Post on 06-Apr-2018
8/3/2019 Market-Based Policy Instruments for Water Pollution Control in China (Draft Final Report)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/market-based-policy-instruments-for-water-pollution-control-in-china-draft 1/183
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8/3/2019 Market-Based Policy Instruments for Water Pollution Control in China (Draft Final Report)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/market-based-policy-instruments-for-water-pollution-control-in-china-draft 2/183
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8/3/2019 Market-Based Policy Instruments for Water Pollution Control in China (Draft Final Report)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/market-based-policy-instruments-for-water-pollution-control-in-china-draft 3/183
8/3/2019 Market-Based Policy Instruments for Water Pollution Control in China (Draft Final Report)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/market-based-policy-instruments-for-water-pollution-control-in-china-draft 4/183
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8/3/2019 Market-Based Policy Instruments for Water Pollution Control in China (Draft Final Report)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/market-based-policy-instruments-for-water-pollution-control-in-china-draft 5/183
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8/3/2019 Market-Based Policy Instruments for Water Pollution Control in China (Draft Final Report)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/market-based-policy-instruments-for-water-pollution-control-in-china-draft 6/183
4
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8/3/2019 Market-Based Policy Instruments for Water Pollution Control in China (Draft Final Report)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/market-based-policy-instruments-for-water-pollution-control-in-china-draft 7/183
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[ef bnq}lpfnfc{ bc xd{f} tvdjb{r by }f`jfi{fk bc {ef dpf}dhf ilcifc{}d{blcy l`
qljjv{dc{y# Bc =115* {ef dpf}dhf dccvdj qf}ndchdcd{f bckfu }fql}{fk bc {ef
y{d{f.jfpfj yv}`dif xd{f} tvdjb{r nlcb{l}bch y{d{blcy kfi}fdyfk {l 6#69 nh,j `}ln
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8/3/2019 Market-Based Policy Instruments for Water Pollution Control in China (Draft Final Report)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/market-based-policy-instruments-for-water-pollution-control-in-china-draft 8/183
9
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珡汜 镼汜 杳芴汜 黋油 淣油 达油 浸油
Ⅱ.Ⅽ籷 Ⅹ.Ⅻ籷 助Ⅻ籷
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4#=#4 [l{dj Qljjv{dc{ Kbyied}hfy Ilc{}lj
8/3/2019 Market-Based Policy Instruments for Water Pollution Control in China (Draft Final Report)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/market-based-policy-instruments-for-water-pollution-control-in-china-draft 9/183
;
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{ef pljvnf l` klnfy{bi yfxdhf fuqf}bfcifk d ybhcb`bidc{ h}lx{e# [ef iedchfy bc
bckvy{}bdj dck klnfy{bi xdy{fxd{f} kbyied}hfy mf{xffc =114 dck =115 d}f
q}fyfc{fk bc @bhv}f 4.;# [eby by kvf {l {xl ndol} }fdylcy? `b}y{* {ef f``fi{bpf ilc{}ljl` bckvy{}bdj qljjv{blc ylv}ify* dck yfilck* `dy{ v}mdcbzd{blc# Elxfpf}* {ef
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府氻掝攳里
1
61
411
461
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911
961
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幻仾
亼 吥
左丟府氻掝攳里 甜洷府氻掝攳里
@bhv}f 4.;? Xdy{fxd{f} Kbyied}hfy mf{xffc =114 dck =115
[ef dmd{fnfc{ l` ndol} xd{f} qljjv{dc{y* fyqfibdjjr ILK `}ln bckvy{}bdj
ylv}ify* edy mffc f``fi{bpf# Bc =115* {ef {l{dj kbyied}hf l` ILK `l} {ef
ilvc{}r dy d xeljf dnlvc{fk {l 49#=4 nbjjblc {lcy* l} d }fkvi{blc l` 0#04&
`}ln 4;#4; nbjjblc {lcy bc =116# L` {efyf* {ef ILK kbyied}hfy bc{l cbcf gfr
xd{f}yefky* bcijvkbch {ef ‚[e}ff ]bpf}y dck [e}ff Jdgfy„* vqy{}fdn dck
nbkkjf.y{}fdn Rfjjlx* Ylchevd* dck {ef [e}ff Hl}hfy }fyf}plb} dck b{y
vqy{}fdn xf}f }fkvifk mr 8#26&* dck CE9.C mr 42#4& dhdbcy{ =116# [ef
=141 ILK dmd{fnfc{ {d}hf{y `l} {ef Evdb* Edb* Kbdcieb* vqy{}fdn dck
nbkkjf.y{}fdn Rfjjlx* Ylchevd dck [e}ff Hl}hfy }fyf}plb} xf}f dj}fdkr
diebfpfk defdk l` yiefkvjf# [ef cd{blcdj {l{dj kbyied}hfy l` xdy{fxd{f} pljvnf* ILK dck CE9.C d}f yelxc bc [dmjf 4.9#
[dmjf 4.9? Cd{blcdj [l{dj Xdy{fxd{f} Pljvnf dck Ndol} Qljjv{dc{ Kbyied}hfy
mf{xffc =111 dck =115Pljvnf l` Xdy{fxd{f} %411 nbjjblc
{lcy" ILK Kbyied}hf %nbjjblc {lcy" CE9.C Kbyied}hfy %nbjjblc {l cy"
Rfd} [l{dj Bckvy{}bdj ]fybkfc{bdj [l{dj Bckvy{}bdj ]fybkfc{bdj [l{dj Bckvy{}bdj ]fybkfc{bdj
=111 ;46#= 42;#9 ==1#2 4;;6 81;#6 8;1#6 . . .
=114 ;99 =1=#8 =91#9 4;1;#5 018#6 828#9 4=6#= ;4#9 59#2
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6
Pljvnf l` Xdy{fxd{f} %411 nbjjblc{lcy" ILK Kbyied}hf %nbjjblc {lcy" CE9.C Kbyied}hfy %nbjjblc {l cy"
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=11= ;92#6 =18#= =9=#9 4900#2 65;#1 85=#2 4=5#5 ;=#4 50#8
=119 ;01#1 =4=#; =;8#0 4999#0 644#2 5=4#8 4=2#8 ;1#; 52#9
=11; ;5=#; ==4#4 =04#9 4992#= 612#8 5=2#6 499#1 ;=#= 21#5
=116 6=;#6 =;9#4 =54#; 4;4;#= 66;#8 562#; 4;2#5 6=#6 28#9
=110 690#5 =;1#= =20#0 4;=5#= 6;=#9 556#2 4;4#9 ;=#6 25#5
=118 660#5 =;0#0 941#= 4954#5 644#1 581#5 49=#; 9;#4 25#9
=115 68=#1 =;4#2 991#4 49=1#8 ;68#0 509#4 4=8#1 =2#8 28#9Ylv}if? Ilnqbjfk `}ln Iebcd Y{d{f l` {ef Fcpb}lcnfc{ }fql}{y#
ILK kbyied}hfy `}ln bckvy{}bdj ylv}ify edpf fuebmb{fk d ybhcb`bidc{ }fkvi{blc
mfidvyf l` f``fi{bpf qljjv{blc dmd{fnfc{# Elxfpf}* }fybkfc{bdj ILK kbyied}hfy
edpf xb{cfyyfk cl dqqd}fc{ iedchfy# [ef eby{l}bidj iedchfy l` ILK `}ln bckvy{}bdj
dck }fybkfc{bdj ylv}ify d}f yelxc bc @bhv}f 4.6# Dy Iebcd gffqy vq {ef qdif l`
fcf}hr ilcyf}pd{blc dck qljjv{blc dmd{fnfc{ f``l}{ dck {ef ilcy{}vi{blc l` v}mdc
yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ dibjb{bfy diifjf}d{fy kv}bch {ef 44{e @RQ* {ef ilc{}bmv{blc l` v}mdc
}fybkfc{bdj yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ bc {ef }fkvi{blc l` }fybkfc{bdj ILK xbjj h}lx# Mr =115*
{ef}f d}f 4*6=4 lqf}d{blcdj v}mdc yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y l} dc bci}fdyf l` 84=
ilnqd}fk {l {ed{ `l} =116# [ef {l{dj {}fd{nfc{ idqdib{r dnlvc{fk {l 21#2= nbjjblc{lcy,kdr# Lc dpf}dhf* {ef lqf}d{blcdj idqdib{r y{llk d{ 89#9& l` {ef kfybhc
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ILK掝攳里
1
411
=11
911
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811
511
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幻仾
I L K 掝 攳 里 % 丈 吥 "
左丟ILK 甜洷ILK
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qljjv{blc by mfbch }filhcbzfk#
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0
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[dbhf Idcdj =9#18 ;;#22 =5#65 66#0=
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q}l{fi{blc mr bci}fdybch fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc bcpfy{nfc{y# Bc =118* {ef }fjfpdc{
dhfcibfy vckf} {ef Y{d{f Ilvcibj fy{dmjbyefk yfpf}dj yqfibdj `vcky* yvie dy {ef
v}mdc yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ bc`}dy{}vi{v}f yvqql}{bch yfxf}dhf cf{xl}g `vck* gfr
xd{f}yefky qljjv{blc ilc{}lj `vck* ifc{}dj yqfibdj `vck `l} fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc
dck {ef yqfibdj `vck `l} dmd{fnfc{ l` ndol} qljjv{dc{y# Bc =115* {ef bcpfy{nfc{ lc
fcpb}lcnfc{dj qljjv{blc ilc{}lj dnlvc{fk {l ICR ;;#2 mbjjblc* diilvc{bch `l} 4#;2&l` {ef HKQ# L` {ef {l{dj bcpfy{nfc{* bckvy{}bdj xdy{fxd{f} qljjv{blc dmd{fnfc{
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=111 =114 =11= =119 =11; =116 =110 =118 =115
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8/3/2019 Market-Based Policy Instruments for Water Pollution Control in China (Draft Final Report)
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idnqdbhcy#
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[ef 44{e @RQ %=110.=141" qv{ `l}{e {ef {d}hf{ l` }fkvibch {ef {l{dj kbyied}hfy dck
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nfdyv}fy bcijvkf {ef ljjlxbch?
