Post on 06-Aug-2020
Material Characterization for Processing:
ACG MTM45-1Material Model Development
Final Project Wrap-Up
Prepared by: A. Shahkarami and D. Van EeReviewed by: D. Van EeApproved: A.PoursartipDate: November 15th, 2009Version: 1.0
2
Project Definition
Modeling performed for:
• Cure Kinetics
• Heat Capacity (Cp)
• Viscosity
Material: ACG MTM45-1
3
Material Description• MTM45-1 is a variable cure temperature, medium toughness, high service temp modified epoxy system
• Material forms received from ACG are as follows:- Fabric Prepreg (HTS5630-145-32%RW, received Aug 22, 2006)- UD Prepreg (CFO 526A-36%RW, received Aug 22, 2006)
• Tests were done on UD prepreg and comparison drawn with fabric
• Manufacturer’s recommended cure cycles are:
Autoclave1-3ºCpm20hr @ 80ºC or4hr @ 120ºC2hr @ 130ºC2hr @ 180ºC
Vacuum Bag1-3ºCpm20hr @ 82ºC or4hr @ 120ºC2hr @ 130ºC
Pre-Cure3ºCpm to initial cure temp0.3ºCpm to post-cure tempHold at 180ºC -0/+5ºC for 2hr -0/+30 minCool at 2ºCpm to 70ºC
Post-Cure
4
Material DescriptionManufacturer’s recommended cure cycles are:
Autoclave1-5ºCpm20hr @ 82ºC or4hr @ 120ºC2hr @ 130ºC2hr @ 180ºC
Vacuum Bag1-5ºCpm20hr @ 82ºC or4hr @ 120ºC2hr @ 130ºC
Pre-Cure
3ºCpm to initial cure temp0.3ºCpm to post-cure tempHold at 180ºC -0/+5ºC for 2hr -0/+30 minCool at 2ºCpm to 70ºC
Post-Cure
Autoclave20hr @ 80ºC or4hr @ 120ºC3hr @ 135ºC2hr @ 180ºC
Pre-Cure (at 3Cpm max)
2 hr at 200±2ºC (for max Tg)2 hr at 180ºC (for 140C wet service T)(max temp rate 20ºC per hr from 80ºC
Post-Cure
PREPREG
RESIN
5
Cure Kinetics Model
6
NomenclatureIso
Int
Dyn
RES
x
x&
gT
CC
Holdx
or Isothermal: Conditioned isothermal DSC tests where the specimen is held at a constant temperature long enough so that the reaction slows down significantly due to diffusionor Interrupted: Isothermal tests where the hold segment terminates before the reaction stops due to diffusionor dynamic: DSC tests where the specimen temperature is increased at a constant rate until the reaction completesor Residual: Dynamic DSC tests performed after the hold segment of Iso and Int tests to complete the remainder of the chemical reaction
or DoC: Degree of Cure
or xdot: Cure Rate
Glass transition temperature
or CureCycle: DSC tests designed to recreate the recommended cure cycles for the material, interrupted at certain points to investigate the cure advancement during the cure cycle
Degree of cure at the end of the hold segment of isothermal tests
7
Nomenclature
ModelHR
preTestHR
HoldHR
RampHR
TestHR
TotalHR
avgIsoHR
avgDynHR
avgTotalHR
Model heat of reaction; the nominal value of total heat of reaction used in the model (J/g)
The heat of reaction released during the cure advancement in material before the start of the test (material handling, storing, etc.) (J/g)
The heat of reaction released during the hold segment of the DSC tests (mostly in all variation of isothermal tests) (J/g)
The heat of reaction released during the ramp segment of the DSC tests (in dynamic tests and the residual ramps of the isothermal tests) (J/g)
The total heat of reaction measured through the two stages of the DSC test (J/g)
The total heat of reaction of the material tested (J/g)
The average of the total heat of reaction measured through the various stages of the isothermal DSC tests (J/g)
The average of the total heat of reaction measured through the various stages of the dynamic DSC tests (J/g)
The average of the total heat of reaction measured through the various stages of all the DSC tests(J/g)
HF Heat Flow, measured in the DSC experiments (W)
( )RampHold HRHR +=
( )TestpreTest HRHR +=
8
HR Definition
-20ºC
Handling &Storage
Making Samples
DSC Test
Hold
Ramp
Time
preTestHR TestHR
HoldHR RampHR
TotalHR
9
Summary
• Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) tests were performed to characterize the cure kinetics of ACG MTM45-1. A Q1000 TA Instrument DSC was used for this purpose.
• Normal pans were used to perform the DSC tests on unidirectional prepreg form.
• Characterization was performed on UD tape and comparison to fabric prepreg response was done.
10
DSC Test ProcedureIsothermal TestsIn isothermal tests, the sample is equilibrated at a very low temperature and then heated up to a predefined hold temperature at a very high rate. The sample is held at this temperature for a predetermined duration of time (i.e. until the reaction stops due to diffusion or full cure in the case of conditioned isothermal tests, or earlier as predefined for interrupted isothermal tests).The sample is then cooled down, followed by a residual ramp at a known rate (typically 1-4 cpm). The residual ramp ensures that the material is fully cured, and provides the material Tg at the end of hold, as well as the residual heat of reaction. A second ramp is also performed to determine the final (full cure) Tg.Dynamic TestsIn dynamic tests, the sample is equilibrated at a very low temperature and then heated up at a predetermined rate. The goal is to fully cure the sample on the ramp. A second ramp follows to determine the final glass transition temperature (fully cured Tg).
11
DSC Tests Performed
The DSC tests were performed are summarized below:
• Dynamic tests: 19 tests @ 0.25 to 4ºCpm• Isothermal tests: 43 tests 100ºC to 205ºC• Interrupted Isothermal tests: 7 tests at 160ºC• Other: 2 cure cycle tests, 2 dynamic on fabric
After careful examination of the results and investigation of the consistency of the data, the temperature range of interest was chosen to be 100ºC to 200ºC. However, a number of tests were dismissed due to anomalies and the remaining isothermal and dynamic tests (see table on next slide) were considered in the analysis.
12
DSC Test Matrix
Mass Temp Time(mg) (ºC) (min)
MTM45-100-02 14.1 100 600MTM45-110-03 13.3 110 600MTM45-120-02 10.9 120 480MTM45-130-02 11.7 130 420MTM45-140-01 4.6 140 360MTM45-150-03 14 150 360MTM45-155-03 12.5 155 360MTM45-160-03 13.7 160 360MTM45-170-01 5.2 170 240MTM45-175-02 3.8 175 240MTM45-180-01 6.38 180 240MTM45-180-04 14.6 180 240MTM45-190-03 13.3 190 180MTM45-200-02 18 200 180
Test
Hold
Mass Temp Time(mg) (ºC) (min)
MTM45-160C-INT10-01 4.00 160 10MTM45-160C-INT20-01 6.10 160 20MTM45-160C-INT30-01 5.70 160 30MTM45-160C-INT35-01 5.10 160 35MTM45-160C-INT40-01 5.80 160 40MTM45-160C-INT45-01 6.40 160 45MTM45-160C-INT50-01 5.30 160 50
Test
Hold
Mass(mg)
MTM45-CureCycle-S3-01 5.80MTM45-CureCycle-S2-01 6.70
Test
Mass Rate Tempmax
(mg) (ºC/min) (ºC)MTM45-025cpm-02 14.5 0.25 280MTM45-05cpm-02 12.9 0.5 250
MTM45-075-02 13 0.75 260MTM45-1cpm-01 6.19 1 250MTM45-1cpm-02 4.1 1 260
MTM45-1_5cpm-01 6.09 1.5 250MTM45-1_5cpm-02 5.09 1.5 250MTM45-1_5cpm-03 5.7 1.5 260MTM45-2cpm-02 5.4 2 250MTM45-3cpm-02 14.5 3 300MTM45-4cpm-02 13.2 4 300
Test
13
Degree of Cure Calculation
Raw DSC data was linearly sparsedand smoothed.
A bi-linear baseline was considered for
dynamic tests in order to calculate the total heat of
reaction and degree of cure.
Baselines fitted to Isothermal tests
were chosen to be linear.
