MCAS ReviewMrs. McCarthy’s

Middle School Science Review

Grade 8 MCAS

Physical Science

Earth Science

Life Science

Technology/Engineering

Test Set-up

• 2 Testing Days– Wednesday May 20th

– Thursday May 21st

• About 47 Total Questions– 41 Multiple Choice Questions

– 6 Open Response Questions

Open Response

• Multi-part open response questions are included on your MCAS.

• You will need to answer ALL of the questions asked.

• Be sure to:• Pre-write / Plan / Graphic Organizer• Include Vocabulary Words & Definitions• Explain Thoroughly• Give Examples• Include Labels• Create Diagrams

• 8th Grade Curriculum–Properties of Matter

–The Atom–Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

–Motion–Forms of Energy & Heat

• Particle Motion & Phase Changes (15)• Mass vs. Weight (1)• Volume vs. Mass; Density (2)• Measuring Tools (3)• Conservation of Mass (4)• Melting Point & Boiling Point (9)• Physical & Chemical Changes (10)

Solid

• Has a definite shape and a definite volume

• Particles are held tightly in place and vibrate in place

Looks Like

Liquid

• Have a definite volume and no definite shape

• Take the shape of a container

• Can Pour

• Particles slide past one another

Looks Like

Gas

• Have NO Definite Shape or Volume

• Fill their containers

• Particles spread out and move independently

Looks Like

Plasma

• Very high in energy• Plasma has no definite shape or volume• Particles are broken• Plasma is the most common phase of

matter in the universe• Examples: Auroras, lightning, fire, neon

lights

Charles’ Law

• The volume of a gas increases as its temperature increases

• For Example: – A balloon expands and pops when it is

heated.– A balloon contracts and gets smaller when it

is cooled.

Boyle’s Law

• The volume of gas increases as the pressure decreases

• Example: Piston– Lifting the Plunger Decreases the Pressure– Pushing the Plunger Increases the Pressure

States of Matter

PhasesChanges

Solid Liquid Gas

Matter changes phases due to a change in the heat energy of an object’s particles.

Add Energy/Heat

Lose Energy/Heat ←

Measurement

• Mass • Weight

• Volume • Temperature

Mass

• The amount of matter in an object

• Doesn’t change with gravity

• Measured with a triple-beam balance

• SI unit of grams

Inertia

• A resistance to a change in motion

• The more mass an object has, the more inertia it has

• Example: Grocery Carts & Cars

Weight

• The amount of gravitational pull on an object

• Changes with gravity

• Measured in Newtons

Volume

• The amount of space an object takes-up

• Can be measured with a ruler using the formula:

Volume = length * width * height

OR

• Volume can be measured with water and a graduated cylinder using displacement

• Solid SI Unit of cm³

• Liquid SI Unit of mL

Density

• The amount of mass in a given volume

• Measured with the Formula:

Density = Mass / Volume

Mass______________

Density * Volume

* Labeled in g/cm³

Density Stackers

• Many liquid mixtures will stack up into layers by their densities

– More dense materials will be below less dense materials

– Example:

Salad Dressing

Characteristic Properties

• Describe substances based upon their characteristics

• Example:

Physical Properties

Chemical Properties

Physical Properties

• Physically describe an object based upon observable and measurable observations

Examples:COLOR Density Solubility

Mass Malleability Texture Volume Temperature State Weight Ductility Melting

Boiling

Melting Point & Boiling Point

• Each Substance has its own Melting & Boiling Points that are always the same temperature regardless of the size

Particle Motion & Temperature Increases

• Melting- the change from a solid to a liquid

• Adding energy

• Boiling- the change from a liquid to a gas

• Adding Energy

Melting & Boiling Points

• Melting Point: All Water Melts at 0˚C

• Boiling Point: All water boils at 100˚C

Physical Changes• A change in a substance that affects one

or more physical properties of a substance

• The substance does not change

• Examples:

Cutting Hair Crushing a Can

Sanding Wood Broken Glass

Melting Butter Freezing Water

Dissolving Salt Bending Metal

Chemical Properties

• Describe substances based upon their ability to change into a new substance with different properties

• Chemical properties are not easily observed with your senses and often need to be tested

• Examples:

Reactivity: Tarnishing, Rusting,

Flammability

Chemical Changes

• When substances change into new substances with different properties

• Examples:

Reactivity

Gas Formation & Bubbles

Burning Cooking

Conservation of Mass• Mass cannot be created or destroyed

• Even during a chemical reaction, the mass will remain the same.