Ilc{}lj d{ Fc{}r
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qelyqel}vy bc{l d ijlyfk l} yfnb.ijlyfk xd{f} mlkr# [ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj
}ftvb}fnfc{y `l} b}lc dck y{ffj* b}lc djjlr* ilgbch* idjibvn id}mbkf* ilqqf} }f`bcf}r
dck dv{lnlmbjf bckvy{}bfy xbjj mf y{}fch{efcfk yvie {ed{ dcr q}lqlyfk q}lofi{ xbjj
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{ef }fhblc l} q}lqlybch fc{f}q}byf edy dcr l` {ef `ljjlxbch q}lmjfny? b" cl{ nff{bch
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nlcb{l}bch y{d{blcy pbljd{bch dnmbfc{ xd{f} tvdjb{r y{dckd}ky7 p" cl{ ilnqjf{bch {ef
{d}hf{ l` fjbnbcd{bch q}lkvi{blc idqdib{bfy xb{e lv{kd{fk {fiecljlhbfy# Bc {ef
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ybnvj{dcflvycfyyfy„ xbjj mf yev{ klxc# Y{}d{fhbi FBD by }ftvb}fk `l} qjdcy lc
filclnbi kfpfjlqnfc{* v}mdc dck }v}dj kfpfjlqnfc{* }fylv}if kfpfjlqnfc{*
{lv}byn kfpfjlqnfc{* ivj{bpd{blc dck m}ffkbch* dck cdpbhd{blcdj kfpfjlqnfc{#
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{l{dj qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hfy ilc{}lj dck {l fuqdck {ef vyf l` qljjv{blc kbyied}hf
qf}nb{y# Ybcif =115* djj fc{f}q}byfy edpf mffc }ftvb}fk {l qlyyfyy d pdjbk qljjv{dc{
kbyied}hf qf}nb{# [elyf xb{elv{ d qf}nb{ xbjj cl{ mf djjlxfk {l lqf}d{f# L{ef}y
fuiffkbch {ef qf}nb{{fk kbyied}hfy xbjj mf l}kf} {l yvyqfck l} ifdyf lqf}d{blc# [ef
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q}bl}b{r by {l y{}fch{efc yvqf}pbyblc l` {ef gfr fc{f}q}byfy* xel diilvc{ `l} 06& l`
{ef ILK l` {ef bckvy{}bdj yfi{l}* `l} nff{bch {ef kbyied}hf y{dckd}ky dck `l}
}fkvibch {efb} kbyied}hfy# Yndjj.yidjf qvjq dck qdqf}* m}fxf}r* iefnbidj* {fu{bjf
dck krbch di{l}bfy %cbigcdnfy ‚`bpf yndjj‒y„" edpf mffc qedyfk lv{ l} ijlyfk klxc#
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qljjv{dc{y xb{ebc d yqfib`bfk qf}blk d}f l}kf}fk {l ifdyf lqf}d{blc `l} bnnfkbd{f}fi{b`bid{blc#
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[e}fyeljky l` xdy{fxd{f} kbyied}hf pljvnfy `l} ebhe.xd{f}.ilcyvnbch fc{f}q}byfy
d}f }fjfdyfk# Qljjv{blc dmd{fnfc{ dck {fiecljlhbidj {}dcy`l}nd{blc by q}lnl{fk `l}
qvjq dck qdqf}* m}fxbch* iefnbidj* {fu{bjf dck krbch bckvy{}bfy# Xdy{fxd{f} }fvyf
dck }firijbch by fcilv}dhfk `l} b}lc dck y{ffj* qlxf}* iefnbidj dck ildj bckvy{}bfy#
Y{}bchfc{ nlcb{l}bch l` {ef tvdc{b{r dck tvdjb{r l` bckvy{}bdj xdy{fxd{f} {ed{ by
kbyied}hfk bc{l v}mdc xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y by id}}bfk lv{* bc l}kf} {l fcyv}f
{ed{ q}lqf} lqf}d{blc l` {ef v}mdc xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y# Bcyqfi{blcy d}f
ilckvi{fk l` iefnbidj fc{f}q}byfy jlid{fk djlch xd{f}xdry `l} kbyied}hfy l` {lubi
dck edzd}klvy xdy{fy# [ef nlcb{l}bch kd{d d}f qvmjbyefk lc d }fhvjd} mdyby* xb{e
{ef dbn {l yvqf}pbyf {ef lqf}d{blc l` {ef xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ `dibjb{bfy* q}fpfc{
qljjv{blc diibkfc{y dck bnq}lpf fnf}hfcir q}fqd}fkcfyy dck }fyqlcyf#
Yqffkbch Vq Ilcy{}vi{blc l` V}mdc Xdy{fxd{f} [}fd{nfc{ Qjdc{y
Diil}kbch {l d ndckd{l}r {d}hf{ l` {ef 44 {e @RQ `l} fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc* djj
ib{bfy d}f }ftvb}fk {l edpf lqf}d{blcdj yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y mr =141 xb{e d
nbcbnvn }d{f l` 81& `l} ifc{}djbzfk yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{# Mr {efc* {ef {l{dj yfxdhf
{}fd{nfc{ idqdib{r `l} {ef ilvc{}r dy d xeljf xbjj }fdie 411 nbjjblc {lcy,kdr#
Yvqf}pbyblc l` v}mdc xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y edy mffc y{}fch{efcfk {l fcyv}f{ed{ {efb} kbyied}hfy xbjj nff{ {ef dqqjbidmjf y{dckd}ky# Yjvkhf `}ln yfxdhf
{}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y by }ftvb}fk {l mf q}lqf}jr kbyqlyfk bc ifc{}djjr qjdccfk `dibjb{bfy*
bcijvkbch {ef bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` y{dmbjbzd{blc dck kf{lubid{blc nfdyv}fy# Xd{f}.yel}{
ib{bfy d}f l}kf}fk {l diebfpf d nbcbnvn l` =1& `l} xd{f} }fvyf dck }firijbch# Djj
ib{bfy xb{ebc d xd{f}yefk xbjj mfhbc {ef iljjfi{blc l` xdy{fxd{f} {d}b``y b` {efr edpf cl{
klcf yl#
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qelyqel}vy# Djj lqf}d{blcdj yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y bc {ef [db Jdgf mdybc xf}f
l}kf}fk {l }f{}l`b{ cb{}lhfc dck qelyqel}vy }fnlpdj mr {ef fck l` Ovcf =115# [ef
kfdkjbcf `l} yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y bc l{ef} xd{f}yefky by yf{ `l} {ef fck l` =141#
Ilc{}ljjbch ]v}dj Yfxdhf dck Clc.Qlbc{ Ylv}if Qljjv{blc
L}hdcbi dck h}ffc dh}bivj{v}f xbjj mf q}lnl{fk* djlch xb{e mdjdcifk `f}{bjbzf}
dqqjbid{blc dck bc{fh}d{fk qfy{ ndcdhfnfc{* {l }fkvif {ef vyf l` iefnbidj
`f}{bjbzf}y dck qfy{bibkfy# D}fdy d}f kfjbcfd{fk `l} mdccbch jbpfy{lig dck qlvj{}r
m}ffkbch# Jbpfy{lig dck qlvj{}r `d}ny {ed{ idccl{ nff{ {ef kbyied}hf y{dckd}ky
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xb{ebc d yqfib`bfk {bnf`}dnf xbjj mf ijlyfk# Djj v}mdc ifc{f}y dck ilcifc{}d{fk }v}dj
yf{{jfnfc{y xf}f }ftvb}fk {l qv{ bc qjdif yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ `dibjb{bfy mr {ef fck l`
Ovcf =115#
Fcyv}bch Yd`f{r l` K}bcgbch Xd{f}
[ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj ilckb{blcy l` {ef xd{f} yvqqjr ylv}if d}fdy xbjj mf bcpfy{bhd{fk#K}bcgbch xd{f} yd`f{r qjdcy dck ndcdhfnfc{ hvbkfjbcfy dy xfjj dy fcpb}lcnfc{dj
q}l{fi{blc qjdcy l} k}bcgbch xd{f} yvqqjr ylv}if d}fdy xbjj mf q}fqd}fk# Ylbj f}lyblc*
xd{f} }fylv}if }fy{l}d{blc dck clc.qlbc{.ylv}if qljjv{blc ilc{}lj xbjj mf