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Time (s)
Spec
ific
heat
flow
(W/g
)
0.0E+00
3.0E-04
6.0E-04
9.0E-04
1.2E-03
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
14
Cure Rate vs. DoC – Dyns
15
Cure Rate vs. DoC – Isos
16
0.25 Cpm Tests
17
0.50 Cpm Tests
18
0.75 Cpm Tests
19
1 Cpm Tests
20
1.5 Cpm Tests
21
2 Cpm Tests
22
3 Cpm Tests
23
4 Cpm Tests
24
HR – All Dynamics
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
MTM
45-0
25-0
1
MTM
45-0
25cp
m-0
2
MTM
45-0
5cpm
-01
MTM
45-0
5cpm
-02
MTM
45-0
75-0
1
MTM
45-0
75-0
2
MTM
45-1
cpm
-01
MTM
45-1
cpm
-02
MTM
45-1
_5cp
m-0
1
MTM
45-1
_5cp
m-0
2
MTM
45-1
_5cp
m-0
3
MTM
45-2
cpm
-01
MTM
45-2
cpm
-02
MTM
45-2
cpm
-03
MTM
45-2
cpm
-04
MTM
45-3
cpm
-01
MTM
45-3
cpm
-02
MTM
45-4
cpm
-01
MTM
45-4
cpm
-02
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
MTM
45-1
00-0
1M
TM45
-100
-02
MTM
45-1
10-0
2M
TM45
-110
-03
MTM
45-1
15-0
1M
TM45
-120
-01
MTM
45-1
20-0
2M
TM45
-125
-01
MTM
45-1
30-0
1M
TM45
-130
-02
MTM
45-1
35-0
1M
TM45
-140
-01
MTM
45-1
45-0
1M
TM45
-150
-01
MTM
45-1
50-0
2M
TM45
-150
-03
MTM
45-1
55-0
1M
TM45
-155
-02
MTM
45-1
55-0
3M
TM45
-160
-02
MTM
45-1
60-0
3M
TM45
-165
-01
MTM
45-1
65-0
2M
TM45
-170
-01
MTM
45-1
75-0
1M
TM45
-175
-02
MTM
45-1
80-0
1M
TM45
-180
-02
MTM
45-1
80-0
3M
TM45
-180
-04
MTM
45-1
85-0
1M
TM45
-185
-02
MTM
45-1
85-0
3M
TM45
-190
-01
MTM
45-1
90-0
2M
TM45
-190
-03
MTM
45-1
95-0
1M
TM45
-195
-02
MTM
45-1
95-0
3M
TM45
-200
-01
MTM
45-2
00-0
2M
TM45
-205
-01
MTM
45-2
05-0
2
25
0.000
0.004
0.008
0.012
0.016
0.020
10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000
Time (s)
Spec
ific
heat
flow
(W/g
)
0.0E+00
3.0E-05
6.0E-05
9.0E-05
1.2E-04
1.5E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Heat Flow Response – 0.25cpm
0.25ºCpm Dynamic TestHRRamp = 117.5 J/g
26
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
3.0E-05
6.0E-05
9.0E-05
1.2E-04
1.5E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
DoC and Cure Rate – 0.25cpm
0.25ºCpm Dynamic Test
27
0.000
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0 10000 20000 30000 40000
Time (s)
Spec
ific
heat
flow
(W/g
)
0.0E+00
5.0E-05
1.0E-04
1.5E-04
2.0E-04
2.5E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Heat Flow Response – 0.5cpm
0.5ºCpm Dynamic TestHRRamp = 123.1 J/g
28
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
5.0E-05
1.0E-04
1.5E-04
2.0E-04
2.5E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
DoC and Cure Rate – 0.5cpm
0.5ºCpm Dynamic Test
29
Heat Flow Response – 0.75cpm
-0.010
0.000
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Time (s)
Spec
ific
heat
flow
(W/g
)
0.0E+00
1.0E-04
2.0E-04
3.0E-04
4.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
0.75ºCpm Dynamic TestHRRamp = 118.4 J/g
30
DoC and Cure Rate – 0.75cpm
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-04
2.0E-04
3.0E-04
4.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
0.75ºCpm Dynamic Test
31
Heat Flow Response – 1cpm-1
-0.01
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Time (s)
Spec
ific
heat
flow
(W/g
)
0.0E+00
1.0E-04
2.0E-04
3.0E-04
4.0E-04
5.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
1ºCpm-1 Dynamic TestHRRamp = 106.7 J/g
32
DoC and Cure Rate – 1cpm-1
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-04
2.0E-04
3.0E-04
4.0E-04
5.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
1ºCpm-1 Dynamic Test
33
Heat Flow Response – 1cpm-2
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Time (s)
Spec
ific
heat
flow
(W/g
)
0.0E+00
1.0E-04
2.0E-04
3.0E-04
4.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
1ºCpm-2 Dynamic TestHRRamp = 140.5 J/g
34
DoC and Cure Rate – 1cpm-2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-04
2.0E-04
3.0E-04
4.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
1ºCpm-2 Dynamic Test
35
Heat Flow Response – 1.5cpm-1
-0.02
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000 18000
Time (s)
Spec
ific
heat
flow
(W/g
)
0.0E+00
1.0E-04
2.0E-04
3.0E-04
4.0E-04
5.0E-04
6.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
1.5ºCpm-1 Dynamic TestHRRamp = 149.4 J/g
36
DoC and Cure Rate – 1.5cpm-1
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000 18000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-04
2.0E-04
3.0E-04
4.0E-04
5.0E-04
6.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
1.5ºCpm-1 Dynamic Test
37
Heat Flow Response – 1.5cpm-2
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000 18000
Time (s)
Spec
ific
heat
flow
(W/g
)
0.0E+00
1.0E-04
2.0E-04
3.0E-04
4.0E-04
5.0E-04
6.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
1.5ºCpm-2 Dynamic TestHRRamp = 128.6 J/g
38
DoC and Cure Rate – 1.5cpm-2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000 18000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-04
2.0E-04
3.0E-04
4.0E-04
5.0E-04
6.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
1.5ºCpm-2 Dynamic Test
39
Heat Flow Response – 1.5cpm-3
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000 18000
Time (s)
Spec
ific
heat
flow
(W/g
)
0.0E+00
1.0E-04
2.0E-04
3.0E-04
4.0E-04
5.0E-04
6.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
1.5ºCpm-3 Dynamic TestHRRamp = 173.8 J/g
40
DoC and Cure Rate – 1.5cpm-3
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000 18000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-04
2.0E-04
3.0E-04
4.0E-04
5.0E-04
6.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
1.5ºCpm-3 Dynamic Test
41
Heat Flow Response – 2cpm-2
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Time (s)
Spec
ific
heat
flow
(W/g
)
0.0E+00
2.0E-04
4.0E-04
6.0E-04
8.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
2ºCpm Dynamic TestHRRamp = 144.7 J/g
42
DoC and Cure Rate – 2cpm-2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
2.0E-04
4.0E-04
6.0E-04
8.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
2ºCpm Dynamic Test
43
Heat Flow Response – 3cpm
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Time (s)
Spec
ific
heat
flow
(W/g
)
0.0E+00
3.0E-04
6.0E-04
9.0E-04
1.2E-03
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
3ºCpm Dynamic TestHRRamp = 149. 97 J/g
44
DoC and Cure Rate – 3cpm
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
3.0E-04
6.0E-04
9.0E-04
1.2E-03
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
3ºCpm Dynamic Test
45
Heat Flow Response – 4cpm
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.20
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Time (s)
Spec
ific
heat
flow
(W/g
)
0.0E+00
3.0E-04
6.0E-04
9.0E-04
1.2E-03
1.5E-03
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
4ºCpm Dynamic TestHRRamp = 147.99 J/g
46
DoC and Cure Rate – 4cpm
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
3.0E-04
6.0E-04
9.0E-04
1.2E-03
1.5E-03
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
4ºCpm Dynamic Test
47
Heat Flow Response – 100ºC
-0.001
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0 10000 20000 30000 40000
Time (s)
Spec
ific
heat
flow
(W/g
)
0.0E+00
5.0E-06
1.0E-05
1.5E-05
2.0E-05
2.5E-05
3.0E-05
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
100ºC Isothermal TestHRHold = 78.2 J/g
48
DoC and Cure Rate – 100ºC
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 10000 20000 30000 40000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
5.0E-06
1.0E-05
1.5E-05
2.0E-05
2.5E-05
3.0E-05
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
100ºC Isothermal TestDoCHold = 0.60