• Example- Lab with: Vinegar, Baking Soda, Baggies, Film Canister, & T.B.B.

Before After

• There are more than 100 elements on the periodic table that make up ALL things (5)

• Atoms of Elements vs. Molecules of Compound (6)

• Examples of Elements and Compounds (7)

• Mixtures vs. Pure Substances (8)

Atomic Theory

• Democritus- Proposes the Atom 440 B.C.

• Dalton- Atoms are the Smallest Particle

• Thomson- “Plum Pudding” with Electrons

• Rutherford- Gold Foil → Atom’s Nucleus

• Bohr- Electrons Travel in Energy Paths

• Schrödinger & Heisenberg- Electron Clouds

Atom

• The Smallest Unit of an Element

• Everything is made of Atoms

Electrons

Energy

LevelsNucleus

with Protons

and Neutrons

Protons

• Charge: Positive

• Mass:1 amu

• Location: Nucleus

• Proton count determines the element

• Protons = atomic number

Neutrons

Charge: none

Mass: 1 amu

Location: Nucleus

*To find the neutrons: atomic mass – atomic

number

Electrons

• Charge: Negative

• Mass: Almost Zero

• Location: Electron Clouds

• Balanced Atoms: Protons = Electrons

Periodic Table

• Organized Data of Elements

• Organized by Atomic Number

• Over 100 Elements

• Contains Many Patterns

• Element Cube:2

HeHelium

4.0

Atomic Number

Chemical Symbol

Element Name

Atomic Mass

Pure Substances

• A substance with only one type of particle

• Examples: Elements & Compounds

• Pure Substances Cannot be Broken Down and Retain their Properties

Elements

Elements

MetalsShiny, Strong Conductors,

Malleable, Ductile

NonmetalsDull, Poor

Conductors, Brittle

MetalloidsSemiconductors,

Have Properties of Metals & Nonmetals

Left of zigzag line Right of zigzag line Border the zigzag line

Mixtures

• A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined.

• A mixture is easily separated by physical means

• A mixture is NOT a pure substance.

Separating MixturesTechniques:

- Magnet: uses a magnet

- Filter: uses a sifter

- Centrifuge: uses spinning (densities)

- Solutions: uses dissolving

- Distillation: uses boiling point

Chemical Reactions

• The process where one or more substances changes to become one or more different substances.

• LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS– Mass is never gained or lost in a chemical

reaction

Clues to Chemical Reactions

• Gas Formation

• Solid Formation

• Color Change

• Energy Change

Chemical Formulas & Equations

• A chemical formula uses symbols and numbers to represent a compound

• Chemical Equations uses formulas and symbols to show a chemical reaction– Chemical Equations MUST be Balanced and

follow the Law of Conservation of MassExample: C + O2 CO2

• Motion is described by Position, Direction, & Speed

• Graphs of Distance vs. Time (S= D/T)

A change in an object’s position relative to reference point(s)

during a specific length of time

Motion

Distance

Speed * Time

Speed an object travels in a given direction

The unit label is ALWAYS a: Distance/Time The unit label is ALWAYS a: Distance/Time & Direction Word& Direction Word

Example: 60 miles/hour WestExample: 60 miles/hour West

Velocity

Example Direction Words: North, South, East, West, Left, Right, Up, Down

ForceForce

• ExertedExerted on one object on one object

by by anotheranother objectobject

•A pushpush or a or a pullpull

•Can affect an object’s Can affect an object’s speed or directionspeed or direction

Unbalanced forcesUnbalanced forces

If the net force on an object is If the net force on an object is NOT ZERO.NOT ZERO.

