of Pharmacy• PT physical therapy• RLQ right lower quadrant• RN registered nurse• R/O rule out• RUQ right upper quadrant• SNF skilled nursing facility (pronounced “sniff”)• Sx symptoms• Tx treatment

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