y{}fch{efcfk# Ilcy{}vi{blc l` fc{f}q}byfy idvybch efdpr xd{f} qljjv{blc* bcijvkbch
iefnbidj* qvjq dck qdqf} dck krbch* xbjj mf q}lebmb{fk bc k}bcgbch xd{f} yvqqjr
ylv}if d}fdy# Xdy{fxd{f} kbyied}hf lv{jf{y bc{l k}bcgbch xd{f} yvqqjr ylv}if xb{e
ijdyy lcf q}l{fi{blc xbjj mf fjbnbcd{fk# D kfdkjbcf xbjj mf hbpfc {l {ef ijlyv}f l`
q}lofi{y cfxjr mvbj{ l} fuqdckfk xb{ebc k}bcgbch xd{f} yvqqjr ylv}if d}fdy xb{e ijdyy
{xl q}l{fi{blc ybcif =111# Cl ql}{y {ed{ jldk dck vcjldk {lubi dck edzd}klvy
yvmy{dcify xbjj mf djjlxfk xb{ebc k}bcgbch xd{f} yvqqjr ylv}if d}fdy xb{e ijdyy {xl
q}l{fi{blc# K}bcgbch xd{f} yvqqjr yd`fhvd}k dck fnf}hfcir }fyqlcyf yry{fn dck
bc{f}dhfcir ill}kbcd{blc nfiedcbyn xbjj mf fy{dmjbyefk* djlch xb{e bci}fdybch {ef
`}ftvfcir l` nlcb{l}bch# H}lvckxd{f} qljjv{blc yv}pfr xbjj mf id}}bfk lv{7
h}lvckxd{f} q}l{fi{blc qjdc b` vyfk dy k}bcgbch xd{f} yvqqjr ylv}if xbjj mf
`l}nvjd{fk# D{{fc{blc xbjj mf qdbk {l {ef }fyfd}ie dck q}fpfc{blc l` xd{f} qljjv{blc mr
qf}yby{fc{ l}hdcbi qljjv{dc{y %QLQy"#
M" Qljjv{blc Ilc{}lj l} Gfr Xd{f}yefky
Kv}bch {ef 44{e @RQ* qljjv{blc ilc{}lj `l} gfr xd{f}yefky edy q}lh}fyyfk y{fdkbjr#
Xb{e {ef dqq}lpdj mr {ef Y{d{f Ilvcibj* {ef 44{e
@RQy `l} xd{f} qljjv{blc `l} ‚{e}ff}bpf}y„* ‚{e}ff jdgfy„* Ylchevd* [e}ff Hl}hfy ]fyf}plb} lc {ef Rdch{zf dck b{y
vqqf} }fdiefy* dck Ubljdchkb ]fyf}plb} lc {ef Rfjjlx ]bpf} dck b{y vqqf} }fdiefy
d}f vckf} di{bpf bnqjfnfc{d{blc# Jdck ijfd}bch `l} {ef [e}ff Hl}hfy ]fyf}plb} d}fd
xdy ilnqjf{fk `l} ndbc{dbcbch {ef xd{f} tvdjb{r l` {ef ndbcy{}fdn Rdch{zf bc {bnf
`l} }fdiebch {ef 460.n y{l}dhf jfpfj#
Bc Odcvd}r =115* {ef {efc Y{d{f Fcpb}lcnfc{dj Q}l{fi{blc Dknbcby{}d{blc %YFQD"
dck Cd{blcdj Kfpfjlqnfc{ dck ]f`l}n Ilnnbyyblc %CK]I" olbc{jr byyvfk {ef
‚Qljjv{blc Ilc{}lj Qjdc `l} [e}ff Hl}hfy ]fyf}plb} dck B{y Vqqf} ]fdiefy„
%]fpbyfk"„# Bc Dq}bj =115* NFQ* CK]I* NX] dck NEV]K olbc{jr }fjfdyfk {ef
‚Xd{f} Qljjv{blc Ilc{}lj Qjdc `l} Evdb* Edb* Jbdl* Iedl Jdgf* Kbdcieb Jdgf dck
Vqqf} dck Nbkkjf Rfjjlx %=110.=141"„# NFQ* {lhf{ef} xb{e CK]I* `l}nvjd{fk {ef
‚Ndy{f} Qjdc `l} Ilnq}fefcybpf ]fedmbjb{d{blc l` [db Jdgf Mdybc„* xebie xdy
dqq}lpfk mr {ef Y{d{f Ilvcibj bc Ndr =115#
I" Yqfibdj Idnqdbhc `l} Xd{f} Qljjv{blc Ilc{}lj
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Ybcif Ovjr =115* d cfx }lvck l` ‚fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc y{l}n„ xdy bcb{bd{fk# B{
edy bcpljpfk {ef olbc{ di{blc l` fbhe{ ifc{}dj dhfcibfy* bcijvkbch {ef NFQ* CK]I*
Nbcby{}r l` Yvqf}pbyblc* Nbcby{}r l` Ovy{bif* NEV]K* Y{d{f Dknbcby{}d{blc `l}
Bckvy{}r dck Ilnnf}if %YDBI"* Y{d{f Dknbcby{}d{blc l` Xl}g Yd`f{r %YDXY" dck
Y{d{f Fjfi{}bib{r ]fhvjd{l}r Mv}fdv %YF]M"#
[ef fbhe{ nbcby{}bfy byyvfk d olbc{ dcclvcifnfc{ lc ‚fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc
idnqdbhc {l kffqfc pbljd{bch fc{f}q}byfy dck q}l{fi{ qvmjbi efdj{e„# [ef q}bl}b{r by {l
}fi{b`r qljjv{blc {l {ef xd{f} tvdjb{r l` k}bcgbch xd{f} yvqqjr ylv}ify {l fcyv}f {ef
tvdjb{r l` djj k}bcgbch xd{f} yvqqjr ylv}ify nff{bch dqqjbidmjf y{dckd}ky# Bcyqfi{blc
xdy id}}bfk lv{ `l} 449 gfr ib{bfy `l} fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc# [ef jlch.{f}n
pbljd{bch qvjq dck qdqf} fc{f}q}byfy xbjj mf ijlyfk klxc qf}ndcfc{jr# Lv{kd{fk
{fiecljlhbfy dck ftvbqnfc{ xbjj mf qedyfk lv{ dck kfy{}lrfk {l q}fpfc{ qljjv{blc
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lcf rfd} d`{f} ilnqjf{blc xbjj mf hbpfc d q}lmd{blcd}r {l }fi{b`r# Kv}bch {ef
q}lmd{blcd}r qf}blk* dqq}lpdj l` FBDy xbjj mf yvyqfckfk `l} {ef q}lofi{ }fhblc#
4#9 Q}fyyv}fy dck [}fcky l` Iebcd‒y Xd{f} Fcpb}lcnfc{
4#9#4 Xd{f} Fcpb}lcnfc{ Y{bjj @dibch Ydjbfc{ Iedjjfchfy
D" H}lxbch Clc.Qlbc{.Ylv}if Qljjv{blc
[ef y{}vi{v}f l` xd{f} qljjv{blc jldkbchy bc Iebcd by iedchbch* xb{e bci}fdybch
qf}ifc{dhf yed}fy l` }fybkfc{bdj dck clc.qlbc{ ylv}ify# @l} ylnf xd{f} mlkbfy*
clc.qlbc{ ylv}ify edpf }fqjdifk qlbc{ ylv}ify {l mfilnf {ef ndol} {e}fd{ {l xd{f}
tvdjb{r# [ef q}fyfc{ xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj jdxy dck }fhvjd{blcy d}f {d}hf{fkq}bnd}bjr d{ qlbc{ ylv}ify# [ef hlpf}cnfc{ edy cl{ bcil}ql}d{fk clc.qlbc{.ylv}if
qljjv{blc bc{l b{y xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj qjdc# [ef jdig l` jdxy dck }fhvjd{blcy edy {l
d jd}hf fu{fc{ kbyilvc{fk {ef xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj f``l}{y#
[ef diifjf}d{fk v}mdcbzd{blc edy }fyvj{fk bc d }dqbk bci}fdyf bc {ef kbyied}hfy dck
qljjv{dc{ jldkbchy l` v}mdc yfxdhf# @l} ylnf jd}hf.ybzf dck nfhd.ybzf ib{bfy*
yfxdhf edy mfilnf d ndol} iedjjfchf {l xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj# [ef ilcy{}vi{blc
dck lqf}d{blc l` v}mdc yfxdhf iljjfi{blc dck {}fd{nfc{ `dibjb{bfy idccl{ gffq qdif
xb{e {ef }dqbk h}lx{e l` yfxdhf pljvnf# [eby edy idvyfk {ef kbyied}hf l` vc{}fd{fk
yfxdhf dck bci}fdybch ilc{}bmv{blc {l qljjv{dc{ jldkbchy# Bc dkkb{blc {l v}mdc
yfxdhf* }v}dj yfxdhf edy djyl mfilnf dcl{ef} h}lxbch ylv}if l` xd{f} qljjv{blc#
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h}lvckxd{f} bc }v}dj d}fdy dck qlybch d }byg l` fqbkfnbi kbyfdyfy# Bc hfcf}dj* {ef
yb{vd{blc by xl}yf bc ylv{ef}c {edc cl}{ef}c Q]I#
Dmlv{ 56& l` Iebcd‒y jdgfy yv``f} `}ln yf}blvy fv{}b`bid{blc# Clc.qlbc{ ylv}ify
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diilvc{ `l} nl}f {edc 61& l` {ef qljjv{blc jldkbchy `l} jdgfy bc fdy{f}c Q]I# Dmlv{
01& l` {ef iefnbidj `f}{bjbzf}y dck qfy{bibkfy hl {l ylbjy dck xd{f} mlkbfy dy
qljjv{dc{y* mfidvyf l` lpf}vyf dck,l} nbyvyf* }fyvj{bch bc {ef diivnvjd{blc l`
cb{}lhfc dck qelyqel}vy bc xd{f} mlkbfy dck efcif fv{}l`bid{blc# Nl}flpf}*