The resulting effect is the The resulting effect is the object changes its motion.object changes its motion.

Balanced forcesBalanced forces

If the net force on an object If the net force on an object is is ZEROZERO

the resulting effect is the the resulting effect is the object has object has

NO changeNO change in its motion. in its motion.

Friction Friction

•Resists Motion Between 2 Resists Motion Between 2 ObjectsObjects

•Dependent on Texture of Dependent on Texture of SurfacesSurfaces

•4 major types: Rolling, Sliding, 4 major types: Rolling, Sliding, Static, FluidStatic, Fluid

GRAVITYGRAVITYGravity is a force of attractionGravity is a force of attraction

• Exists between any two objectsExists between any two objects•The force is The force is dependent upon dependent upon The size of the The size of the objects and the objects and the distance they distance they are from one are from one anotheranother

•The force of Gravity is The force of Gravity is dependent upon the size of the dependent upon the size of the object and the distance they object and the distance they are from one another.are from one another.

Law of Universal GravitationLaw of Universal Gravitation

Gravitation force Gravitation force increasesincreases• as masses increaseas masses increase• as the distance decreasesas the distance decreases•Bigger & CloserBigger & Closer

Gravitation force Gravitation force decreasesdecreases• as masses decreaseas masses decrease• as the distance increasesas the distance increases•Smaller & FartherSmaller & Farther

•WeightWeight is a measurement of a planet’s gravitational pull on the mass of an object.

•Therefore, weight is Therefore, weight is different on different different on different

planets and planets and other other celestial celestial bodies.bodies.

• Measured with a triple beam balance.

• Measured with a Newton spring scale.

Mass vs. Weight

• Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes.

• Gravity causes all objects, regardless of size, to fall at the same acceleration

• On Earth, all objects fall at a rate of 9.8 m/s/s

Occurs when an object has two forces acting on it:

gravity & a push-horizontal- force.

Projectile Motion

The result is a curved path

• Potential Energy vs. Kinetic Energy and Energy Changes (13)

• Heat is Energy that causes temperature changes (14)

• Heat causes Phase Changes (15)

• Heat moves from warmer objects to cooler objects (16)

Nuclear

Different forms of Energy

Light

Sound

Elastic

Heat/Thermal

Electromagnetic

Chemical

•Energy

•Work occurs when an object moves in the direction of the applied force

•the ability to do work

Energy, like work, is measured in joules (J).

Energy exists in many different forms and can change between them:

Energy conversion Energy transformation

Types of Energy

• Potential Energy: –Stored Energy

• Kinetic Energy:–Energy of

Motion

Energy Changes

• Energy can be Transferred between Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy can not be created or destroyed.It can change forms.

HeatHeat is a form of thermal energy.

Heat is Energy that causes temperature changes.

Each Substance has unique Melting and Boiling points.

Heat Changes Particle Motion and Causes Phase Changes.

Heat Moves from Warm Objects to Cooler Objects.

Temperature• Temperature is a Measurement of Heat

• Temperature is Measured with a Thermometer

• Temperature Scales:– Celsius (˚C)– Fahrenheit (˚F)– Kelvin (k)

Melting Point & Boiling Point

• Each Substance has its own Melting & Boiling Points that are always the same temperature regardless of the size

Particle Motion & Temperature Increases

• Melting- the change from a solid to a liquid

• Adding energy

• Boiling- the change from a liquid to a gas

• Adding Energy

Melting & Boiling Points

• Melting Point: All Water Melts at 0˚C

• Boiling Point: All water boils at 100˚C

States of Matter

PhasesChanges

Solid Liquid Gas

Matter changes phases due to a change in the heat energy of an object’s particles.

