Post on 05-May-2018
1
Sponsored by theCalifornia Energy Commission(Project Manager: Chris Scruton)
13 September 2007Hosted by MCA Tile at Ayres Inn Corona East, Corona, CA
Project Advisory Committee (PAC) Meeting
Market Deployment ofCool-Colored Roofing Materials
LBNL ORNL
INDUSTRY
COLLABORATIVE R&D
COLLABORATIVE R&D
CEC
2
Project goals
• Help California utilities and public interest organizations develop incentive programs for residential cool roofs
• Help manufacturers of cool-colored materialsdeploy their products
• Measure the energy savings yielded by cool-colored roofing materials, and use these data to validate an energy savings calculator
• Educate consumers, contractors, engineers and architects by publicizing the results of the research
3
Project Advisory Committee(PAC) members
1. Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association (ARMA)2. Cedar Shake and Shingle Bureau (CSSB)3. Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC)4. Construction Engineering Research Lab (CERL/DOD)5. Department of Energy (DOE)6. Environmental Protection Agency (Energy Star/EPA)7. EPA San Francisco Office 8. Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC)9. Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E)10. Roof Coating Manufacturers Association (RCMA)11. Tile Roofing Institute (TRI)12. Southern California Edison Company (SCE)
4
Industrial partners
• 3M Industrial Minerals• Akzo Nobel Coatings• American Rooftile
Coatings• BASF Industrial
Coatings • CertainTeed • Custom-Bilt Metals • Ferro • GAF/Elk Corporation
• Hanson Roof Tile • ISP Minerals• MCA• MonierLifetile• Owens Corning • Steelscape• Shepherd Color
5
Project team
• Lawrence BerkeleyNational Lab (LBNL)
– Hashem Akbari(Project Director andTechnical Lead)
H_Akbari@LBL.gov– Paul Berdahl
PHBerdahl@LBL.gov– Ronnen Levinson
RMLevinson@LBL.gov
• Oak RidgeNational Lab (ORNL)
– André Desjarlais(Technical Lead)
yt7@ORNL.gov– Bill Miller
wml@ornl.gov
6
Technical tasks
• 2.4 Help California utilities develop cool roofing programs for their residential customers
• 2.5 Help manufacturers of cool-colored materials deploy their products
• 2.6 Technology transfer activities
7
2.4 Help California utilities developresidential cool roofing programs
• Objective– Help California utilities develop cool roofing programs
for their residential customers• Deliverables:
– Work with California utilities to help them develop incentive programs
– Documented in quarterly progress reports• Schedule: 08/20/2006 – 06/20/2008• Funds expended: 40%
9
2.5 Help manufacturers of cool-colored materials deploy their products
• Objective: Continue working with roofing manufacturersto deploy and market their cool products
• Subtasks:– Enhance the solar reflectance of non-white roofing materials– Develop tools to measure solar reflectance for factory quality
control– Correlate the solar reflectance of a shingle
to that of its constituent granules– Develop industry-consensus energy-savings calculator– Conduct natural exposure testing in California– Conduct natural exposure testing at ORNL– Monitor building cooling energy use in Southern California to
evaluate new cool-colored roofing materials for validation of the industry-consensus energy savings calculator
10
2.5.1 Enhance the solar reflectance of non-white roofing materials
• Objective: Continue working with roofing manufacturers to enhance the solar reflectance of their products
• Deliverables:– Prototype cool-colored roofing products
with increased solar reflectance• Schedule: 07/20/2006 – 07/20/2008 • Funds expended: 15%
11
Improving solar reflectance of roofing materials: methods under investigation
• Wood– Use clear surface coating
(e.g., varnish) to protect wood roofing from UV damage (discoloration, loss of NIR reflectance)
• Concrete tiles– Evaluate cost effectiveness of
replacing gray cement with white cement for through-the-body application of cool color pigments
– Compare cost and durability of coating technologies (polymer, cementitious) for surface coloring tiles
• Granules & shingles– Check cost, availability of
whiter aggregate• Clay tiles
– Characterize absorption, scattering coefficientsof pigmented glazes to identify hot, cool coatings
– Investigate effects of firing environment (e.g., O2availability) on chemistry, NIR reflectance of uncoated red clay tile
12
2.5.1 Status
• Several new prototypes have been produced by industry and characterized by LBNL
• Task 2.5.1 activity (solar reflectance improvement)has been limited by our focus on Task 2.5.2 (solar reflectance measurement)
• Over next 6 months, we will continue working with partners to– Develop workplans– Prepare samples– Characterize performance– Improve prototypes
13
2.5.2 Develop tool to measure solar reflectance for factory quality control
• Objective: Develop instrument to measure product solar reflectance for quality control in roofing factories
• Deliverables:– A prototype instrument and protocol for measuring solar
reflectance of variegated products in the factory• Schedule: 07/20/2006 – 07/20/2008• Funds expended: 20%
14
Tool design proposal and feedbackfrom March 2007 PAC meeting
• Proposal: LBNL to design new reflectometerto measure product solar reflectance in factories
– inexpensive (<$5K)– self-illuminated– fast (< 1 min)– medium-area samples
(~ 0.5 - 1 m2)– modest accuracy (±0.05?)