xbkfyq}fdk vyf l` yv}`di{dc{.mdyfk kf{f}hfc{y edy djyl ilc{}bmv{fk {l {ef
fyidjd{blc l` {ef ilpf}dhf dck ndhcb{vkf l` clc.qlbc{.ylv}if qljjv{blc# [eby {rqf l` qljjv{blc by fuqfi{fk {l xl}yfc bc {ef `l}fyffdmjf `v{v}f# Kvf {l jbnb{d{blcy l` {ef
q}fyfc{ fcpb}lcnfc{dj y{d{by{bidj yry{fn* dh}bivj{v}dj clc.qlbc{.ylv}if kbyied}hfy
edpf cl{ mffc bcijvkfk bc {ef cd{blcdj xd{f} qljjv{blc y{d{by{biy#
M" CE9.C* [C dck [Q Qljjv{blc
Dj{elvhe ILK by d ndol} bckbid{l} l} l}hdcbi qljjv{blc* {ef Ijdyy P. xd{f} tvdjb{r l}
ndcr l` {ef nlcb{l}bch y{d{blcy by d{{}bmv{dmjf `d} nl}f l`{fc {l CE 9.C* [C dck
iljb`l}n {edc ILK# [eby qlbc{y {l {ef cffk `l} {fiecljlhbfy dck `bcdcibch {l ilc{}lj
l{ef} ndol} qljjv{dc{y# [C dck [Q d}f ndol} bckbid{l}y `l} cv{}bfc{.}fjd{fk qljjv{blc#
Bc =115* {ef dpf}dhf ilcifc{}d{blc l` [C l} xd{f} tvdjb{r nlcb{l}bch y{d{blcy di}lyy
{ef ilvc{}r }fdiefk 9#;; nh,j xebie by 48=& l` {ef Ijdyy P y{dckd}k `l} jdgfy7 {ef
cvnmf} l` nlcb{l}bch y{d{blcy xb{e Ijdyy P xd{f} tvdjb{r `l} jdgfy l} xl}yf
diilvc{fk `l} 66#=&# [ef dpf}dhf ilcifc{}d{blc l` [Q xdy 1#42 nh,j l} Ijdyy BBB
y{dckd}k `l} }bpf}y %ftvbpdjfc{ {l Ijdyy P jdgf xd{f} tvdjb{r y{dckd}k"* xb{e {ef
cvnmf} l` nlcb{l}bch y{d{blcy fuiffkbch Ijdyy P jdgf xd{f} tvdjb{r y{dckd}k
diilvc{bch `l} =2&# CE9.C qljjv{blc by qd}{bivjd}jr q}lclvcifk `l} }bpf}y# [ef
dpf}dhf ilcifc{}d{blc l` CE9.C }fdiefk 4#2 nh,j xebie by ftvbpdjfc{ {l Ijdyy P#
[ef cvnmf} l` nlcb{l}bch y{d{blcy xb{e Ijdyy P. xd{f} tvdjb{r diilvc{fk `l} 42#=&#
Bc dkkb{blc* efdpr nf{dj dck QLQ qljjv{blc by yf}blvy `l} ylnf xd{f}yefky dck}fhblcy# D}yfcbi %Dy"* nf}iv}r %Eh" dck idknbvn %Ik" qljjv{blc edy edk d jlch
fuby{fcif bc {ef Ubdchobdch ]bpf}# Id}ibclhfcbi* {f}d{lhfcbi dck nv{dhfcbi l}hdcbi
qljjv{dc{y edpf mffc kf{fi{fk bc {ef h}lvckxd{f} bc Mfbobch.[bdcobc d}fd* Rdch{zf
]bpf} kfj{d dck Qfd}j ]bpf} kfj{d# [ef kf{fi{blc }d{fy `l} qfy{bibkfy* edjl
erk}lid}mlcy dck nlclirijbi d}lnd{biy }dchfk `}ln 41& {l =1&* dck fpfc 91& {l
;1& `l} ylnf }fhblcy# @l} {ef ljk bckvy{}bdj mdyf l` cl}{e.fdy{f}c Iebcd* qljjv{blc
`}ln ‚`bpf {lubcy„ %pljd{bjf qelcfj* irdcbkf* d}yfcbi* nf}iv}r dck efudpdjfc{
ie}lnbvn" dck l}hdcbi qljjv{blc d}f ydjbfc{#
I" Q}lmjfny xb{e Xdy{fxd{f} [}fd{nfc{ Qjdc{y
[ef y{d{vy l` yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ pd}bfy xbkfjr dnlchy{ kb``f}fc{ }fhblcy dck
mf{xffc v}mdc dck }v}dj d}fdy# Ybcif {ef y{d}{ l` {ef 44 {e @RQ* hlpf}cnfc{y d{
pd}blvy jfpfjy edpf qdbk h}fd{ d{{fc{blc {l {ef }fkvi{blc l` ILK kbyied}hfy# Ndcr
yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y edpf mffc mvbj{# Diil}kbch {l {ef cd{blcdj 44{e @RQ `l}
fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc* {ef yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ }d{f `l} djj ib{bfy yelvjk }fdie 81&
mr =141 %{ef ndckd{l}r {d}hf{ by 51& `l} q}lpbcibdj idqb{dj ib{bfy7 01& `l}
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q}f`fi{v}f.jfpfj ib{bfy dck 01& `l} ilvc{r.jfpfj ib{bfy"# [ef {d}hf{ `l} yfxdhf
{}fd{nfc{ `l} ilvc{r yfd{y by 91&# [ef {d}hf{ `l} {ef {l{dj idqdib{r `l} v}mdc yfxdhf
{}fd{nfc{ `l} d ilvc{}r dy d xeljf by 411 nbjjblc {lcy,kdr# [ef lqf}d{bch idqdib{r `l}
dc v}mdc yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{ by }ftvb}fk {l }fdie d{ jfdy{ 01& l` {ef kfybhc
idqdib{r xb{ebc {ef `b}y{ rfd} l` lqf}d{blc dck d{ jfdy{ 86& xb{ebc `b}y{ {e}ff rfd}y l`
lqf}d{blc#
Mr {ef b}y{ edj` l` =115* {ef}f xf}f 9=8 lqf}d{bch yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y l} {ef 94
q}lpbcibdj idqb{dj ib{bfy di}lyy {ef ilvc{}r xb{e d {l{dj kfybhc idqdib{r l` 94#1 nbjjblc
{lcy,kdr dck {ef {l{dj lqf}d{blcdj idqdib{r l` =;#4 nbjjblc {lcy,kdr# Lcjr 2 l} =2& l`
{ef 94 ib{bfy }fdiefk {ef q}fyi}bmfk {}fd{nfc{ }d{f l` 51&# [ef}f xf}f 09= yfxdhf
{}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y `l} 999 q}f`fi{v}f.jfpfj ib{bfy xb{e d {l{dj kfybhc idqdib{r l` 96#9
nbjjblc {lcy,kdr dck d {l{dj di{vdj lqf}d{bch idqdib{r l` =;#9 nbjjblc {lcy,kdr# Lcjr
411 l} 91& l` {ef ib{bfy nf{ {ef {d}hf{ {}fd{nfc{ }d{f l` 01&# [ef 941 yfxdhf
{}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y `l} 902 ilvc{r.jfpfj ib{bfy edy d {l{dj kfybhc idqdib{r l` 2#4 nbjjblc
{lcy,kdr dck {ef {l{dj di{vdj lqf}d{bch idqdib{r l` 0#; nbjjblc {lcy,kdr# Lcjr 4=4 l}
99& l` {ef ib{bfy diebfpfk {ef {d}hf{ }d{f l` 61&# [ef 989 yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y
`l} 4*096 ilvc{r.yfd{ {lxcy edk d {l{dj kfybhc idqdib{r l` 0#= nbjjblc {lcy,kdr dck
{ef {l{dj di{vdj lqf}d{bch idqdib{r l` 9#8 nbjjblc {lcy,kdr# Lcjr jfyy {edc lcf tvd}{f}
l` {ef ilvc{r.yfd{ {lxcy edk lqf}d{blcdj yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y* dck dmlv{ 4*=01
l` {efn edk cl{ yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ `dibjb{r d{ djj# Kf{dbjy d}f q}lpbkfk bc @bhv}f 4.5
dck @bhv}f 4.2# Bc =118* {ef v}mdc yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ }d{f y{drfk d{ dmlpf 81& `l}
Mfbobch* [bdcobc* Yedchedb dck Yedcklch* xef}fdy jfyy {edc =1& `l} Hvdchub# Objbc*
Obdchub* Evcdc* Hvbzelv dck Tbchedb q}lpbcify edk {ef v}mdc yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{
}d{f d{ mfjlx 91&# Dy idc mf yffc `}ln {ef dmlpf y{d{by{biy* {ef jlxf} {ef
dknbcby{}d{bpf jfpfj* {ef jlxf} {ef cvnmf} l` yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y* kfybhc
{}fd{nfc{ idqdib{r dck lqf}d{bch idqdib{r# [ef}f`l}f {ef ilcy{}vi{blc l` yfxdhf{}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y dck }fjd{fk yfxf}dhf cf{xl}gy dck bnq}lpbch {efb} di{vdj