Add Energy/Heat

Lose Energy/Heat ←

Heat Transfer

• Heat moves in predictable ways from warm objects to cooler objects

Heat energy Heat energy movesmoves in three ways in three ways: :

Conduction Conduction Convection Convection RadiationRadiation

Conduction :occurs Conduction :occurs when energy is when energy is passed directly from passed directly from one item to anotherone item to another

ConvectionConvection : movement of

gases or liquids from a cooler spot to a warmer spot.

Examples- Air Masses, Earth’s Mantle; Ocean

ConvectionConvection : movement of FLUIDS (GAS OR LIQUID)

from a coolercooler spot to a warmerwarmer spot.

BOILINGBOILING

WINDWIND

EARTH

Radiation :The sun's rays travel in straight lines called heat rays. When sunlight hits the earth, its radiation is absorbed or reflected.

Darker surfaces absorb more of the radiation and lighter surfaces reflect the

radiation.

7th Grade Curriculum–Mapping the Earth–Earth’s Structure

–Heat Transfer–Earth’s History

–The Earth in the Solar System

Mapping the Earth

• Recognize, Interpret, & Create models of Earth’s Features with Mapping.

Topographic Maps show the elevation of an area of land using contour lines.

Earth’s StructureThe Layers of the Earth

Crust- Solid, Oceanic & Continental

Mantle- Largest Layer with lithosphere & asthenosphere; convection currents

Outer Core- Liquid Molten Metal

Inner Core- Dense; Solid; Iron

Heat Transfer• Heat moves in predictable ways

from warm objects to cooler objects

• Heat Energy Moves in 3 ways:• Conduction• Convection• Radiation

Conduction :occurs Conduction :occurs when energy is when energy is passed directly from passed directly from one item to anotherone item to another

ConvectionConvection : movement of

gases or liquids from a cooler spot to a warmer spot.

Examples- Air Masses, Earth’s Mantle; Ocean

ConvectionConvection : movement of FLUIDS (GAS OR LIQUID)

from a coolercooler spot to a warmerwarmer spot.

BOILINGBOILING

WINDWIND

EARTH

Radiation :The sun's rays travel in straight lines called heat rays. When sunlight hits the earth, its radiation is absorbed or reflected.

Darker surfaces absorb more of the radiation and lighter surfaces reflect the

radiation.

Earth’s History

Millions of years ago all of Earth’s land masses were together in one large super continent called Pangaea.

Over time Pangaea spread apart due to continental drift and sea-floor spreading.

Today, we have 7 continents on Earth.

EvidenceEvidence of the Continental Drift Theory

include:• Physical Evidence (Puzzle-like Continents)

• Fossil Evidence

• Glacial Evidence

• Climate Evidence

• Plant Evidence

Africa

South

America

The Changing Surface• In addition to plate tectonics, Earth’s

surface is ever changing due to:

–Earthquakes

–Volcanoes–Weathering, Erosion & Deposition

• Earthquakes occur when Earth’s plates shift and cause shaking on the surface

• Most Earthquakes occur at Plate Boundaries

• A Tsunami is a tidal wave in the ocean caused by tectonic (Earthquake) movement of Earth’s plates.

Most volcanoes form at plate boundaries

• Diverging- mid ocean ridge, rift valley

• Converging- island arcs/ Mt. St. Helens

• Hot spots- not on a boundary- Hawaii

Rock is broken into smaller pieces by:

• Freezing & Thawing• Release of Pressure• Growth of Plants• Action of Animals• Water• Abrasion

Earth in the Solar SystemAll objects are affected by GRAVITY. Gravity’s force is stronger on larger objects. Our solar system is held together by the Sun’s gravity. The Sun’s gravity keeps the planets orbiting around it.

Just as the planets orbit around the sun due to the Sun’s strong gravity, the moon orbit’s Earth due to Earth’s Gravity.

The moon rotates on its axis and revolves around Earth at the same rate, that’s why only one side of the moon is visible from Earth.

                                                               

Phases of the Moon

Lunar PhasesThe Moon appears to go through a complete set of phases as viewed from the Earth because of its motion around the Earth, as illustrated in the following figure.