49
Heat Flow Response – 110ºC
-0.001
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0 10000 20000 30000 40000
Time (s)
Spec
ific
heat
flow
(W/g
)
0.0E+00
1.0E-05
2.0E-05
3.0E-05
4.0E-05
5.0E-05
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
110ºC Isothermal TestHRHold = 88.2 J/g
50
DoC and Cure Rate – 110ºC
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 10000 20000 30000 40000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-05
2.0E-05
3.0E-05
4.0E-05
5.0E-05
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
110ºC Isothermal TestDoCHold = 0.68
51
Heat Flow Response – 120ºC-1
0.000
0.003
0.006
0.009
0.012
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Time (s)
Spec
ific
heat
flow
(W/g
)
0.0E+00
2.0E-05
4.0E-05
6.0E-05
8.0E-05
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
120ºC Isothermal TestHRHold = 97.4 J/g
52
DoC and Cure Rate – 120ºC-1
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
2.0E-05
4.0E-05
6.0E-05
8.0E-05
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
120ºC Isothermal TestDoCHold = 0.72
53
Heat Flow Response – 130ºC
-0.005
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Time (s)
Spec
ific
heat
flow
(W/g
)
0.0E+00
3.0E-05
6.0E-05
9.0E-05
1.2E-04
1.5E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
130ºC Isothermal TestHRHold = 102.3 J/g
54
DoC and Cure Rate – 130ºC
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
3.0E-05
6.0E-05
9.0E-05
1.2E-04
1.5E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
130ºC Isothermal TestDoCHold = 0.76
55
Heat Flow Response – 140ºC
-0.01
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Time (s)
Spec
ific
heat
flow
(W/g
)
0.0E+00
3.0E-05
6.0E-05
9.0E-05
1.2E-04
1.5E-04
1.8E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
140ºC Isothermal TestHRHold = 101.3 J/g
56
DoC and Cure Rate – 140ºC
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
3.0E-05
6.0E-05
9.0E-05
1.2E-04
1.5E-04
1.8E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
140ºC Isothermal TestDoCHold = 0.80
57
Heat Flow Response – 150ºC
-0.01
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Time (s)
Spec
ific
heat
flow
(W/g
)
0.0E+00
5.0E-05
1.0E-04
1.5E-04
2.0E-04
2.5E-04
3.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
150ºC Isothermal TestHRHold = 115.8 J/g
58
DoC and Cure Rate – 150ºC
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
5.0E-05
1.0E-04
1.5E-04
2.0E-04
2.5E-04
3.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
150ºC Isothermal TestDoCHold = 0.84
59
Heat Flow Response – 155ºC
-0.01
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Time (s)
Spec
ific
heat
flow
(W/g
)
0.0E+00
1.0E-04
2.0E-04
3.0E-04
4.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
155ºC Isothermal TestHRHold = 114.5 J/g
60
DoC and Cure Rate – 155ºC
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-04
2.0E-04
3.0E-04
4.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
155ºC Isothermal TestDoCHold = 0.87
61
Heat Flow Response – 160ºC
-0.01
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Time (s)
Spec
ific
heat
flow
(W/g
)
0.0E+00
1.0E-04
2.0E-04
3.0E-04
4.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
160ºC Isothermal TestHRHold = 121.2 J/g
62
DoC and Cure Rate – 160ºC
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-04
2.0E-04
3.0E-04
4.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
160ºC Isothermal TestDoCHold = 0.89
63
Heat Flow Response – 170ºC
-0.02
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Time (s)
Spec
ific
heat
flow
(W/g
)
0.0E+00
1.0E-04
2.0E-04
3.0E-04
4.0E-04
5.0E-04
6.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
170ºC Isothermal TestHRHold = 119 J/g
64
DoC and Cure Rate – 170ºC
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
2.0E-04
4.0E-04
6.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
170ºC Isothermal TestDoCHold = 0.93
65
Heat Flow Response – 175ºC
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Time (s)
Spec
ific
heat
flow
(W/g
)
0.0E+00
2.0E-04
4.0E-04
6.0E-04
8.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
175ºC Isothermal TestHRHold = 136.9 J/g
66
DoC and Cure Rate – 175ºC
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
2.0E-04
4.0E-04
6.0E-04
8.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
175ºC Isothermal TestDoCHold = 0.94
67
Heat Flow Response – 180-1ºC
-0.02
0.02
0.06
0.10
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Time (s)
Spec
ific
heat
flow
(W/g
)
0.0E+00
2.0E-04
4.0E-04
6.0E-04
8.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
180ºC Isothermal TestHRHold = 103.4 J/g
68
DoC and Cure Rate – 180-1ºC
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
2.0E-04
4.0E-04
6.0E-04
8.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
180ºC Isothermal TestDoCHold = 0.96
69
Heat Flow Response – 180ºC-4
-0.02
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Time (s)
Spec
ific
heat
flow
(W/g
)
0.0E+00
2.0E-04
4.0E-04
6.0E-04
8.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
180ºC Isothermal TestHRHold = 133.2 J/g
70
DoC and Cure Rate – 180ºC-4
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
2.0E-04
4.0E-04
6.0E-04
8.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
180ºC Isothermal TestDoCHold = 0.96
71
Heat Flow Response – 190ºC
-0.02
0.01
0.04
0.07
0.10
0.13
0.16
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Time (s)
Spec
ific
heat
flow
(W/g
)
0.0E+00
3.0E-04
6.0E-04
9.0E-04
1.2E-03
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
190ºC Isothermal TestHRHold = 117.2 J/g
72
DoC and Cure Rate – 190ºC
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
3.0E-04
6.0E-04
9.0E-04
1.2E-03
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
190ºC Isothermal TestDoCHold = 0.98
73
Heat Flow Response – 200ºC
-0.02
0.02
0.06
0.10
0.14
0.18
0.22
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Time (s)
Spec
ific
heat
flow
(W/g
)
0.0E+00
3.0E-04
6.0E-04
9.0E-04
1.2E-03
1.5E-03
1.8E-03
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
200ºC Isothermal TestHRHold = 116.6 J/g
74
DoC and Cure Rate – 200ºC
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
3.0E-04
6.0E-04
9.0E-04
1.2E-03
1.5E-03
1.8E-03
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
200ºC Isothermal TestDoCHold =1.0
75
Heat of Reaction Tables
Pre-Test Ramp TotalMTM45-025cpm-02 0 117.5 117.5MTM45-05cpm-02 0 123.1 123.1
MTM45-075-02 0 118.4 118.4MTM45-1cpm-01 0 106.7 106.7MTM45-1cpm-02 0 140.5 140.5
MTM45-1_5cpm-01 0 149.4 149.4MTM45-1_5cpm-02 0 128.6 128.6MTM45-1_5cpm-03 0 173.8 173.8MTM45-2cpm-02 0 144.7 144.7MTM45-3cpm-02 0 150.0 150.0MTM45-4cpm-02 0 148.0 148.0
Test Heat of Reaction (J/g)Iso-Ramp Hold Ramp Total
MTM45-100-02 0.0 78.2 52.6 130.8MTM45-110-03 0.0 88.2 41.9 130.2MTM45-120-02 0.0 97.4 37.9 135.3MTM45-130-02 1.0 102.3 32.6 135.9MTM45-140-01 1.0 101.3 25.1 127.4MTM45-150-03 1.7 115.8 22.1 139.6MTM45-155-03 2.5 114.5 18.0 135.0MTM45-160-03 2.8 121.2 14.8 138.9MTM45-170-01 4.0 119.1 9.5 132.6MTM45-175-02 5.4 136.9 9.4 151.7MTM45-180-01 4.5 103.4 4.0 111.9MTM45-180-04 6.5 133.2 6.2 145.9MTM45-190-03 8.3 117.2 2.4 127.9MTM45-200-02 10.1 116.6 0.0 126.7
Test Heat of Reaction (J/g)
76
Total Heat of Reaction
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
100C
110C
120C
130C
140C
150C
155C
160C
170C
175C
180C
-118
0C-4
190C
200C
0.25
cpm
0.5c
pm0.
75cp
m1c
pm-1
1cpm
-21.
5cpm
-11.
5cpm
-21.