lqf}d{blcdj idqdib{r yelvjk mf diil}kfk q}bl}b{r `l} {ef cfu{ qedyf l` xd{f} qljjv{blc
ilc{}lj#
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@bhv}f 4.0? Di{vdj Yfxdhf [}fd{nfc{ ]d{fy mr Q}lpbcif bc =118
@bhv}f 4.8? Cvnmf} l` V}mdc Yfxdhf [}fd{nfc{ Qjdc{y d{ Kb``f}fc{
Dknbcby{}d{bpf Jfpfjy mr @b}y{ Edj` l` =115
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@bhv}f 4.2? Di{vdj V}mdc Yfxdhf [}fd{nfc{ ]d{f d{ Kb``f}fc{ Dknbcby{}d{bpf
Jfpfjy mr @b}y{ Edj` l` =115
Dj{elvhe {ef {l{dj kfybhc idqdib{r edy xb{cfyyfk }dqbk h}lx{e* {ef lqf}d{blcdj }d{f
edy cl{ yelxc nvie bnq}lpfnfc{# Mf{xffc 4225 dck {ef `b}y{ edj` l` =115* {ef
cvnmf} l` v}mdc yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y h}fx `}ln =00 {l 4*0;=7 {ef kfybhc
{}fd{nfc{ idqdib{r bci}fdyfk mr nl}f {edc 8 `ljk `}ln 44#; nbjjblc {lcy,kdr {l 54#0
nbjjblc {lcy,kdr7 dck {ef di{vdj lqf}d{blcdj idqdib{r djyl bci}fdyfk mr nl}f {edc 8
`ljk `}ln 5#1 nbjjblc {lcy,kdr {l 65#5 nbjjblc {lcy,kdr %[dmjf 4.8 dck @bhv}f 4.5"#Mf{xffc 4225 dck {ef `b}y{ edj` l` =115* {ef ilcy{}vi{blc l` v}mdc yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{
qjdc{y edy yjlxfk klxc* xb{e lcjr =;6 mfbch mvbj{# Mv{ mf{xffc =116 dck {ef `b}y{
edj` l` =115* {ef cvnmf} ovnqfk {l 4*116 l} dc dpf}dhf l` =55 qf} rfd}* ndgbch {ef
kfybhc idqdib{r {l bci}fdyf mr 24#5& `}ln ;=#0 nbjjblc {lcy,kdr {l 54#0 nbjjblc
{lcy,kdr xebie xdy 45#; nbjjblc {lcy,kdr yel}{ l` {ef 44 {e @RQ {d}hf{ l` 411 nbjjblc
{lcy,kdr# B` {eby yqffk xlvjk ilc{bcvf* cl q}lmjfn by dc{bibqd{fk {l diebfpf {ef {d}hf{
xb{ebc {ef }fndbcbch {xl rfd}y l` {ef 44{e @RQ# Bc }fifc{ rfd}y* {ef di{vdj lqf}d{blcdj
idqdib{r edy kbyqjdrfk dc vqxd}k {}fck {l 84#0& mr {ef `b}y{ edj` l` =115 dj{elvhe
xb{e ylnf `jvi{vd{blcy %[dmjf 4.8"#
[dmjf 4.8? Yfxdhf [}fd{nfc{ Idqdib{r mf{xffc 4225 dck @b}y{ Edj` l` =115
Rfd} Cl# l` Qjdc{yKfybhc Idqdib{r%41*111 {lcy ,kdr"
Di{vdj Lqf}d{blcdjIdqdib{r
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4225 =00 4490 51= 81#01
4222 =59 4424 52; 86#10
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=11; 098 ;=66 =882 06#9=
=116 80; 6==1 96=0 08#66
=110 292 0981 ;;02 81#40
=118 4485 8=;9 69=1 89#;6
4y{ Edj l =115 40;= 5409 65;5 84#09
@bhv}f 4.2? Iedchfy bc Yfxdhf [}fd{nfc{ Idqdib{bfy mf{xffc 4220 dck
=115
Dcl{ef} ml{{jfcfig by {ef bcdkftvdir l` yfxdhf iljjfi{blc qbqfjbcfy dck cf{xl}gy#
Kv}bch {ef b}y{ edj` l` =118* dmlv{ 8 nbjjblc {lcy,kdr xdy dkkfk {l {ef v}mdc yfxdhf
{}fd{nfc{ idqdib{r* l` xebie dqq}lubnd{fjr ; nbjjblc {lcy,kdr xdy ilvqjfk xb{e `vjjr
ilccfi{fk yfxf}dhf cf{xl}gy# [dgf Kbdcieb Jdgf dy dc fudnqjf* {ef 44 {e @RQ edy
yf{ {ef {d}hf{ d{ 01& %k}r yfdylc" `l} v}mdc yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{* mv{ `bfjk pbyb{y edpf
}fpfdjfk d kb``f}fc{ yb{vd{blc# Bc `di{* {ef yfxf}dhf cf{xl}g `l} Gvcnbch ib{r edy cl{
rf{ mffc mvbj{ yvie {ed{ yfxdhf `jlxy bc{l cfd}mr }bpf}y kb}fi{jr l} pbd y{l}n yfxf}y#
[ef `lv} ilnqjf{fk yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y {}fd{ xd{f} `}ln {ef }bpf}y# [ef `bhv}f
l` 01& by kf}bpfk mr kbpbkbch {ef {l{dj pljvnf l` hfcf}d{fk yfxdhf mr {ef
lqf}d{blcdj idqdib{r l` {ef yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{y# [dgbch bc{l {ef kbjv{blc mr
cd{v}dj }vcl``* {ef di{vdj dpf}dhf {}fd{nfc{ }d{f ndr lcjr mf dmlv{ 41&# [ef ndbc
idvyf `l} {eby yb{vd{blc by {ef fnqedyby lc {ef ilcy{}vi{blc l` yfxf}dhf {}fd{nfc{
qjdc{y mv{ cfhjfi{y {ef ilcy{}vi{blc l` nd{iebch yfxf}dhf iljjfi{blc cf{xl}gy# Mr
{ef fck l` {ef 41{e @RQ* {ef bcpfy{nfc{ bc {ef ilcy{}vi{blc l` yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{qjdc{y fuiffkfk ICR 4 mbjjblc xef}fdy {ef bcpfy{nfc{ bc {ef ilcy{}vi{blc l`
yfxf}dhf cf{xl}gy dnlvc{fk {l lcjr ICR 4#6 mbjjblc* ilnqd}fk {l {ef bc{f}cd{blcdj
dpf}dhf l` 4?9 s 4?6# Dc dkkb{blcdj ;5*200 gn l` yfxf}dhf qbqfjbcfy xf}f cfxjr
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[ef }fvyf l` v}mdc yfxdhf bc {ef Q]I by y{bjj bc b{y bc`dcir* dck {ef q}lh}fyy edy
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mffc yjlx# Dy idc mf yffc `}ln @bhv}f 4.41* {ef pljvnf l` v}mdc yfxdhf }fvyf
yelxfk dc vqxd}k {}fck mf{xffc =119 dck =110# [ef}f xdy d cl{dmjf h}lx{e l`
=11 nbjjblc {lcy bc =110 ilnqd}fk {l =116# Elxfpf}* {ef h}lx{e bc v}mdc yfxdhf
}fvyf d{ 6& qf} dccvn bc {ef qdy{ ; rfd}y xdy nvie yjlx ilnqd}fk {l {ed{ `l} {ef
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qljbibfy d}f bc{}lkvifk* xd{f} }fylv}ify xbjj `dif nlvc{bch q}fyyv}f dy ml{e {efv}mdc qlqvjd{blc dck qf}.idqb{d xd{f} vyf bci}fdyf#
@bhv}f 4.41? V}mdc Yfxdhf ]fvyf mf{xffc =119 dck =110
L` {ef 94 q}lpbcify* Rvccdc* Ubcobdch* Yedcub* Jbdlcbch dck Mfbobch }dcg }ln b}y{ {l{ef `b`{e bc v}mdc yfxdhf }fvyf* xb{e d }fyqfi{bpf }d{f l` 9;#8&* =4#0&* 42#=&*
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l` zf}l#
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[ef}f by dc v}hfc{ cffk `l} y{}fch{efcbch yfxdhf {d}b`` iljjfi{blc dck {ef yvqql}{
`}ln `bcdcibch bcy{b{v{blcy* dck `l} y{}fch{efcbch {ef }ljf l` bckvy{}bdj qljjv{blc
dmd{fnfc{ dck y{}vi{v}dj nfdyv}fy `l} kbyied}hf }fkvi{blc# V}mdc yfxdhf {d}b``y
pd}r xbkfjr mf{xffc }fhblcy# Mr {ef fck l` =115* nly{ ib{bfy edk bc{}lkvifk yfxdhf
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=118* d {l{dj l` ICR 44 mbjjblc xdy iljjfi{fk bc 96 jd}hf ib{bfy* xb{e dc dpf}dhf {d}b``
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edck dck }dbybch {ef yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ {d}b`` lc {ef l{ef} edck#
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=4
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==