sufficient to distinguishbetween cool and conventional products of similar appearance
• Response: industrial partners asked for more accurate instrument
– want accuracy (±0.01?) sufficient to measure and report solar reflectance of product
15
New design: build tool that usesD&S Solar Spectrum Reflectometer
• Use Devices & Services Solar Spectrum Reflectometer (SSR) to accurately and rapidly measure solar reflectance of medium-area cool-color surfaces
• Advantages:– many of our industrial
partners already own an SSR
– SSR is rapid, self-illuminated, and accurately measures solar reflectance of conventional surfaces
• Challenges– SSR can mischaracterize
the solar reflectance of “spectrally selective”surfaces (e.g., cool colors)
– SSR samples small area (about 5 cm2)
16
Approach: improve SSR accuracy, enlarge SSR sample area
A. Diagnose and correct error in SSR that can cause inaccurate measurement of the solar reflectance of spectrally selective surfaces (cool colors)
B. Enlarge area sampled by SSR to better characterize nonuniform surfaces (e.g., shingles surfaced with blended granules)
blended-granule
fiberglass asphalt shingle
spectrally selective
spectrallynon-selective
18
Design of Devices & ServicesSolar Spectrum Reflectometer
• Sample illuminated w/lamp light diffusely reflected from white cavity
• Reflected irradiance measured by four filtered detectors
• Lamp, white cavity, filtered detectors simulate pyranometermeasurement of reflected sunlight
19
Combined responses of 4 filtered detectorsmimic shape of solar spectral irradiance
SSR detector responses, left to right:L4 (UV), L3 (blue), L2 (red), L1 (NIR)
SSR AM1.5 response = 0.343 L1 + 0.416 L2 + 0.210 L3 + 0.031 L4
20
Round-robin tests of SSR (ASTM C1549)
• LBNL measured solar spectral, SSR reflectancesof 150+ samples
• LBNL also organized unofficial round-robin test of SSR
– Seven SSRs (LBNL, ORNL, ISP, MCA Tile, BASF, Certainteed [2])
– 14 painted metal samples (seven standard, seven cool)
– Participants reportedL1, L2, L3, L4, AM1.5
• SSRs well estimated AM1.5 solar reflectance of conventional colors (measured solar reflectance ~ nominal solar reflectance)
• SSRs overestimated AM1.5 solar reflectance of most cool colors (measured solar reflectance > nominal solar reflectance)
21
SSR solar reflectance measurement error increases with spectral selectancespectral selectance = ; is greatest for cool colors [ ]( )rr i −λRMS
22
LBNL traced problem to performanceof SSR’s L2 (“red”) detector
L2 detector is overly responsive to NIR light; other detectors OK
23
Devices & Services confirmed, identified problem with response of SSR’s L2 detector
• LBNL shared measurements and collaborated with SSR manufacturer Devices & Services (Dallas, TX)
• D&S determined that theL2 detector is less responsive to red light and more response to NIR light than intended (see figure)
• D&S thinks that a firmware error reduces lamp current, making the filament cooler and the light more NIR-rich than intended
24
Devices & Services will update SSRto correct reflectance measurements
• D&S proposes to replace the firmware and some resistors to (a) correct the lamp output and (b) revise the detector weights
• LBNL will help D&S test the performance of the updated SSR
• Hardware update kit expected to be available by November
• Update could be self-installed by electronically savvy customer, or performed at D&S as part of routine maintenance
• Service turnaround time expected to be short (days)
• Price of update hardware/service not yet determined
25
Enlarging SSR sample area
• SSR detectors view small sample area (Ø ~ 2.5 cm) though collimated detector
• LBNL is building optical device to enlarge sample area by two orders of magnitude (Ø ~ 25 cm)
• Removable device would attach to SSR aperture
• Sample would be placed below device
LBNLdevice
sample
26
2.5.2 Status
• Devices & Services to issue SSR hardware update this fall
• LBNL will help D&S test the updated SSR
• LBNL is building attachment to enlarge SSR sample area
27
2.5.3 Correlate the solar reflectance of a shingle to that of its constituent granules
• Objective: Relate the solar reflectance of a roofing shingle to that of its granules