5cpm
-32c
pm-2
3cpm
4cpm
Hea
t of R
eact
ion
(J/g
)
Ramp (dynamic) HR
Isothermal HR
Pre-Hold HR
J/g 133.6 =avgIsoHR
J/g 136.4 =avgDynHR
77
Heat of Reaction - Model
J/g 133.6 =avgIsoHR
J/g 136.4 =avgDynHR
J/g 140 =AvgTotalHR
For uni prepreg:
Heat of reaction of neat resin:
Resin content (uni prepreg): 32% (wt)
J/g 437.5 140/0.32 ==ModelHR
(for prepreg)
78
Tg TablesDoC Tg (ºC) DoC Tg (ºC)
MTM45-025cpm-02 0 3.3 1 -MTM45-05cpm-02 0 5.3 1 198.9
MTM45-075-02 0 3.7 1 188.2MTM45-1cpm-01 0 3.1 1 204.3MTM45-1cpm-02 0 3.2 1 -
MTM45-1_5cpm-01 0 3.8 1 210.5MTM45-1_5cpm-02 0 4.0 1 208.5MTM45-1_5cpm-03 0 1.8 1 -MTM45-2cpm-02 0 2.3 1 205.7MTM45-3cpm-02 0 3.3 1 -MTM45-4cpm-02 0 2.2 1 -
Test Initial FinalDoC Tg (ºC) DoC Tg (ºC)
MTM45-100-02 0 3.0 0.60 118.0MTM45-110-03 0 2.6 0.68 136.4MTM45-120-02 0 2.9 0.72 148.7MTM45-130-02 0 3.5 0.76 160.4MTM45-140-01 0 4.9 0.80 171.1MTM45-150-03 0 3.4 0.84 183.3MTM45-155-03 0 3.4 0.87 183.3MTM45-160-03 0 2.9 0.89 192.2MTM45-170-01 0 - 0.93 198.2MTM45-175-02 0 3.7 0.94 204.5MTM45-180-01 0 - 0.96 206.7MTM45-180-04 0 4.2 0.96 206.6MTM45-190-03 0 4.5 0.98 213.6MTM45-200-02 0 5.3 1.00 209.3
Test Initial Post-Hold
Test ModelMTM45-160C-INT10-01 15.8 23.7MTM45-160C-INT20-01 52.1 61.1MTM45-160C-INT30-01 107.0 102.5MTM45-160C-INT35-01 122.6 120.3MTM45-160C-INT40-01 130.6 134.8MTM45-160C-INT45-01 146.0 146.2MTM45-160C-INT50-01 150.1 155.0
Post-Hold Tg (ºC)Test
79
0
50
100
150
200
250
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Degree of Cure
Gla
ss T
rans
ition
Tem
pera
ture
(C)
Isothermal-post holdIsothermal-finalIsothermal-initialDynamic-finalDynamic-initialModelInterrupted PostHold
Glass Transition Temperature
CTg °= 30
CTg °=∞
220
7.0=λ Drop in Tg due to degradation
80
Cure Kinetics Model
dkeff kkk111
+=
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛−
= RTE
kk
a
ekk 0
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−
= fB
dd ekk0
( ) bTTaf g +−=
Cure kinetics model (CK13):
where
Kinetics model
Diffusion model
where
( ) ( )∑=
+⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−−=+=
2
121
211i
n
in
m
i
lieff
ii
i
i bxxr
xkxxdtdx
&&
1If f<small then f=small (=1E-30 see CMT_vars2.f90)
81
Cure Kinetics Model
and⎪⎩
⎪⎨
⎧
<<<
<+=
gag
aggag
agg
aga
TTTTT
TT
aCTS
aa
2
21
1
2
1
⎪⎩
⎪⎨
⎧
−=−−
=
11
12
12
agaa
agaga
TSaCTTaaS
with
and with⎪⎩
⎪⎨
⎧
<<<
<+=
gbg
bggbg
bgg
bgb
TTTTT
TT
bCTS
bb
2
21
1
2
1
⎪⎩
⎪⎨
⎧
−=−−
=
11
12
12
bgbb
bgbgb
TSbCTTbbS
( ) ( )00 11 gggg TT
xxTT −−−
+=∞λ
λand the DeBenedetto equation:
82
Cure Kinetics Model8.1
892.1
11 105.11 xxkx eff ⎟
⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ −=&
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−
= fd ek
35.0
1 2000
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛−
= RTk ek
52938
1 8506
( ) bTTaf g +−=
⎪⎩
⎪⎨
⎧
°>°<<°
°<=
CTCTC
CTb
g
g
g
14014070
70
030.00.030 and 0.025 bwLinear
025.0
4108.4 −×=a
1If f<small then f=small (=1E-30 see CMT_vars2.f90)
83
Cure Kinetics Model
( ) 171.0627.5
757.02 193.0
11 xxxkx eff ⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ −−=&
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−
−×= fd ek
34.03
2 107
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛−
= RTk ek
65946
2 115.4
( ) bTTaf g +−=
⎪⎩
⎪⎨
⎧
°>°<<°
°<=
CTCTC
CTb
g
g
g
220220100
100
040.00.040 and 0.025 bwLinear
025.0
4108.4 −×=a
1If f<small then f=small (=1E-30 see CMT_vars2.f90)
84
Cure Kinetics Model
C30 °=gT 0.7=λC022 °=∞gT
Total Heat of Reaction (Prepreg):
Glass Transition (Tg) Model (DeBenedetto):
J/g 140 =AvgTotalHR
J/g 437.5 =ModelHR
85
Ln(xdot)-1/T
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-50.002 0.0022 0.0024 0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034
1/T (1/s)
Ln(x
dot)
Test Data-IsosTest Data-DynsModel-KineticModelTg x = 0.02
86
Ln(xdot)-1/T
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-50.002 0.0021 0.0022 0.0023 0.0024 0.0025 0.0026 0.0027 0.0028
1/T (1/s)
Ln(x
dot)
Test Data-IsosTest Data-DynsModel-KineticModelTg
x = 0.1
87
Ln(xdot)-1/T
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-50.002 0.0021 0.0022 0.0023 0.0024 0.0025 0.0026 0.0027 0.0028
1/T (1/s)
Ln(x
dot)
Test Data-IsosTest Data-DynsModel-KineticModel x = 0.2
88
Ln(xdot)-1/T
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-50.002 0.0021 0.0022 0.0023 0.0024 0.0025 0.0026 0.0027 0.0028
1/T (1/s)
Ln(x
dot)
Test Data-IsosTest Data-DynsModel-KineticModel x = 0.3
89
Ln(xdot)-1/T
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-50.002 0.0021 0.0022 0.0023 0.0024 0.0025 0.0026 0.0027 0.0028
1/T (1/s)
Ln(x
dot)
Test Data-Isos
Test Data-Dyns
Model-Kinetic
Model
Tg x = 0.4
90
Ln(xdot)-1/T
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-50.002 0.0021 0.0022 0.0023 0.0024 0.0025 0.0026 0.0027 0.0028
1/T (1/s)
Ln(x
dot)
Test Data-IsosTest Data-DynsModel-KineticModelTg x = 0.5
91
Ln(xdot)-1/T
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-50.002 0.0021 0.0022 0.0023 0.0024 0.0025 0.0026 0.0027 0.0028
1/T (1/s)
Ln(x
dot)
Test Data-IsosTest Data-DynsModel-KineticModelTg x = 0.6
92
Ln(xdot)-1/T
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-50.002 0.0021 0.0022 0.0023 0.0024 0.0025 0.0026 0.0027 0.0028
1/T (1/s)
Ln(x
dot)
Test Data-IsosTest Data-DynsModel-KineticModelTg
x = 0.7
93
Ln(xdot)-1/T
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-50.002 0.0021 0.0022 0.0023 0.0024 0.0025 0.0026 0.0027 0.0028
1/T (1/s)
Ln(x
dot)
Test Data-IsosTest Data-DynsModel-KineticTgModel
x = 0.8
94
Ln(xdot)-1/T
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-50.0019 0.00195 0.002 0.00205 0.0021 0.00215 0.0022 0.00225 0.0023
1/T (1/s)
Ln(x
dot)
Test Data-IsosTest Data-DynsModel-KineticModelTg
x = 0.9
95
Ln(xdot)-1/T
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-50.0019 0.00195 0.002 0.00205 0.0021 0.00215 0.0022 0.00225 0.0023
1/T (1/s)
Ln(x
dot)
Test Data-IsosTest Data-DynsModel-KineticModelTg
x = 0.98
96
Ln(xdot)-1/T
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-50.0019 0.00195 0.002 0.00205 0.0021 0.00215 0.0022 0.00225 0.0023
1/T (1/s)
Ln(x
dot)
Test Data-IsosTest Data-DynsModel-KineticModelTg
x = 0.98
97
Model Parameters
1.800
0.0001.0001.8921.1050.000529388506
R1
0.0001.0005.627
0.171
0.1930.757
65946 (J/mol)4.115 (1/s)
R2 (unit)Parameter
14070
0.0300.0251000
0.000480.00048
0.352000
R1
220 (ºC)100 (ºC)
0.025100 (ºC)0 (ºC)
0.040
4.8E-4 (1/ºC)4.8E-4 (1/ºC)
0.347E-3 (1/s)
R2 (unit)Parameter
0.7220 (ºC)3 (ºC)
Value (unit)Parameter
aE
l
rm
2n
b
n
0dk
B
1a
2a
1agT
2agT
1b2b
1bgT
2bgT0gT
∞gT
λ
0k
Model’s range of validityIso: 100ºC < Temperature < 200ºC
Dyn: ºC < Temperature < ºC
98
Dynamic Tests – 0.25cpm
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°C)
Deg
ree
of C
ure
0.0E+00
3.0E-05
6.0E-05
9.0E-05
1.2E-04
1.5E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
0.25ºCpm Dynamic Test
99
Dynamic Tests – 0.5cpm
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°C)
Deg
ree
of C
ure
0.0E+00
5.0E-05
1.0E-04
1.5E-04
2.0E-04
2.5E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
0.5ºCpm Dynamic Test
100
Dynamic Tests – 0.75cpm
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°C)
Deg
ree
of C
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-04
2.0E-04
3.0E-04
4.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
0.75ºCpm Dynamic Test
101
Dynamic Tests – 1cpm-1
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°C)
Deg
ree
of C
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-04
2.0E-04
3.0E-04
4.0E-04
5.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
1ºCpm-1 Dynamic Test
102
Dynamic Tests – 1cpm-2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°C)
Deg
ree
of C
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-04
2.0E-04
3.0E-04
4.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
1ºCpm-1 Dynamic Test
103
Dynamic Tests – 1.5cpm-1
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°C)
Deg
ree
of C
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-04
2.0E-04
3.0E-04
4.0E-04
5.0E-04
6.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
1.5ºCpm-1 Dynamic Test
104
Dynamic Tests – 1.5cpm-2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°C)
Deg
ree
of C
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-04
2.0E-04
3.0E-04
4.0E-04
5.0E-04
6.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
1.5ºCpm-2 Dynamic Test
105
Dynamic Tests – 1.5cpm-3
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°C)
Deg
ree
of C
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-04
2.0E-04
3.0E-04
4.0E-04
5.0E-04
6.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
1.5ºCpm-3 Dynamic Test
106
Dynamic Tests – 2cpm-2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°C)
Deg
ree
of C
ure
0.0E+00
2.0E-04
4.0E-04
6.0E-04
8.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
2ºCpm Dynamic Test
107
Dynamic Tests – 3cpm
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°C)
Deg
ree
of C
ure
0.0E+00
3.0E-04
6.0E-04
9.0E-04
1.2E-03
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
3ºCpm Dynamic Test
108
Dynamic Tests – 4cpm
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°C)
Deg
ree
of C
ure
0.0E+00
3.0E-04
6.0E-04
9.0E-04
1.2E-03
1.5E-03
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
4ºCpm Dynamic Test
109
Isothermal Tests - 100ºC
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 10000 20000 30000 40000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-05
2.0E-05
3.0E-05
