Post on 19-Dec-2015
MASLYN- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYAVON GROVE HIGH SCHOOL
The Urinary System
LOCATION AND STRUCTURE
Kidneys
Objectives For Today:
At the end of this section, you should be able to…
1. Describe the location of the kidneys in the body
2. Identify regions of kidney: hilum, cortex, medulla, medullary pyramids, calyces, pelvis, and renal columns
Opener
Pre-test Activity!
In pairs at your lab stations- List all the things you know about the Urinary System
2 minutes…GO!!!
The Urinary System Overview
Kidneys-Location
Small, dark red, kidney bean shaped and located underneath the 12th rib
Against dorsal body wall in retroperitonal position in the superior lumbar region
Extend from T12 to L3 vertebra
Receive protection from the lower part of the rib cage
The right kidney is positioned slightly lower than the left due to crowding by the liver.
General size and shape of the kidneys
About the size of a large bar of soap
Convex laterally, and has a medial indentation called the renal hilum
These structures exit the kidney at the renal hilum1. - the ureters2. - the renal blood vessels3. - nerves
Homeostatic Imbalance
The fat surrounding the kidneys is extremely important to holding them in their normal body position
Ptosis- kidneys dropping to a lower position
Complications:Ureters may become kinked, decreasing urine flow, and causing pressure on the kidney tissue called hydronephrosis
Parts of the Kidneys
The adrenal gland, part of the endocrine system, is located on top of each kidney BUT is a completely separate organ functionally
A transparent fibrous capsule encloses each kidney, making them glisten
Parts of the Kidney
A fatty mass called the perirenal fat capsule surrounds each kidney and cushions it against blows
The renal fascia, the outermost capsule, anchors the kidney and helps hold it in place against the muscles of the trunk wall
Kidneys!
More Kidneys!
Regions of the Kidney
Urine flow:Pyramidscalycesrenal pelvisureterbladder
Coloring Pages
Name and color the parts of the kidney that we learned today. What you do not finish is homework
Exit Slip
Summarize what you learned today
- turn it in on the edge of the desk
Warm-Up Review- Think-Pair Share
Mary lost lots of weight, and suddenly she was having problems with her urine flow. What would you guess happened, and what caused the problem?
Draw a kidney, label the medullary pyramids, calyces, renal pelvis, renal cortex, renal hilum, and renal columns
Get with a partner, discuss for 2 minutes, write your answer down, then share with the class
Objectives for Today
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to…
1. Recognize nephron as structural and functional unit of kidney, and describe anatomy
2. Relate Blood supply to the kidneys and how it effects the nephron
The structural and functional units of the kidneys
Responsible for forming urine
Two main structures:
Glomerulus
Renal Tubule
Nephrons
Nephron Anatomy
Renal tubule extends from glomerular capsule and ends at the collecting duct
-Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
-Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
-Loop of Henle-Distal convoluted
tubule (DCT
Nephron Anatomy
Nephron Anatomy
Take 2!!
Take 2 minutes to write down and summarize what you have learned in the first part of the lesson!!
Nephron Anatomy- Glomerulus AKA Bowman’s Capsule
Nephron Anatomy
Nephron Anatomy: Renal Tubule
Exit Slip
What is the structural and functional unit for the Kidney?
How does this relate to blood supply?
Objectives for Today
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to…
Describe process of urine formation, identifying areas of the nephron responsible for filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
Describe the function of the kidneys in excretion of nitrogen-containing wastes
Opener: Groups of 3
What is the glomerulus and where is it located in the kidney?
Why is this structure important to the kidney?
Nephron Function is Dependent Upon Blood Flow
Blood Supply
1/4 of the total blood supply passes through the kidneys each minute
Renal artery brings in oxygen rich blood flows out to renal cortex for exchange and cleansing blood leaves the kidneys through the renal veins
Urine Formation
Glomerular Capsular Space
Moves: water & solutes smaller than proteins
Non-selective& passive
Fluid = filtrate
Works because there’s high pressure in the capillaries
Tubular Reabsorption
Moves: water, glucose, amino acids, & ions into peritubular capillaries (reabsorbed)
Depends on body’s needs
Occurs in entire renal tubule
most in proximal convoluted tubule
Some substances move passively (water osmosis)
Most move via active transport (glucose, amino acids)
Tubular Secretion
Moves: hydrogen ions, potassium ion, & creatinine into filtrate from blood into filtrate to be excreted
Helps get rid of substances not already in filtrate such as drugs or excess potassium
Helps regulate blood pH
Filtration, Reabsorption, & Secretion in a Kidney
Nephron Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hiNEShg6JTI
Exit Slip
Define filtration and list 3 things filtered out of the blood
Define tubular reabsorption and list 3 things that are reabsorbed
Define tubular secretion and list 2 things that are secreted
Diabetes- Opener
List what you already know about Diabetes
Steel Magnolias
Video Clip
Exit Slip
How does Diabetes relate to Kidney Failure?
Define Dialysis and how it can help people with kidney failure
Why did Shelby die despite her kidney transplant?
How could Shelby’s death have been prevented?
Opener!
According to your textbook, 150-180 liters of blood plasma gets pumped through the kidneys each day. Knowing this, how much urine (in liters) would you think gets secreted by the kidneys on a daily basis?
Characteristics of Urine
Normal urine is usually clear, pale yellow, or deep yellow in color
The yellow color is caused by the presence of urochrome, a pigment that results in the body’s destruction of hemoglobin
The deeper the yellow, the more presence of solutes
Characteristics of Urine
When formed, urine is sterile, and has a slight odor
Some drugs and vegetables alter the smell of urine
Urine pH is slightly acidic (around 6)
Urine is more dense than distilled water (has a higher specific gravity)
Contents of Urine
Filtrate vs. urine
Should have: sodium & potassium ions, nitrogen-containing wastes, ammonia, bicarbonate ions
Should not have: glucose, blood proteins, RBCs, Hemoglobin, WBCs, bile
Opener- Urinalysis Lab
Write a hypothesis for the portion of the lab that you are STARTING.