Lunar Eclipses

During a Lunar Eclipse, the Sun, Earth, & Moon align so that the moon is not reflecting any of the Sun’s light. The moon is not visible from Earth at this time.

Solar Eclipses

During a Solar Eclipse, the Sun, Moon, & Earth align so that the Sun’s light is not reflecting on Earth. The Sun is not visible from Earth at this time.

Day & Night• Earth rotates on its axis once every 24

hours (1 day).

• When Earth is turned toward the Sun, it is daytime.

• When Earth is turned away from the sun, it is nighttime.

Earth revolves around the sun once every 365 ¼ days (1 year).

When the Northern Hemisphere is angled toward the Sun (direct rays), it is summer.When Northern Hemisphere is angled away from the sun (indirect rays), it is winter.

Summer in N.H.

Winter in S.H.

Winter in N.H.

Summer in S.H.

UNIVERSE

GALAXIES

SOLAR SYSTEMS

PLANET

• The Universe is made of billions of Galaxies

• Galaxies are made of billions of Stars• We live in the Milky Way Galaxy• The Sun is the only Star in Our Solar

System • We live on Planet Earth

UNIVERSE

GALAXIESSOLAR SYSTEM

PLANET

6th Grade Curriculum–Classification of Organisms

–Structure and Function of Cells–Systems in Living Things–Reproduction & Heredity–Evolution & Biodiversity

–Living Things & Their Environment–Energy & Living Things

–Changes in Ecosystems Over Time

Structure and Function of Cells

Cells are the basic units of life.

All living things are made of cells.

Cells are very small and can only be seen with a microscope.

Cells

• There are different types of cells:– Animal Cells– Plant Cells

• Some living things are multi-cellular– Example: plant, animal

• Some living things are unicellular– Example: bacteria, yeast

Parts of the CellCell Wall-the outside of the cell that strengthens the cell membrane

Cell Membrane- keeps cytoplasm in; allows nutrients in & waste out

Chloroplasts-hold green chlorophyll for photosynthesis

Vacuoles- store water & fluid

Nucleus- holds cell’s DNA

Cytoplasm-fluid in cell

Mitochondria- breakdown food in the cell

Plant Cell

Plant Cells are found in plants.

Unlike Animal Cells, Plants Cells contain: Cell Wall & Chloroplasts so that they can make food using photosynthesis.

Animal Cell

Animal Cells are found in animals.

Unlike Plants Cells, Animal Cells do not contain: Cell Wall & Chloroplasts.

Cellular Functions

• Cells function similar to living organisms:

–Extracting Energy from Food

–Disposing of Waste

–Reproduction (Mitosis)

Heredity

• All living things have traits.• Traits are stored in chromosomes.• These are passed on from one

generation to the next in genes.• Human cells contain about 30,000

different genes on 23 different chromosomes.

• Punnett Squares show possible inheritance.

ReproductionThere are 2 types of reproduction:

– Sexual: 2 Parent Cells Join Together to Form a New Individual; Offspring Inherit Half of Their Genes from each Parent• Example: Plants & Animals

– Asexual: only 1 Parent Cell is Needed; Parent Cell is Copied; Mitosis Occurs• Example: Single-celled Organisms

Genes of DNA

Cells & Body Tissues

Organs

Systems

Systems in Living Things• The Human Body’s Major Systems:

– Digestion: Food Energy

– Respiration: Breathing

– Reproduction: Population

– Circulation: Blood Flow

– Excretion: Waste

– Immune: Protection from Disease

– Movement, Control, Coordination: Moving, Thinking, Planning, Processing

Classification of Organisms

Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities.Levels:

Kingdom- large general group

Phylum-

Classes-

Orders-

Families-

Genus-

Species- one kind

Kingdom’s are continuously broken down into classified groups until species

King----Kingdom

Philip---Phylum

Came--Classes

Over----Orders

For------Families

Grape--Genus

Soda---Species

Hint:

Kingdoms

• All living organisms belong to one of the kingdoms

• There are five Kingdoms:

1. Bacteria- E. coli,

2. Protista- single-celled organisms

3. Plantae- plants, flowers & trees

4. Fungi- fungus, mold & mushrooms

5. Animalia- animals, people, pets, bugs

Fungi

Plantae Protista

Animalia

Bacteria

Evolution & Biodiversity

• Evolution: organisms adapt and change over time

• Evidence: geology, fossils, comparative anatomy

• Extinctions: many species have not been able to adapt to habitat changes over time

Survival of the fittest

Living Things & Their Environment

• Organisms interact with one another and have different functions within an ecosystem that enable the ecosystem to survive.

• Circle of Life

• Food Web- Energy from food flows from one organism to another

• Parts of the Food Web:– Producers- use sunlight to make food

• Example: Plants– Consumers-eat producers & organisms

• Example: animals– Decomposers-break down remains of dead organisms

• Example: bacteria & fungi

Decomposers & Nitrogen Cycle

• Decomposers- Living organisms break down dead plants & animals (bacteria, fungus)

• Nitrogen is produced in this cycle.

• Broken down material is used for compost and has nutrients in it that contribute to the system.

• Plants use energy from sunlight to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water through photosynthesis.

• This food can be used immediately, stored for later use, or used by other organisms.

Photosynthesis• The process where plants capture light energy

from the sun and change it into food.

Ecosystems• Ecosystem- the habitat of living

organisms

• Land: Forests, Grasslands, Deserts, Tundra

• Marine: Beaches, Seafloor, Reefs

• Freshwater: Moving Water, Still Water, Wetlands

Changes in EcosystemsOver Time

• Changes in the ecosystem can cause extinction, habitat damage, & global warming.

• Ecosystems are effected by:– Pollution– Resource Depletion– Alien Species– Human Population Growth– Habitat Destruction

Energy ResourcesEnergy Resources: Natural, Fossil Fuels, & AlternativesNatural Resources include wood, gasoline, wind

Fossil Fuels: nonrenewable energy resource- Made over millions of years from buried organisms

- Create environmental pollution problems- Examples: coal, natural gas, petroleum

Alternatives: renewable & easy to replace resources - Most are cleaner & safer. - Examples: Solar, Wind, Hydroelectric, Biomass, Nuclear (Dangerous)

Middle School Curriculum–Materials, Tools, & Machines–Engineering Design–Communication Technologies–Manufacturing Technologies–Construction Technologies–Transportation Technologies–Bioengineering Technologies

Materials, Tools, & Machines

• Appropriate materials, tools, & machines enable us to solve problems, invent, & construct

Tape Measure ScrewsWrench & Screwdriver Drill

Hammer & NailHand Saw

Skill Saw

Pliers

Engineering Design

• Engineering Design Involves Modeling and Developing Solutions

• Example- Balloon Powered Car Challenge– Plan Materials– Sketch / Prototype / Model– Construct & Build– Test– Evaluate

Communication Technologies• Ideas can be communicated

through drawings, reports, & pictures

Manufacturing Technologies

• Manufacturing is the process of converting raw materials into physical goods

• Example-Sneaker Factory:– Research & Development– Production / Assembly– Marketing / Sales / PR– Quality Control– Store Distribution

Research

Production

Marketing

Distribution

Construction Technologies

• Building structures for transportation, shelter, business, etc

Arch BridgeSuspension Bridge Beam Bridge

Parts of a House• Foundation- base; stabilizes house

• Roof-covers house; protection

• Framing-shapes house; supports walls

• Insulation- temperature control

• Siding- protects insulation

Transportation Technologies• Systems & Devices that move goods and

people from one place to another by land, air, water, or space.

Land

Air

WaterSpace

Forces

• Force- a push or a pull

• Pressure- the amount of force in an area

• Lift- an upward force that opposes gravity

• Thrust- a forward force

• Drag- opposes motion in fluids

Bioengineering Technologies

• Explore the production of mechanical devices, products, & natural substances that can improve health & daily life.