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
100ºC Isothermal TestDoCHold = 0.597
110
Isothermal Tests - 110ºC
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 10000 20000 30000 40000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-05
2.0E-05
3.0E-05
4.0E-05
5.0E-05
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
110ºC Isothermal TestDoCHold = 0.678
111
Isothermal Tests - 120ºC
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
2.0E-05
4.0E-05
6.0E-05
8.0E-05
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
120ºC Isothermal TestDoCHold = 0.720
112
Isothermal Tests - 130ºC
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
3.0E-05
6.0E-05
9.0E-05
1.2E-04
1.5E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
130ºC Isothermal TestDoCHold = 0.760
113
Isothermal Tests - 140ºC
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
3.0E-05
6.0E-05
9.0E-05
1.2E-04
1.5E-04
1.8E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
140ºC Isothermal TestDoCHold = 0.803
114
Isothermal Tests - 150ºC
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-04
2.0E-04
3.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
150ºC Isothermal TestDoCHold = 0.841
115
Isothermal Tests - 155ºC
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-04
2.0E-04
3.0E-04
4.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
155ºC Isothermal TestDoCHold = 0.866
116
Isothermal Tests - 160ºC
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-04
2.0E-04
3.0E-04
4.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
160ºC Isothermal TestDoCHold = 0.893
117
Isothermal Tests - 170ºC
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
2.0E-04
4.0E-04
6.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
170ºC Isothermal TestDoCHold = 0.928
118
Isothermal Tests - 175ºC
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
2.0E-04
4.0E-04
6.0E-04
8.0E-04
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
175ºC Isothermal TestDoCHold = 0.938
119
Isothermal Tests - 180ºC-1
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
2.0E-04
4.0E-04
6.0E-04
8.0E-04
1.0E-03
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
180ºC-1 Isothermal TestDoCHold = 0.964
120
Isothermal Tests - 180ºC-4
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
2.0E-04
4.0E-04
6.0E-04
8.0E-04
1.0E-03
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
180ºC-4 Isothermal TestDoCHold = 0.958
121
Isothermal Tests – 190ºC
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
4.0E-04
8.0E-04
1.2E-03
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
190ºC Isothermal TestDoCHold = 0.981
122
Isothermal Tests - 200ºC
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
4.0E-04
8.0E-04
1.2E-03
1.6E-03
2.0E-03
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
200ºC Isothermal TestDoCHold = 1.00
123
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°C)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-05
2.0E-05
3.0E-05
4.0E-05
5.0E-05
6.0E-05
7.0E-05
8.0E-05
9.0E-05
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
Isothermal Tests - 100ºC-R
124
Isothermal Tests - 110ºC-R
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°C)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-05
2.0E-05
3.0E-05
4.0E-05
5.0E-05
6.0E-05
7.0E-05
8.0E-05
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
125
Isothermal Tests - 120ºC-R
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°C)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-05
2.0E-05
3.0E-05
4.0E-05
5.0E-05
6.0E-05
7.0E-05
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
126
Isothermal Tests - 130ºC-R
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°C)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-05
2.0E-05
3.0E-05
4.0E-05
5.0E-05
6.0E-05
7.0E-05
8.0E-05
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
127
Isothermal Tests - 140ºC-R
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°C)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-05
2.0E-05
3.0E-05
4.0E-05
5.0E-05
6.0E-05
7.0E-05
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
128
Isothermal Tests - 150ºC-R
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°C)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-05
2.0E-05
3.0E-05
4.0E-05
5.0E-05
6.0E-05
7.0E-05
8.0E-05
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
129
Isothermal Tests - 155ºC-R
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°C)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-05
2.0E-05
3.0E-05
4.0E-05
5.0E-05
6.0E-05
7.0E-05
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
130
Isothermal Tests - 160ºC-R
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°C)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-05
2.0E-05
3.0E-05
4.0E-05
5.0E-05
6.0E-05
7.0E-05
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
131
Isothermal Tests - 170ºC-R
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°C)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-05
2.0E-05
3.0E-05
4.0E-05
5.0E-05
6.0E-05
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
132
Isothermal Tests - 175ºC-R
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°C)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-05
2.0E-05
3.0E-05
4.0E-05
5.0E-05
6.0E-05
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
133
Isothermal Tests - 180ºC-R-1
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°C)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
5.0E-06
1.0E-05
1.5E-05
2.0E-05
2.5E-05
3.0E-05
3.5E-05
4.0E-05
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
134
Isothermal Tests - 180ºC-R-4
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°C)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
5.0E-06
1.0E-05
1.5E-05
2.0E-05
2.5E-05
3.0E-05
3.5E-05
4.0E-05
4.5E-05
5.0E-05
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
135
Isothermal Tests - 190ºC-R
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°C)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
5.0E-06
1.0E-05
1.5E-05
2.0E-05
2.5E-05
3.0E-05
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
136
Isothermal Tests - 200ºC-R
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°C)
Deg
ree
of c
ure
0.0E+00
1.0E-06
2.0E-06
3.0E-06
4.0E-06
5.0E-06
6.0E-06
7.0E-06
8.0E-06
9.0E-06
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Degree of cureDegree of cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s)Cure Rate (1/s) - Model
137
Dynamic Tests – All
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Temperature (°C)
Deg
ree
of C
ure
DOC (0.25cpm, expt)DOC (0.25cpm, model)DOC (0.5cpm, expt)DOC (0.5cpm, model)DOC (0.75cpm, expt)DOC (0.75cpm, model)DOC (1cpm-1, expt)DOC (1cpm-1, model)DOC (1cpm-2, expt)DOC (1cpm-2, model)DOC (1.5cpm-1, expt)DOC (1.5cpm-1, model)DOC (1.5cpm-2, expt)DOC (1.5cpm-2, model)DOC (1.5cpm-3, expt)DOC (1.5cpm-3, model)DOC (2cpm-1, expt)DOC (2cpm-1, model)DOC (2cpm-2, expt)DOC (2cpm-2, model)DOC (3cpm, expt)DOC (3cpm, model)DOC (4cpm, expt)DOC (4cpm, model)
138
Dynamic Tests – All
0.0E+00
2.0E-04
4.0E-04
6.0E-04
8.0E-04
1.0E-03
1.2E-03
1.4E-03
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Temperature (°C)
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Cure rate (0.25cpm, expt)Cure rate (0.25cpm, model)Cure rate (0.5cpm, expt)Cure rate (0.5cpm, model)Cure rate (0.75cpm, expt)Cure rate (0.75cpm, model)Cure rate (1cpm-1, expt)Cure rate (1cpm-1, model)Cure rate (1cpm-2, expt)Cure rate (1cpm-2, model)Cure rate (1.5cpm-1, expt)Cure rate (1.5cpm-1, model)Cure rate (1.5cpm-2, expt)Cure rate (1.5cpm-2, model)Cure rate (1.5cpm-3, expt)Cure rate (1.5cpm-3, model)Cure rate (2cpm-1, expt)Cure rate (2cpm-1, model)Cure rate (2cpm-2, expt)Cure rate (2cpm-2, model)Cure rate (3cpm, expt)Cure rate (3cpm, model)Cure rate (4cpm, expt)Cure rate (4cpm, model)
139
Isothermal Tests – All
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
Time (s)
Deg
ree
of C
ure
DOC 100C (expt) DOC 100C (model)DOC 110C (expt) DOC 110C (model)DOC 120C (expt) DOC 120C (model)DOC 130C (expt) DOC 130C (model)DOC 140C (expt) DOC 140C (model)DOC 150C (expt) DOC 150C (model)DOC 155C (expt) DOC 155C (model)DOC 160C (expt) DOC 160C (model)DOC 170C (expt) DOC 170C (model)DOC 175C (expt) DOC 175C (model)DOC 180C-1 (expt) DOC 180C-1 (model)DOC 180C-4 (expt) DOC 180C-4 (model)DOC 190C (expt) DOC 190C (model)DOC 200C (expt) DOC 200C (model)
140
Isothermal Tests – All
0.0E+00
2.0E-04
4.0E-04
6.0E-04
8.0E-04
1.0E-03
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000
Time (s)
Cur
e ra
te (1
/s)
Cure rate (100C, expt) Cure rate (100C, model)
Cure rate (110C, expt) Cure rate (110C, model)
Cure rate (120C, expt) Cure rate (120C, model)
Cure rate (130C, expt) Cure rate (130C, model)
Cure rate (140C, expt) Cure rate (140C, model)
Cure rate (150C, expt) Cure rate (150C, model)
Cure rate (155C, expt) Cure rate (155C, model)
Cure rate (160C, expt) Cure rate (160C, model)
Cure rate (170C, expt) Cure rate (170C, model)
Cure rate (175C, expt) Cure rate (175C, model)
Cure rate (180C-1, expt) Cure rate (180C-1, model)
Cure rate (180C-4, expt) Cure rate (180C-4, model)
Cure rate (190C, expt) Cure rate (190C, model)
Cure rate (200C, expt) Cure rate (200C, model)
141
Post-Hold Tg - IsosTg values at the end of the hold segment of the isothermal tests were compared to the predictions of the cure kinetics model. Good agreement was observed.