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=9
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=6
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{}dkb{blcdj ilf}ibpf nfdyv}fy `l} fcpb}lcnfc{dj ndcdhfnfc{# Diil}kbch {l LFIKdck Xl}jk Mdcg y{vkbfy* {ef ilnnlcjr vyfk NMBy d}lvck {ef xl}jk bcijvkf xd{f}
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[ef Vcb{fk Y{d{fy by {ef mb}{e qjdif l} qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch# Qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch
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{fiecljlhbidj bcclpd{blc `l} {ef qlxf} bckvy{}r {l }fkvif {efb} YL= fnbyyblcy# Xd{f} tvdjb{r {}dkbch xdy jd{f} fy{dmjbyefk mr mvbjkbch lc {ef fuqf}bfcify bc db} qljjv{dc{y
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ill}kbcd{blc# [ef qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch yry{fn xdy fy{dmjbyefk lc {ef mdyby l`
fnbyyblc }fkvi{blc i}fkb{y %F]Iy"* dck b{ ilcyby{fk l` `lv} qljbir qbjjd}y* bcijvkbch
‚mvmmjf„* ‚l``yf{„* ‚mdcgbch„ dck ‚cf{{bch„# Hfcf}djjr yqfdgbch* {ef dnlvc{ l` {}dkbch
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kv}bch {eby qf}blk xdy yndjj mv{ b{ kfnlcy{}d{fk {ef ql{fc{bdj l` fnbyyblc {}dkbch
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}bhe{y {}dkbch yry{fn xdy fy{dmjbyefk# [ef bcb{bdj djjlid{blc l` {ef Q][ ilcyby{fk l`
{e}ff `l}ny* bcijvkbch lqfc ydjf* dvi{blc dck dxd}k* xb{e lqfc ydjf mfbch {ef
q}bnd}r `l}n l` {}dcydi{blc# Nl}flpf}* {ef vyf l` {ef Q][ qljbir xdy fuqdckfk {l
bcijvkf YL=* CLu* nf}iv}r dck LKY#
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{ef VY dck }fkvif {ef ylibdj ily{ l` db} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj# Y{d{by{bidj bc`l}nd{blc
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mr 98&# [ef }fkvi{blc l` db} fnbyyblcy }fyvj{fk bc d kfijbcf l` yvjqed{f q}fibqb{d{blc
bc xfy{f}c dck nly{ qd}{ l` cl}{e.fdy{f}c VY mr =6&s;1&# B{ by q}fkbi{fk {ed{ mr
=141 {ef dccvdj }f{v}c bc {f}ny l` filjlhbidj dck efdj{e mfcf`b{y dyylibd{fk xb{e {ef
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clc.qlbc{ ylv}if {}dkbch# [efyf idyfy d}f jlid{fk bc {ef ildy{dj dck H}fd{ Jdgf
d}fdy# Bc {ef fdy{f}c ildy{* xd{f} tvdjb{r {}dkbch bcpljpfy dnnlcbd i}fkb{ {}dkbch%Ilccfi{biv{"* yfxdhf q}f.{}fd{nfc{ q}lh}dn l` {ef Qdyydbi Ilvc{r Mdybc
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mf `lvck bc Dqqfckbu =#
[efyf xd{f} tvdjb{r {}dkbch idyfy edpf bcpljpfk 4= qd}dnf{f}y# [ef qlbc{ ylv}ify
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nly{ l` {ef q}lh}dny edpf mffc bnqjfnfc{fk xb{e efdpr hlpf}cnfc{ q}lnl{blc*
}d{ef} {edc mr {ef nd}gf{# Lcjr cv{}bfc{ {}dkbch edy mffc }fjd{bpfjr yviifyy`vj# VY
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q}lijdbnfk l} d}f ilc{fnqjd{bch xd{f} tvdjb{r {}dkbch hvbkfjbcfy l} qljbibfy#
D }fhblcdj xd{f} tvdjb{r {}dkbch hvbkfjbcf djyl fuby{y7 {ef hvbkfjbcf xdy vyfk
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=5
bc {ef =114 {}dcy.y{d{f Iefydqfdgf Mdr Q}lh}dn# [efyf hvbkfjbcfy hvbkfk
{ef xd{f} tvdjb{r {}dkbch dnlch {ef Iefydqfdgf Mdr y{d{fy %f#h#* Pb}hbcbd*
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edy {ef dv{el}b{r {l bcyqfi{ l} }filcybkf} pd}blvy kfibyblcy* {ef nly{
bnql}{dc{ dknbcby{}d{bpf dv{el}b{r }fndbcy xb{e {ef y{d{f hlpf}cnfc{#
[ef}f`l}f* xd{f} tvdjb{r {}dkbch qljbir d{ {ef y{d{f jfpfj ilc{dbcy nl}f kf{dbjy
dck qdry nl}f d{{fc{blc {l {ef q}di{bidjb{r l` bnqjfnfc{d{blc {edc {ef =119
VYFQD qljbir#
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yvqqjfnfc{d}r nfdyv}f {ed{ xbjj bnq}lpf {ef f``bibfcir# B{y yviifyy`vj
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bcijvkbch xd{f} tvdjb{r y{dckd}ky* qljjv{blc jldkbch tvl{dy dck d yibfc{b`bi
vckf}y{dckbch l` {ef xd{f} yry{fn dck xd{f}yefk krcdnbiy#
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D" Idcdkd
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{ef cfxjr.mvbj{ l} fuqdckfk qelyqel}vy.kbyied}hbch fc{f}q}byfy idc ditvb}f
qelyqel}vy kbyied}hf }bhe{y b` {efr idc efjq }fkvif {ef clc.qlbc{ qelyqel}vy
jldkbch# [ef q}lh}dn ilpf}fk djj {rqfy l` {}dkbch dyylibd{fk xb{e v}mdc qlbc{
ylv}ify dck }v}dj clc.qlbc{ ylv}ify# [ef ylv{ef}c fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc mv}fdvdy {ef jlidj fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc dv{el}b{r qjdrfk {ef }ljf l` i}fkb{ dhfc{#
M" Dvy{}djbd
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cd{blcdj qbjl{ `vckfk mr {ef Dvy{}djbdc hlpf}cnfc{ lc nd}gf{.mdyfk bcy{}vnfc{y ’
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=2
cd{blcdj ydj{ dck xd{f} tvdjb{r di{blc qjdc# Bc qd}{bivjd}* {ef Nv}}dr’Kd}jbch dck
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nf{elky#
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串麠 荸共 罘驪尺亟 包牒刢
8/3/2019 Market-Based Policy Instruments for Water Pollution Control in China (Draft Final Report)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/market-based-policy-instruments-for-water-pollution-control-in-china-draft 41/183
90
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8/3/2019 Market-Based Policy Instruments for Water Pollution Control in China (Draft Final Report)
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8/3/2019 Market-Based Policy Instruments for Water Pollution Control in China (Draft Final Report)
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95
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8/3/2019 Market-Based Policy Instruments for Water Pollution Control in China (Draft Final Report)