• Deliverable:– A technique for correlating the reflectance of a cool-
colored shingle to that of its surface granules• Schedule: 07/20/2006 – 07/20/2008• Funds expended: 35%
28
Effects of surface roughnesson solar reflectance
• Method to connect “macro” shingle reflectance R to “micro” granule reflectance r
• Techniques for using reflectances of monocolorshingles to compute reflectance of blends
29
Macro-reflectance R as a functionof micro-reflectance r
Asphalt shingle, p ≈ 0.5Curved roof tile, p ≈ 0.2
r, micro-reflectance0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
R, m
acro
-refle
ctan
ce
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
p = 0.5
p = 0.6
p = 0.7
p = 0.4
p = 0.3
p = 0.2
30
Reflectance of blends:measured and computed
• Excellent agreement for commercial-type blends• Refined method better for “salt and pepper” blend
Blend Solar reflectance
Simplest method Refined method
Weathered wood-Standard
0.106 0.105 0.102
Weathered wood-Cool
0.280 0.286 0.284
Black & White50:50
0.144 0.160 0.145
31
Mixtures of high and low reflectance granules permit measurement of small non-linearity
w1, fraction of black granules
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Ref
lect
ance
, L2
chan
nel
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Linear interpolation
Mean fieldestimate
Curve fitting yieldsp = 0.54,close to the expected value
32
Asphalt shingle reflectance - future work
• Results submitted for publication• Estimate reflectance changes due to granule loss
– If 5% granule loss, how much reflectance loss?• Examine how texture (granule orientation due to rolling
process) affects reflectance• Perform 3 year natural exposure testing with 3M
– Interpret results in terms of weathering, granule loss, soiling
33
An aside: Photo-Catalytic Oxidation (PCO) Technology
• Popular in Japan, recent activity in Europe• Uses titanium dioxide nanoparticles• UV photon makes an electron-hole pair• Photo-excited hole reacts with water molecule on
surface to form an OH radical• OH radical can oxidize (break down) most organic
molecules
34
PCO applications
• Self-cleaning surfaces– Oxidize organic contaminants– Super hydrophilicity
• Self-sterilizing surfaces• Air-cleaning surfaces, remove
– volatile organic compounds (VOCs)– nitrogen oxides (NOx)
36
2.5.4 Develop industry-consensusenergy-savings calculator
• Objective: Develop a web-based calculator (and a PC-based version) with which consumers, contractors and distributors can estimate the cooling energy savings and peak demand reduction achieved by installing cool roofing on specific buildings
• Deliverables:– Industry-consensus energy calculator
• Schedule: 07/20/2006 – 07/20/2008• Funds expended: 15%
37
Energy-savings calculator
• Methodology– Developed by LBNL and ORNL– Approved by CEC, EPA, and DOE– Was presented to a national advisory committee (via web)– Their comments were incorporated
• We are reviewing the available roof/attic algorithms• DOE continues to be interested and co-fund the task
38
Technical approach
• Use hourly building energy simulation models and building prototypes
• Use advanced algorithms to calculate heat transfer through the roof – Existing residential- and commercial-building roof algorithms – New algorithms developed in this program– Fully documented algorithms
• Integrate the adopted algorithms in hourly simulation models• Use EnergyPlus or DOE2• Use MICROPAS if source code is available AND we
conclude MICROPAS is suitable• Evaluate and modify available prototypes
39
2.5.5 Conduct natural exposure testing in California
• Objective: Conduct natural exposure testing of currently tested roofing samples and new roofing materials
• Deliverables:– A technical report summarizing the results of the exposure testing
• Schedule: 07/20/2006 – 07/20/2009• Funds Expended: 30%
41
Cool color asphalt shinglesunder exposure at weathering sites
ESRA
A. Cool Color Shingle
D. Conventionally Pigmented Shingle
B. Cool Color Shingle C. Cool Color Shingle
E. Cool Color Shingle
ρ = 0.28 ρ = 0.28 ρ = 0.27
ρ = 0.11 ρ = 0.27
44
Deposition of airborne particles analyzed after 1.6 yrs exposure and now after 4.1 yrs of exposure
El Centro Mar 07 Colton Aug 07
Chemical composition to be analyzed and journal article published.