Test ModelMTM45-100-02 118.0 117.6MTM45-110-03 136.4 131.8MTM45-120-02 148.7 142.9MTM45-130-02 160.4 153.7MTM45-140-01 171.1 164.7MTM45-150-03 183.3 177.0MTM45-155-03 183.3 183.3MTM45-160-03 192.2 189.4MTM45-170-01 198.2 199.2MTM45-175-02 204.5 204.9MTM45-180-01 206.7 210.3MTM45-180-04 206.6 210.3MTM45-190-03 213.6 217.5MTM45-200-02 209.3 220.0
Test Post-Hold Tg (ºC)
0
50
100
150
200
250
MTM
45-1
00-0
2
MTM
45-1
10-0
3
MTM
45-1
20-0
2
MTM
45-1
30-0
2
MTM
45-1
40-0
1
MTM
45-1
50-0
3
MTM
45-1
55-0
3
MTM
45-1
60-0
3
MTM
45-1
70-0
1
MTM
45-1
75-0
2
MTM
45-1
80-0
1
MTM
45-1
80-0
4
MTM
45-1
90-0
3
MTM
45-2
00-0
2
Tg (C
)
Model
Test
142
Post-Hold Tg - Ints
0
50
100
150
200
MTM
45-1
60C
-IN
T10-
01
MTM
45-1
60C
-IN
T20-
01
MTM
45-1
60C
-IN
T30-
01
MTM
45-1
60C
-IN
T35-
01
MTM
45-1
60C
-IN
T40-
01
MTM
45-1
60C
-IN
T45-
01
MTM
45-1
60C
-IN
T50-
01
Tg (C
)
Model
Test
Test ModelMTM45-160C-INT10-01 15.8 23.7MTM45-160C-INT20-01 52.1 61.1MTM45-160C-INT30-01 107.0 102.5MTM45-160C-INT35-01 122.6 120.3MTM45-160C-INT40-01 130.6 134.8MTM45-160C-INT45-01 146.0 146.2MTM45-160C-INT50-01 150.1 155.0
Post-Hold Tg (ºC)Test
143
Post-Hold Tg – Cure Cycle
0
50
100
150
200
250
MTM45-CureCycle-S2-01 MTM45-CureCycle-S3-01
Tg (C
)
ModelTest
CC-S2 CC-S3
Test ModelMTM45-CureCycle-S2-01 204.6 199.2MTM45-CureCycle-S3-01 207.6 206.3
Test Tg (ºC)
144
Goodness of Fit - Overview
• Goodness of fit is measured by comparing the test to the model prediction at several key points in the cure history.
• Both timing and DOC error are considered.
145
Goodness of Fit – Key Points
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000Time (s)
Deg
ree
of C
ure
0.00E+00
2.00E-05
4.00E-05
6.00E-05
8.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.20E-04
1.40E-04
1.60E-04
1.80E-04
Cur
e R
ate
(1/s
)Degree of Cure - ExptDegree of Cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s) - ExptCure Rate (1/s) - ModelStart/End ThresholdKickoff/Slow Threshold
Peak Cure Rate
146
Goodness of Fit – Peak
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000Time (s)
Deg
ree
of C
ure
1.20E-04
1.30E-04
1.40E-04
1.50E-04
1.60E-04
1.70E-04
1.80E-04
Cur
e R
ate
(1/s
)
Degree of Cure - ExptDegree of Cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s) - ExptCure Rate (1/s) - Model
Model Peak
Expt Peak
147
Goodness of Fit – Other
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000Time (s)
Deg
ree
of C
ure
0.00E+00
5.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.50E-05
2.00E-05
2.50E-05
3.00E-05
3.50E-05
4.00E-05
Cur
e R
ate
(1/s
)
Degree of Cure - ExptDegree of Cure - ModelCure Rate (1/s) - ExptCure Rate (1/s) - ModelStart/End ThresholdKickoff/Slow Threshold
Expt Slow
Model Slow
Model End
Expt End
Model/Expt Start
Model/Expt Kickoff
148
Goodness of Fit – Iso Timing
-900
-600
-300
0
300
600
900
MTM
45-M
ISO
-100
-02
MTM
45-M
ISO
-110
-03
MTM
45-M
ISO
-120
-02
MTM
45-M
ISO
-130
-02
MTM
45-M
ISO
-140
-01
MTM
45-M
ISO
-150
-03
MTM
45-M
ISO
-155
-03
MTM
45-M
ISO
-160
-03
MTM
45-M
ISO
-170
-01
MTM
45-M
ISO
-175
-02
MTM
45-M
ISO
-180
-01
MTM
45-M
ISO
-180
-04
MTM
45-M
ISO
-190
-03
MTM
45-M
ISO
-200
-02
Tim
e Er
ror (
sec)
Timing - StartTiming - KickoffTiming - PeakTiming - SlowTiming - End
149
Goodness of Fit – Iso DOC
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
MTM
45-M
ISO
-100
-02
MTM
45-M
ISO
-110
-03
MTM
45-M
ISO
-120
-02
MTM
45-M
ISO
-130
-02
MTM
45-M
ISO
-140
-01
MTM
45-M
ISO
-150
-03
MTM
45-M
ISO
-155
-03
MTM
45-M
ISO
-160
-03
MTM
45-M
ISO
-170
-01
MTM
45-M
ISO
-175
-02
MTM
45-M
ISO
-180
-01
MTM
45-M
ISO
-180
-04
MTM
45-M
ISO
-190
-03
MTM
45-M
ISO
-200
-02
DO
C E
rror
DOC - StartDOC - KickoffDOC - PeakDOC - SlowDOC - End
150
Goodness of Fit – Dyn Timing
-300
-240
-180
-120
-60
0
60
120
180
MTM
45-M
DYN
-02
5cpm
-02
MTM
45-M
DYN
-05
cpm
-02
MTM
45-M
DYN
-075
-02
MTM
45-M
DYN
-1_
5cpm
-01
MTM
45-M
DYN
-1_
5cpm
-02
MTM
45-M
DYN
-1_
5cpm
-03
MTM
45-M
DYN
-1cp
m-
01
MTM
45-M
DYN
-1cp
m-
02
MTM
45-M
DYN
-2cp
m-
01
MTM
45-M
DYN
-2cp
m-
02
MTM
45-M
DYN
-3cp
m-
02
MTM
45-M
DYN
-4cp
m-
02
Tim
e Er
ror (
sec)
Timing - Peak
151
Goodness of Fit – Dyn DOC
-0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
MTM
45-M
DYN
-02
5cpm
-02
MTM
45-M
DYN
-05
cpm
-02
MTM
45-M
DYN
-075
-02
MTM
45-M
DYN
-1_
5cpm
-01
MTM
45-M
DYN
-1_
5cpm
-02
MTM
45-M
DYN
-1_
5cpm
-03
MTM
45-M
DYN
-1cp
m-
01
MTM
45-M
DYN
-1cp
m-
02
MTM
45-M
DYN
-2cp
m-
01
MTM
45-M
DYN
-2cp
m-
02
MTM
45-M
DYN
-3cp
m-
02
MTM
45-M
DYN
-4cp
m-
02
DO
C E
rror
Timing - Peak
152
Other Forms – Fabric
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (C)
Non
rev
Hea
t Flo
w (W
/g)
MTM45-FABRIC-MDYN-2cpm-01-HeatUp
MTM45-MDYN-2cpm-02-HeatUp
153
Other Forms – Fabric
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
50 100 150 200 250 300Temperature (C)
Deg
ree
of C
ure
MTM45-FABRIC-MDYN-2cpm-01-HeatUp
MTM45-MDYN-2cpm-02-HeatUp
154
Other Forms – Fabric
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (C)
Non
rev
Hea
t Flo
w (W
/g)
MTM45-FABRIC-MDYN-4cpm-01-HeatUp
MTM45-MDYN-4cpm-02-HeatUp
155
Other Forms – Fabric
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
50 100 150 200 250 300Temperature (C)
Deg
ree
of C
ure
MTM45-FABRIC-MDYN-4cpm-01-HeatUp
MTM45-MDYN-4cpm-02-HeatUp
156
Other Forms – Fabric
0
100
200
300
400
500
MTM45-2cpm-02 MTM45-FABRIC-MDYN-2cpm-01
MTM45-4cpm-02 MTM45-FABRIC-MDYN-4cpm-01
Hea
t of R
eact
ion
(J/g
)
Raw Adjustedinitial Final HR HR(C) (C) (J/G) (J/G)
MTM45-2cpm-02 2.34 205.65 144.75 0.32 452.33MTM45-FABRIC-MDYN-2cpm-01 -0.53 171.37 127.039 0.36 352.89
MTM45-4cpm-02 2.23 - 147.99 0.32 462.46MTM45-FABRIC-MDYN-4cpm-01 0.18 179.94 144.19 0.36 400.53
Test Adjustment Ratio
Tg
Lower total heat of reaction is measured for the fabric compared to the uni prepreg. The curing behaviour of the two forms, however, was found to be very similar. The error in the total HR of the fabric results in conservative estimation of exhothermic events.