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92
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8/3/2019 Market-Based Policy Instruments for Water Pollution Control in China (Draft Final Report)
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Qbjl{ q}lh}dny lcfiljlhbidj dckfcpb}lcnfc{djilnqfcyd{blc
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;9&# Dy idc mf yffc `}ln @bhv}f 9.=* {ef cfx nd}gf{.mdyfk bcy{}vnfc{y `l} xd{f}
4251 4256 4221 4226 =111 =116 =141
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Kbyied}hf Jfpbfy* q}lijdbnfk bc @fm}vd}r 425=* ybhcb`bfk {ef jdvcie l` {ef qljjv{blc
kbyied}hf jfpr yry{fn bc Iebcd# [ef}fd`{f}* {ef Ndcdhfnfc{ Hvbkfjbcf lc {ef
Iljjfi{blc dck Vyf l` Qljjv{blc Jfpbfy mfidnf f``fi{bpf lc 4 Ovjr =119 d`{f} yfpf}dj}lvcky l` dnfcknfc{y# [eby hvbkfjbcf qv{ bc qjdif d ilvc{}r.xbkf yry{fn l`
bnqlybch jfpr lc dcr kbyied}hf* dck d `bcf lc dcr pbljd{blc l` {ef qf}nbyybmjf
y{dckd}k# B{ by dqqjbidmjf {l nvj{bqjf qljjv{dc{y* }d{ef} {edc ovy{ lcf ybchjf qd}dnf{f}
dy xdy vyfk bc {ef qdy{#
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h}fd{fy{ f``fi{# B{ yf}pfy {l fcilv}dhf dck y{bnvjd{f fc{f}q}byfy {l iv{ klxcqljjv{blc# Lc {ef l{ef} edck* {ef iljjfi{fk }fpfcvfy q}lpbkf `bcdcibch `l} {ef
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qljjv{blc ilc{}lj nfdyv}fy yvie dy qljjv{blc dmd{fnfc{ yvmybkbfy dck {}dkdmjf
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bc Iebcd* mr y{}fch{efcbch qljjv{blc ilc{}lj idqdib{r dck mvbjkbch {ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj
ndcdhfnfc{ bcy{b{v{blcy#
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Y{d}{bch `}ln {ef cfx qljjv{blc jfpr qljbir* {ef pljvnf h}fx k}dy{bidjjr bc =11;*
}fdiebch ICR 4=#9 mbjjblc mr =116* dck ICR 48#8 mbjjblc mr =115 l} dc bci}fdyf l` ;9#5& lpf} =116#
Bci}fdyf bc Qljjv{blc Dmd{fnfc{ @bcdcibch
[ef hvbkfjbcf }ftvb}fy djj }fpfcvfy }ln qljjv{blc jfpr iljjfi{blc {l mf fd}nd}gfk l}
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ndcdhfk yfqd}d{fjr# [ef iljjfi{fk }fpfcvfy xbjj mf }fnb{{fk {l {ef qvmjbi `bcdcif
dck xbjj mf qv{ bc dc fd}nd}gfk fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc yqfibdj `vck fuijvybpfjr `l}
qljjv{blc ilc{}lj# Fcpb}lcnfc{dj fc`l}ifnfc{ xbjj mf `vckfk yfqd}d{fjr mr qvmjbi
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Bc =110* {ef =44 fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc diilvc{ xdy yf{ vq bc {ef cd{blcdj `bcdcif
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qljbir# B{ by kf`bcfk dy {ef }d{bl l` {ef }fpfcvfy di{vdjjr iljjfi{fk lpf} {ef }fpfcvfy
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mr kb``f}fc{ ylv}ify# @l} fudnqjf* {ef }d{bl idjivjd{fk lc {ef mdyby l` kd{d }fql}{fk
`}ln fc{f}q}byfy dck pf}b`bfk mr fcpb}lcnfc{dj ndcdhfnfc{ dv{el}b{bfy kb``f} h}fd{jr
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{l fcpb}lcnfc{dj y{d{by{bidj kd{d* 644*24= fc{f}q}byfy xf}f `bcfk `l} d {l{dj l` ICR
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@l} yvie fc{f}q}byfy xb{e ebhe fcf}hr ilcyvnq{blc dck efdpr qljjv{blc dy {ef}ndj
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{ef}f by cl{ nvie kb``f}fcif bc jfpr iljjfi{blc mf`l}f dck d`{f} {ef hvbkfjbcf# Bc =116*
ICR 9#4 mbjjblc l` qljjv{blc jfpbfy xf}f iljjfi{fk `}ln {ef qlxf} bckvy{}r* dck {efr
diilvc{fk `l} =6#2& l` {ef {l{dj jfpr iljjfi{blc* xebjf {ef iefnbidj bckvy{}r dck {ef
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qf}nb{# Bc 4258* {ef `b}y{ idyf lc {}dcy`f} l` kbyied}hf bckfu xb{e ilnqfcyd{blc
edqqfcfk bc Nbcedch kby{}bi{# Lc Nd}ie =1{e* 4255* {ef cd{blcdj FQM bnqjfnfc{fk
{ef ―Bc{f}bn Nfdyv}fy lc Ndcdhfnfc{ l` Xd{f} Qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf Qf}nb{y‒ dck b{
ydry lc iedq{f} ; dck d}{bijf =4 {ed{ {ef ilc{}lj bckfu lc {l{dj dnlvc{ l` xd{f}
qljjv{blc kbyied}hf ilvjk mf {}dcy`f}}fk dnlch {ef }fhblcdj yfxdhf vcb{y# Bc 4220*
{ef y{d{f ilvcibj dqq}lpfk ‚cd{blcdj ndol} qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf ilc{}lj q}lh}dn„#
@}ln clx lc* {ef kbyied}hf qf}nb{ yry{fn xdy bnqjfnfc{fk dnlch {ef xeljf
ilvc{}r# [ef qljjv{blc kbyied}hf dnlvc{ ilc{}lj dck qf}nb{ yry{fn edpf jdbk {ef
mdyby `l} bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch#
Qbjl{ Qedyf %=114.=110"Kv}bch {ef {fc{e `bpf.rfd} qjdc qf}blk* {ef `livy l` fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc xl}g bc
Iebcd edy {}dcy`f}}fk {l {ef ilc{}lj l` {l{dj dnlvc{ l` qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf# Bc l}kf} {l
yd{by`r {ef filclnbi kfpfjlqnfc{* {ef `l}nf} cd{blcdj FQM fy{dmjbyefk qljjv{blc
{}dkbch qljbify {l bnq}lpf {ef {l{dj dnlvc{ ilc{}lj xl}gy# Bc {eby ilc{fu{* Iebcd edy
vckf}{dgfc d cvnmf} l` qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch fuqf}bnfc{y lc xd{f} qljjv{blc# @l}
fudnqjf* bc =114* Ubvzelv kby{}bi{ bc _efobdch Q}lpbcif byyvfk -Bc{f}bn nfdyv}fy lc
xd{f} qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf ilc{}lj dck qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch- {l }fdjbzf {ef qdbk vyf
l` xd{f} qljjv{blc }bhe{y# Bc Ovcf =11=* Ubvzelv kby{}bi{ mfhdc {l bnqjfnfc{ {ef qdbk
vyf l` qljjv{blc kbyied}hf }bhe{y dck qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch yry{fn dnlch
ilnqdcbfy# Vc{bj {ef fck l` =116* {ef `ff l` qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch lc xd{f} qljjv{dc{bc Ubvzelv kby{}bi{ xdy nl}f {edc 8 nbjjblc ]NM# [ef qljjv{blc }bhe{ {}dkbch kv}bch