45
2.5.6 Conduct field exposure testing at ORNL
• Objective: conduct field exposure testing of new cool roofing materials at ORNL
• Deliverables:– Use data to validate industry-consensus energy savings
calculator– A technical report summarizing the results of field
exposure testing at ORNL• Schedule: 07/20/2006 – 07/20/2009• Funds Expended: 40%
46
ESRA utilized for testing of clay and concrete tile, painted metal, asphalt shingle, stone-coated metal roofsFormulate and validate AtticSim for cool colors and above-sheathing ventilation
48
AtticSim predicts above-sheathing ventilation (ASV) shown at previous PAC
Light Gray Shake, (SR246E90)Underside Unpainted
Batten & Counter batten
53
Medium profile concrete tile
Same setup used at Fair Oaks Demonstration
Batten and Counter-Batten
BattenDirect-to-Deck
58
S-mission clay tile (SR54E90)
Direct-to-Deck
Heat flux through roof deckHeat flux through roof deck
59
S-mission clay tile (SR54E90) with 1 ¼-in EPS insulation on roof deck (Ecoset)
Heat flux through roof deck
60
2.5.7 Carry out field experiments in S. CA for validation of the energy savings calculator
• Objective: Carry out field experiments to evaluate new cool-colored roofing materials in Southern California for validation of the industry-consensus energy savings calculator
• Deliverables:– Comparison of validated steep-slope roof calculator to
demonstration data– A technical report summarizing the results of the field
experiments and comparison of the energy-savings calculator
• Schedule: 07/20/2006 – 07/20/2009• Funds Expended: 30%
61
Southern CA field experiments at Fort Irwin, CA Located in the High Mojave Desert
Excellent Demonstration Opportunity
ARMY providing safe, secure, reliable, environmentally compliant, and cost-effective energy and water services on ARMY installations.
Clark Pinnacle is building some 200+
private dwellings
62
Data acquisition
Parameters to measure to assess cool roof performance• Roof surface temperatures• Roof underside temperatures• Indoor and plenum air temperatures • Weather conditions (10-min data on Internet[1])• Air-conditioner energy use.
One-time observations• Solar reflectance and thermal emittance of roof tile• Wall and roof insulation levels.• Measure free flow area of soffit, gable and roof vents.• A/C nameplate and power draw of the indoor blower• Air tightness of the return duct system verified by duct blower tests.• Window area, U-value, solar heat gain coefficient, layers of glass, thickness of air space
63
Demonstration homes testing protocol
All home thermostats set at 68°FAll home thermostats set at 70°FAll home thermostats set at 72°FCool color pigments spray painted on two homes (N4 and N5)Field testing of unoccupied homes; thermostat set at 70°FField testing of occupied homes; thermostat set at 70°F
64
Schedule for commissioning Field Experiments at Fort Irwin
• Test Plan submitted to the CEC
• Memorandum of Understanding in place
• Wiring of 4 homes completed in May 07
• Waiting for construction crews to complete exterior finishing details
65
2.6 Technology transfer activities
• Objective: Make the knowledge gained, experimental results and lessons learned available to key decision-makers
• Deliverables:– Publish results in trade magazines and academic journals– Participate in building-product exhibitions– Develop a brochure summarizing the research results and
characterizing the benefits of cool colored roofing materials
• Schedule: 07/20/2006 – 07/20/2008• Funds expended: 30%
66
Technology transfer
• Four journal/conference papers in press (see next page)
• California’s Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) program issued technical brief on cool colored roofing
• LBNL Heat Island Group received PG&E Flex Your Power award in May for cool colored roofing (photo at right)
67
Publications
• Akbari, H., S. Menon, and A. Rosenfeld. 2007. Global cooling: effect of urban albedo on global temperature. To be published in proceedings of Building Low Energy Cooling And Advanced Ventilation Technologies In The 21st Century, Sep 27-29, Crete, Greece.
• Akbari, H. and R. Levinson. 2007. Status of cool roof standards in the United States. To be published in proceedings of Building Low Energy Cooling And Advanced Ventilation Technologies In The 21st Century, Sep 27-29, Crete, Greece.
• Berdahl, P., H. Akbari, J. Jacobs and F. Klink. 2007. Surface roughness effects on the solar reflectance of cool asphalt shingles. Submitted for journal publication.
• Miller, W. A., Keyhani, M., Stovall, T. and Youngquist, A. 2007. Natural convection heat transfer in roofs with above-sheathing ventilation. Accepted for presentation in Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Buildings, IX, proceedings of ASHRAE THERM X, Clearwater, FL., Dec. 2007.
68
Schedule of PAC meetings
Date Location
PAC-1 Sep. 7, 2006 CEC
PAC-2 Mar. 15, 2007 LBNL
PAC-3 Sep. 6, 2007 Corona, CA
PAC-4 Mar. 6, 2008 ORNL
PAC-5 Sep. 4, 2008 ?
PAC-6 Mar. 5, 2009 ?