157
Process Maps - IsothermalBlue: 0.1’-0.9’ at 0.1’Green: 1’-9’ at 1’Red: 10’-55’ at 5’Cyan: 60’-330’ at 30’Magenta: 360’-1080’ at 60’Yellow: Tg line
Model Not Validated in This Zone.
Model Not Valid in This Zone.
158
Process Maps – 0.5cpmBlue: 0.1’-0.9’ at 0.1’Green: 1’-9’ at 1’Red: 10’-55’ at 5’Cyan: 60’-330’ at 30’Magenta: 360’-1080’ at 60’Yellow: Tg line
Model Not Validated in This Zone.
Model Not Valid in This Zone.
159
Process Maps – 1.0cpmBlue: 0.1’-0.9’ at 0.1’Green: 1’-9’ at 1’Red: 10’-55’ at 5’Cyan: 60’-330’ at 30’Magenta: 360’-1080’ at 60’Yellow: Tg line
Model Not Validated in This Zone.
Model Not Valid in This Zone.
160
Process Maps – 1.5cpmBlue: 0.1’-0.9’ at 0.1’Green: 1’-9’ at 1’Red: 10’-55’ at 5’Cyan: 60’-330’ at 30’Magenta: 360’-1080’ at 60’Yellow: Tg line
Model Not Validated in This Zone.
Model Not Valid in This Zone.
161
Process Maps – 2.0cpmBlue: 0.1’-0.9’ at 0.1’Green: 1’-9’ at 1’Red: 10’-55’ at 5’Cyan: 60’-330’ at 30’Magenta: 360’-1080’ at 60’Yellow: Tg line
Model Not Validated in This Zone.
Model Not Valid in This Zone.
162
Process Maps – 2.5cpmBlue: 0.1’-0.9’ at 0.1’Green: 1’-9’ at 1’Red: 10’-55’ at 5’Cyan: 60’-330’ at 30’Magenta: 360’-1080’ at 60’Yellow: Tg line
Model Not Validated in This Zone.
Model Not Valid in This Zone.
163
Process Maps – 3.0cpmBlue: 0.1’-0.9’ at 0.1’Green: 1’-9’ at 1’Red: 10’-55’ at 5’Cyan: 60’-330’ at 30’Magenta: 360’-1080’ at 60’Yellow: Tg line
Model Not Validated in This Zone.
Model Not Valid in This Zone.
164
Process Maps – 3.5cpmBlue: 0.1’-0.9’ at 0.1’Green: 1’-9’ at 1’Red: 10’-55’ at 5’Cyan: 60’-330’ at 30’Magenta: 360’-1080’ at 60’Yellow: Tg line
Model Not Validated in This Zone.
Model Not Valid in This Zone.
165
Process Maps – 4.0cpmBlue: 0.1’-0.9’ at 0.1’Green: 1’-9’ at 1’Red: 10’-55’ at 5’Cyan: 60’-330’ at 30’Magenta: 360’-1080’ at 60’Yellow: Tg line
Model Not Validated in This Zone.
Model Not Valid in This Zone.
166
Process Maps – All Dynamic RatesBlue: 0.1’-0.9’ at 0.1’Green: 1’-9’ at 1’Red: 10’-55’ at 5’Cyan: 60’-330’ at 30’Magenta: 360’-1080’ at 60’Yellow: Tg line
Model Not Validated in This Zone.
Model Not Valid in This Zone.
167
Viscosity Model
168
Nomenclatureη′
η ′′
*η
μ
Dynamic viscosity or the real part of the complex viscosity
Elastic complex part of the complex viscosity
Complex viscosity
Material viscosity calculated by the viscosity model
169
Viscosity Tests
• Material viscosity was measured using a AR2000 Rheometer with parallel plate geometry.
• Dynamic tests at different ramp rates were performed to capture the changes in material viscosity as a function of temperature and degree of cure. A total of 5 tests at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 cpm were performed.
• Ramp-Hold tests at 2 cpm were also performed with holds at 125, 130, 135, 140 and 145C.
• Disposable aluminum plates of diameter 25mm were used at a gap of 1mm (sample thickness). Frequency of oscillation was chosen to be 1Hz.
170
Viscosity MeasureRheometry tests are performed under sinusoidal oscillatory loads. The classical solution of the viscoelastic behaviour of materials in such circumstances is usually expressed in terms of storage and loss moduli. Considering the following strain function, the resulting stress would be:
Strain applied:
Resulting stress:
tωγγ sin0=
( )δωσσ += tsin0
( )tGtG ωωγσ cos"sin'0 +=
where δ is the phase angle between the strain and the stress. Decomposing the stress into in-phase and out-of-phase components, we get:
where G’ is the in-phase (elastic or storage) modulus and G” is the out-of-phase (viscous or loss) modulus.
171
Viscosity MeasureAlternatively, a complex viscosity η* can be defined with “dynamic viscosity”(η’) as its real part and an elastic complex part (η”), defined as:
ωη "' G=
ωη '" G
=where"'* ηηη i+= and
For low shear rates, the dynamic viscosity corresponds mainly to the real part of the complex viscosity and can be considered the steady state viscosity of the fluid. In other words:
'ημ =
The viscosity model developed here is based on the measured η’, i.e. the dynamic viscosity response of the material.
172
Viscosity Tests SummaryDynamics vs Temperature
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
0 50 100 150 200 250Temperature (°C)
Visc
osity
n' (
Pa.s
)
Test Data - 5cpmTest Data - 4cpmTest Data - 3cpmTest Data - 2cpmTest Data - 1cpm
173
Viscosity Tests SummaryDynamics vs Time
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160Time (min)
Visc
osity
n' (
Pa.s
)
Test Data - 5cpmTest Data - 4cpmTest Data - 3cpmTest Data - 2cpmTest Data - 1cpm
174
Viscosity Tests SummaryIsothermals vs Time
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160Time (min)
Visc
osity
n' (
Pa.s
)
Test Data - 125CTest Data - 130CTest Data - 135CTest Data - 145CTest Data - 140C
175
Mathematical Model
( ) ( )( )2
21
CxBxA
g
g
xxx
TT++
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛
−+= μμμ
( ) RTE
ii
i
eT 0μμ =
The viscosity model chosen is in the following form1:
where
1Khoun and Hubert, Processing Characterization of a RTM Carbon Epoxy System for Aeronautical Applications.
2or 1=i
gx is a critical degree of cure
176
Mathematical Model
maxmax then if μμμμ =>
The parameters of the viscosity model are determined by fitting to the experimental results.
