PUBLIC POLICY PRESENTATION

CULTURAL POLICY AND CULTURAL COMPLEXES

HIROYASU SUDO MARCH 2012

TODAY’S NEWS

AGENDA• Issue: Arts Funding

• Countries: Canada, the US, Japan

• Situations in each country

• Cultural complex in each country

• Suggestion

ISSUE: ARTS FUNDING• Arts Funding – Public or Private

• Why? – Public Goods, Philanthropy, Diplomacy…

• Trend – Decreasing (i.e. Global Competition, The Crisis)

• ‘Creative Class’ theory -- Instrumentalism

CANADA• Objective: National Pride/ Social Cohesion/ Diversity

• History: Formed after WWII, American Influence

• Type: Public Funding is larger

• Culture: Individualistic, slightly socialistic

• Trend: Decreasing, yet the scope is broadening

THE UNITED STATES• Objective: Public Goods, Diplomacy

• History: In line with active philanthropy (Carnegie)

• Type: Private Funding is substantially larger

• Culture: Individualistic, Capitalistic (Democratic)

• Trend: Recovering from the Crisis

JAPAN• Objective: Public Goods, Preservation, Economic Growth

• History: Westernization = Modernization, WWII

• Type: Public Funding is marginal (fear of public intervention)

• Culture: Collectivist, Capitalistic

• Trend: Recovering from the Crisis, Collaboration with Private

COMPARISON

• Punctuation Equilibrium: External Influence

• Advocacy Coalition: Linear

• Path Dependency: Disconnected Evolution

• Policy tools: Direct, Indirect, Hybrid

Canada USA Japan

ObjectiveNational Pride/Social Cohesion

Economic DevelopmentPublic goods

DiplomacyPreservation

Economic Development

Policy Change PEF ACF PDF

Public/Private 27:23 13:43 6:12.2

ratio 117% 30% 49%

Culture Individualist - Socialistic Individualist - Capitalistic Collectivist - Capitalistic

CULTURE COMPLEX• Cultural Hub

• Encourage arts/culture

• Provide facilities (Theatre, Gallery, etc.)

HARBOURFRONT CENTRE• Non-profit (established as a

crown company)

• Artistic Innovation, Cultural Engagement

• 4 Theatres, 2 Galleries

• Decreasing Public Funding

• Increasing Private Funding

LINCOLN CENTER• Non-profit (most donation from Rockefeller)

• Initiated by The Mayor's Slum Clearance Committee

• Urban Renewal

• Opera house, Concert Halls, Music School

• Marginal Public Funding

ROPPONGI ART DISTRICT• Mix of Non-profit and For-profit

• Economic Development

• 3 Museums (2 Private Museums and 1 National Arts Center)

• Form the Arts Triangle

• Resulted in commercial success

CONCLUSION• Harbourfront Centre needs to be more commercial

• But cannot compromise its mission

• Could learn from the US organizations about private funds

• Programming should be aimed at ‘creative class’

• The Japan case tells that the government can support the initiative for economic growth

<Takeaways>

• Country comparison let us see a bigger picture

• This leads to deeper understanding of the issue

• Results in a better suggestion