Hypothesis should be in the form of an If/Then statement
Ex: “If _____urine contains _______, then I predict _____”
Turn this in WITH your lab report and DATA!!!!!
Opener- Chalk it out
What is happening in the 3 following steps:
Glomular filtration-
Tubular reabsorption-
Tubular Secretion-
Where in the kidney is this happening?
Urinalysis Lab Report
Attached to your report, include:
Justification of why you said Disease A or B
Your hypothesis for the portion of the lab that YOU completed
Hypothesis should be in the form of an If/Then statement
Ex: “If _____urine contains _______, then I predict _____”
Abnormal Substances in Urine
Problems with Urine
Oliguria- abnormally low urinary output (between 100 and 400 ml/day
Anuria- less than 100 ml of urine per day
Polyuria- excreting large volumes of urine Ex: Addison’s Syndrome
Duriesis- urine production
Opener
Summarize what you learned yesterday
Objectives
Describe structure and function of ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Compare the course and length of the male urethra to that of the female
Define micturitionDescribe the difference in control of the
external and internal urethral sphinctersName three common urinary tract problems
Major Players: Ureters
2 tubes (~30 cm long X ½ cm wide)Drain urine from kidneys bladderSmooth muscle moves urine via peristalsisKidney stones cause PAIN when they get
here!
OUCH!
Major Players: Urinary Bladder
Collapsible muscular sac (2-3 in. when empty, holds 1 pint of urine)
Made of transitional epithelium***Males the prostate gland surrounds neck
where bladder empties
Position and Shape of a Distended and an Empty Urinary Bladder in an Adult Man
Urinary Bladder Continued…
Trigone—triangular region of the bladder base Three openings
Two from the ureters One to the urethra
Three layers of smooth muscle collectively called the detrusor muscle
Mucosa made of transitional epitheliumWalls are thick and folded in an empty
bladderBladder can expand significantly without
increasing internal pressure
Major Players: Urethra
Three layers of smooth muscle collectively called the detrusor muscle
Mucosa made of transitional epithelium
Walls are thick and folded in an empty bladder
Bladder can expand significantly without increasing internal pressure
Urination
Micturition- act of emptying the bladder
Bladder collects urine until ~200 ml of urine has entered
activates stretch receptors
bladder does reflex contractions
urine passes through involuntary internal urethral sphincter to top of urethra
person feels urge to go
Common Problems with the Urinary Tract
Incontinence- lack voluntary control of the external sphincter toddlers can’t control sphincter sleeping children aren’t awakened by the
stimulusUrinary Tract Infection (UTI)-
Urethritis- inflammation of the urethraCystitis- inflammation of the bladderPyelitis- inflammation of the kidney
Urinary Retention- condition in which a person is unable to expel urine from the bladder
-More common in males
Video
http://on.aol.com/video/risks-of-holding-urine-in-517287076
Opener
What is the function of ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra?
Compare the lengths of the male urethra to that of the female
What is micturition?
Name three common urinary tract problems
Objectives
Name and locate three main fluid compartments of the body
Explain the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the regulation of water balance by the kidney
Explain the role of aldosterone in sodium and potassium balance of the blood
Kidneys keep these in normal ranges: Water pH Electrolytes
Kidney allow for the removal of Nitrogen-containing wastes (urea & uric acid) Creatinine (from muscle metabolism)
Renal Homeostatic Control
Major Fluid Compartments of the Body
Figure 15.8
Intracellular fluid- in cells
Extracellular fluid- NOT in cells
What is a diuretic?
Hrmmm…
Diuretics…
Stuff that makes you pee! Please not in my home.. eew
So then anti-diruetic hormone…
Action: causes water to be reabsorbed from filtrate
Where: in the DCT & Collecting DuctHow: adds more aquaporins, therefore
more water is reabsorbedSo then why does…
(alcohol prevents ADH from doing its job, you excrete needed water
Thirst/Water Regulation
Produced here Stored here &
Released from
AldosteroneWhat: Hormone that affects Na+
reabsorption
When released: If blood is diluted & low in volume (from adrenal gland)
Effect: causes more sodium to be reabsorbed fixes concentration… BUT what about the low volume?
Where: Works on DCT and collecting duct
Addison’s DiseaseDescription: Inability
to produce enough aldosterone
Cause: adrenal glands get attacked by the immune system
Incidence: 3/100,000 of all ages and sexes
s/s: chronic fatigue, muscle weakness, loss of appetite, low BP, cravings for salty foods
Think-Pair-Share
What happens in the kidneys when you drink alcohol?
pH Balance in Blood & its Regulators
Buffers are the first line of defense work almost instantaneously
Secondary defenses take longer to work: Respiratory mechanisms take several minutes to hours Renal mechanisms may take several days
Bicarbonate
Kidneys help keep Blood Homeostasis by:
1. Maintaining water Regulates blood volume & BP; uses ADH
2. Regulate pH (~7.4) HCO3- and H+
3. Keeping electrolytes in balance Regulates ion/electrolyte levels; uses aldosterone
4. Excretion of nitrogen-containing wastes Urea- protein amino acids ammonia urea
Uric acid when nucleic acids are broken down Creatinine doesn’t have nitrogen but still waste
from muscle metabolism
Exit Slip
Relate homeostatic control in the kidneys to the kidney anatomy- connect the whole big picture!