000,851 =E
6.0=gx
0=C
( )2
21
0201
CxBxA
g
gRTE
RTE
xxx
ee++
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛
−+= μμμ
0=B
9=A
000,82 =E
1101 100.3 −×=μ
3.001 =μ
6max 10=μ
177
Dynamic Tests – 1cpm
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180Temperature (°C)
Visc
osity
n' (
Pa.s
)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Deg
ree
of C
ure
Test DataTotal ViscosityDegree of Cure
1cpm test
178
Dynamic Tests – 2cpm
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200Temperature (°C)
Visc
osity
n' (
Pa.s
)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Deg
ree
of C
ure
Test DataTotal ViscosityDegree of Cure
2cpm test
179
Dynamic Tests – 3cpm
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200Temperature (°C)
Visc
osity
n' (
Pa.s
)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Deg
ree
of C
ure
Test DataTotal ViscosityDegree of Cure
3cpm test
180
Dynamic Tests – 4cpm
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220Temperature (°C)
Visc
osity
n' (
Pa.s
)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Deg
ree
of C
ure
Test DataTotal ViscosityDegree of Cure
4cpm test
181
Dynamic Tests – 5cpm
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220Temperature (°C)
Visc
osity
n' (
Pa.s
)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Deg
ree
of C
ure
Test DataTotal ViscosityDegree of Cure
5cpm test
182
Isothermal Tests – 125C 2cpm
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160Time (min)
Visc
osity
n' (
Pa.s
)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Deg
ree
of C
ure
Test DataTotal ViscosityDegree of Cure
125C test
183
Isothermal Tests – 130C 2cpm
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140Time (min)
Visc
osity
n' (
Pa.s
)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Deg
ree
of C
ure
Test DataTotal ViscosityDegree of Cure
130C test
184
Isothermal Tests – 135C 2cpm
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120Time (min)
Visc
osity
n' (
Pa.s
)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Deg
ree
of C
ure
Test DataTotal ViscosityDegree of Cure
135C test
185
Isothermal Tests – 140C 2cpm
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120Time (min)
Visc
osity
n' (
Pa.s
)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Deg
ree
of C
ure
Test DataTotal ViscosityDegree of Cure
140C test
186
Isothermal Tests – 145C 2cpm
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120Time (min)
Visc
osity
n' (
Pa.s
)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Deg
ree
of C
ure
Test DataTotal ViscosityDegree of Cure
145C test
187
Gel Degree of Cure Model
125
0.3
0.5
0.0028
0.285
ValueParameter
( )0TTTxx fgelgel nom−+=
The gel degree of cure model chosen is in the following form:
gelx
fT
0Tmingelx
maxgelx
188
Gel Degree of Cure
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Temperature (°C)
Gel
Deg
ree
of C
ure
DynamicsIsothermalsModel
189
Gel Time Predictions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1cpm 2cpm 3cpm 4cpm 5cpm 125C 130C 135C 140C 145C
Gel
Tim
e (m
in)
TestModel
190
Process Maps – ViscosityBlue: 1-9 at 1 (Pa.s)Green: 10-90 at 10 (Pa.s)Red: 100-900 at 100 (Pa.s)Cyan: 1000-9000 at 1000 (Pa.s)Magenta: 10000-100000 at 10000 (Pa.s)
Model Not Valid in This Zone.
Model Not Validated in This Zone.
191
Heat Capacity (Cp) Model
192
Cp Measurement
• The DSC tests were temperature modulated to obtain a measure of the material’s heat capacity, Cp.
• Due to the variability associated with the measured values, some scatter was observed in the Cp response of various tests.
• The Cp responses were modified to match that of a fully cured specimen (identified as reheat tests).
193
Raw Data
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300Temperature (C)
Cp
0.25cpm0.5cpm0.75cpm1.5cpm1cpm2cpm3cpm
194
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300Temperature (C)
Cp
0.25cpm
0.5cpm
0.75cpm
1.5cpm
1cpm
2cpm
3cpm
Raw Data – Anchored to Reheat Test
Shifted to match the rubbery response
195
Raw Data – 0.25Cpm
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (ºC)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
0.25 cpm - Test
196
Raw Data – 0.5Cpm
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (ºC)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
0.5 cpm - Test
197
Raw Data – 0.75Cpm
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (ºC)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
0.75 cpm - Test
198
Raw Data – 1Cpm
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (ºC)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
1 cpm - Test
199
Raw Data – 1.5Cpm
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (ºC)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
1.5 cpm - Test
200
Raw Data – 2Cpm
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (ºC)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
2 cpm - Test
201
Raw Data – 3Cpm
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (ºC)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
3 cpm - Test
202
Cp Model Basics• Glassy and rubbery Cp were assumed to be functions of temperature and DoC• Cp was assumed to transition between the glassy and rubbery responses with changes in T-Tg
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300Temperature (ºC)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
-50
0
50
100
150
T-Tg
(ºC
)
Rubbery
GlassyTotal Cp
T-Tg
203
Cp Model
20.0=k
The parameters of the Cp model are determined by fitting to the experimental results. The model is formulated as shown below:
0037.00 =gs
Valid for temperature values between -20ºC to 200ºC.
Glassy Rubbery
( )[ ]cg TTTkrpgp
rpp e
CCCC Δ−−+
−+=
1
2=Δ cT
Other parameters
( )∞==+= ,0 and , jgricTsC ijijijp
( )∞
+−=ipipp xCCxC
i 01
Virgin and cured responses:
Glassy or rubbery at x:
Total Cp response:
95.00 =gc0024.0=∞gs04.1=∞gc
0028.00 =rs13.10 =rc
002.0=∞gs2.1=∞gc
204
Dynamic Tests – 0.25cpm
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (ºC)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
T-Tg
(ºC
)
0.25cpm test
Cp (Model)
Cp (Test)
T-Tg
205
Dynamic Tests – 0.5cpm
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (ºC)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
T-Tg
(ºC
)
0.5cpm test
Cp (Model)
Cp (Test)
T-Tg
206
Dynamic Tests – 0.75cpm
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (ºC)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
T-Tg
(ºC
)
0.75cpm test
Cp (Model)
Cp (Test)
T-Tg
207
Dynamic Tests – 1.5cpm
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (ºC)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
T-Tg
(ºC
)
1.5cpm test
Cp (Model)
Cp (Test)
T-Tg
208
Dynamic Tests – 1cpm
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (ºC)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
T-Tg
(ºC
)
1cpm test
Cp (Model)
Cp (Test)
T-Tg
209
Dynamic Tests – 2cpm
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (ºC)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
T-Tg
(ºC
)
2cpm test
Cp (Model)
Cp (Test)
T-Tg
210
Dynamic Tests – 3cpm
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (ºC)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
T-Tg
(ºC
)
3cpm test
Cp (Model)
Cp (Test)
T-Tg
211
Dynamic Tests – 0.25cpm
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (ºC)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
0.25 cpm - Test0.25 cpm - Model
212
Dynamic Tests – 0.25cpm
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Degree of Cure
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
0.25 cpm - Test0.25 cpm - Model
213
Dynamic Tests – 0.5cpm
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (ºC)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
0.5 cpm - Test0.5 cpm - Model
214
Dynamic Tests – 0.5cpm
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Degree of Cure
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
0.5 cpm - Test0.5 cpm - Model
215
Dynamic Tests – 0.75cpm
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (ºC)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
0.75 cpm - Test0.75 cpm - Model
216
Dynamic Tests – 0.75cpm
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Degree of Cure
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
0.75 cpm - Test0.75 cpm - Model
217
Dynamic Tests – 1cpm
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (ºC)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
1 cpm - Test1 cpm - Model
218
Dynamic Tests – 1cpm
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Degree of Cure
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
1 cpm - Test1 cpm - Model
219
Dynamic Tests – 1.5cpm
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (ºC)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
1.5 cpm - Test1.5 cpm - Model
220
Dynamic Tests – 1.5cpm
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Degree of Cure
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
1.5 cpm - Test1.5 cpm - Model
221
Dynamic Tests – 2cpm
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (ºC)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
2 cpm - Test2 cpm - Model
222
Dynamic Tests – 2cpm
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Degree of Cure
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
2 cpm - Test2 cpm - Model
223
Dynamic Tests – 3cpm
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-100 0 100 200 300 400
Temperature (ºC)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
3 cpm - Test3 cpm - Model
224
Dynamic Tests – 3cpm
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Degree of Cure
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
3 cpm - Test3 cpm - Model
225
Isothermal Tests – 110C
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
Time (s)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
110C - Test110C - Model
226
Isothermal Tests – 110C
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Degree of Cure
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
110C - Test110C - Model
227
Isothermal Tests – 120C
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Time (s)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
120C - Test120C - Model
228
Isothermal Tests – 120C
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Degree of Cure
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
120C - Test120C - Model
229
Isothermal Tests – 130C
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Time (s)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
130C - Test130C - Model
230
Isothermal Tests – 130C
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Degree of Cure
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
130C - Test130C - Model
231
Isothermal Tests – 150C
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Time (s)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
150C - Test150C - Model
232
Isothermal Tests – 150C
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Degree of Cure
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
150C - Test150C - Model
233
Isothermal Tests – 160C
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Time (s)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
160C - Test160C - Model
234
Isothermal Tests – 160C
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Degree of Cure
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
160C - Test160C - Model
235
Isothermal Tests – 170C
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Time (s)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
170C - Test170C - Model
236
Isothermal Tests – 170C
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Degree of Cure
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
170C - Test170C - Model
237
Isothermal Tests – 180C
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Time (s)
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
180C - Test180C - Model
238
Isothermal Tests – 180C
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Degree of Cure
Cp
(J/g
ºC)
180C - Test180C - Model