{eby qf}blk xdy y{bjj d}}dchfk mr hlpf}cnfc{# Elxfpf}* b{ edy mffc xfjj gclxc {ed{
qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch yry{fn id}}bfy k}dnd{bi bnqjbid{blc lc fcf}hr.ydpbch dck
fnbyyblc }fkvi{blc#
Kfpfjlqnfc{ Qedyf %=118.Q}fyfc{"
Kv}bch {eby qf}blk* hlpf}cnfc{ edy qdbk nl}f d{{fc{blc lc {ef `vckdnfc{dj }ljf l`
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nd}gf{ lc {ef djjlid{blc l` fcpb}lcnfc{ }fylv}ify dck {ef bnqjfnfc{d{blc l`
fcpb}lcnfc{dj filclnbi qljbibfy# [ef ied}di{f}by{biy l` qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch bc {eby
y{dhf bcijvkf kbpf}yf {}dkbch qd{{f}cy* m}ldk {}dkbch {d}hf{y* {ef fy{dmjbyenfc{ l` kb``f}fc{
jfpfj l` qljbibfy dck {ef dqqfd}dcif l` ilnqdcbfy yqfibdjbzbch bc qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch# Lc
Kfifnmf} 49* =118* {ef Nbcby{}r l` @bcdcif dck Cd{blcdj FQM dqq}lpfk {l fuqf}bnfc{ {ef
qdbk vyf l` qljjv{blc kbyied}hf }bhe{y dck {}dkbch bc [dbev Jdgf bc Obdchyv Q}lpbcif# Lc
Dvhvy{ 4;* =115* {ef Nbcby{}r l` @bcdcif* Cd{blcdj Fcpb}lcnfc{dj Q}l{fi{blc Mv}fdv dck
Obdchyv q}lpbcibdj hlpf}cnfc{ olbc{jr efjk {ef lqfcbch if}fnlcr bc Xvub lc {ef fuqf}bnfc{
dmlv{ qdbk vyf l` qljjv{blc kbyied}hf }bhe{ dck }bhe{y {}dkbch dnlch [dbev jdgf }fhblcy# Lc
{ed{ kdr* `bpf ilnqdcbfy ilnbch `}ln Yvzelv* Xvub* Iedchzelv* Cdcobch* dck _efcobdch
ybhcfk {ef qv}iedyf ilc{}di{ lc 548 {lcy l` ILK kbyied}hf {d}hf{y xb{e }fjfpdc{ nvcbibqdj
FQM#
‚Xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj }fhvjd{blcy lc [dbev Jdgf bc Obdchyv q}lpbcif„ y{bqvjd{fy
{ed{ b{ by cfifyyd}r {l q}lnl{f {ef xd{f} qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch dck qdbk.vyf yry{fn#
Lc Dvhvy{ 49{e* =118* _evob hlpf}cnfc{ byyvfk -Bc{f}bn }fhvjd{blcy lc {l{dj dnlvc{
l` qljjv{dc{ fnbyyblcy {d}hf{y xb{e ilnqfcyd{blc„# Lc Dvhvy{ =2* =118* _evob
hlpf}cnfc{ bc{}lkvifk {ef yvqql}{bch }fhvjd{blcy# Bc =118* Obdubch hlpf}cnfc{
`l}nvjd{fk -Nfdyv}fy lc {ef ndbc qljjv{dc{ }bhe{y {}dkbch %{}bdj"„ dck yf{ vq d
}fyf}pf ifc{f} `l} qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch# Lc Odcvd}r 4* =115* -Nfdyv}fy lc
qdbk.vyf l` xd{f} qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf bckbid{l}y bc [dbev Jdgf„ xdy qv{ bc{l f``fi{#
Dy `l} {ef mvybcfyy lqql}{vcb{bfy bc qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch* {ef}f d}f nl}f dck nl}f
ilnnf}ibdj fc{f}q}byfy {dgbch qd}{ bc {eby `bfjk# Hlpf}cnfc{y bc jlidj d}fd djyl
di{bpfjr q}lpbkf yvqql}{y {l i}fd{f d {}dkbch qjd{`l}n# [ef {}dkbch yvmofi{ by pd}bfk*
fpfc bcijvkbch yvmofi{ xb{e fcpb}lcnfc{dj }bhe{ dck bc{f}fy{# Lc Nd}ie =115* Xvedc
Hvdchhv Q}lqf}{r Fuiedchf qjdcy {l fy{dmjbye qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch qjd{`l}n {l
bc{}lkvif b{ bc{l q}lqf}{r }bhe{y {}dkbch nd}gf{# Lc Dvhvy{ 6* =115* Mfbobch
Fcpb}lcnfc{ Fuiedchf dck Yedchedb Fcpb}lcnfc{ dck Fcf}hr Fuiedchf xf}f yf{
vq# [ef fuiedchf lmofi{y ilpf} xbkf }dchf# Lc Yfq{fnmf} =;* =115* [bdcobc
Qljjv{blc ]bhe{y [}dkbch Fuiedchf xdy yf{ vq# [ef fuiedchf yvmofi{y cl{ lcjr
bcijvkf YL=* ILK dck l{ef} {}dkb{blcdj qljjv{dc{y* mv{ djyl h}ffcelvyf hdy
fnbyyblc }bhe{* nfiedcbyn {fiecljlhr lc filclnbi q}lkvi{blc dck l{ef} {}dkbch
q}lkvi{y {ed{ idc mf y{dckd}kbzfk# Dj{elvhe {ef lqf}d{blcdj qjd{`l}n y{bjj cffky {l mf
{fy{fk* b{ xdy d k}dnd{bi q}lh}fyy l} qbjl{ l` qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch# [ef ndbc fpfc{y
dck idyfy `l} xd{f} qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch bc Iebcd idc mf yffc bc [dmjf 9.=#
[dmjf 9.=# Ndbc Nbjfy{lcfy dck Idyfy `l} Xd{f} Qljjv{blc ]bhe{y [}dkbch bcIebcd
[bnf Di{bpb{bfy
@}ln 4258 {bjj clx Yedchedb nbcedch kby{}bi{ jdvciefy xd{f} qljjv{dc{y fnbyyblc {}dkbch* {l{djjfk {l98 kfdjy# [ef {}dcyf} l ILK qljjv{blc.kbyied}hf }bhe{ }fdie4411 gh qf} kdr dck{ef diivnvjd{bpf {l{dj dnlvc{ }fdie {l 4*924 Rvdc
Nd}ie bc 4255 [ef y{d{f fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc dknbcby{}d{blc byyvfk ‚{ef jbifcyf l xd{f} qljjv{blc kbyied}hf {fc{d{bpf dknbcby{}d{bpf q}lifkv}fy„
Ovcf bc 4255 [ef y{d{f fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc dknbcby{}d{blc kf{f}nbcfk 45 qbjl{ ib{bfy {l
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id}}r lv{ xdy{fxd{f} kbyied}hf jbifcyf* yvie dy yedchedb* Mfbobch* [bdcobc*Yefcrdch* Uvzelv dck Iedchzelv#
Ovjr bc 4252 D}{bijf 2 l ‚[ef xd{f} qljjv{blc q}fpfc{blc }fhvjd{blcy ‚? id}}r lv{ jbifcyfndcdhfnfc{ {l {ef fc{f}q}byfy kbyied}hf qljjv{dc{ {l {ef }bpf} d}fd#
4226 D}{bijf 42 l ‚evdbef xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj ‚Q}lnvjhd{fk mr {ef y{d{f ilvcibj? {efilnqdcbfy id}}bfk {ef jbifcyf idc cl{ kbyied}hf nl}f qljjv{dc{ {edc l}nvjd{fkmr {ef jbifcyf#
Yfq# bc 4220 [ef Y{d{f ilvcibj q}lqlyfk {l{dj dnlvc{ ilc{}lj l ndbc qljjv{dc{ dy dcfcpb}lcnfc{dj qljbir bc Iebcd* bc {ef qjdc l {l{dj dnlvc{ ilc{}lj bc {ef cbc{ebpf.rfd} qjdc qf}blk# B{ q}lpbkfk {ef lvckd{blc l} {ef fnbyyblc {}dkbch yry{fn#
4228 ‚[fc{d{bpf Nfdyv}fy lc {ef xd{f} qljjv{dc{y fnbyyblc ilc{}lj dck qdbk.vyf l {efkbyied}hf }bhe{ ‚olbc{jr byyvf mr fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc kfqd}{nfc{y* q}bifilc{}lj dv{el}b{bfy dck {ef bcdcibdj yfi{l} bc rvfubv kby{}bi{* obdubch ib{r# [efy{d{f.lxcfk dyyf{y ndcdhfnfc{ ilnqdcr . ubvzelv kby{}bi{ yfxdhf kbyqlydjjbnb{fk jbdmbjb{r ilnqdcr vckf}{dgfy {ef }bhe{ l iljjfi{bch qljjv{blc.kbyied}hfffy# [ef ffy d}f vyfk {l mvbjk Yfxdhf {}fd{nfc{ qjdc{#
Nd}#=111 d}{bijf 41 l }fpbyfk ‚[ef xd{f} qljjv{blc q}fpfc{blc }fhvjd{blcy ‚? {ef jlidjfcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc kfqd}{nfc{ byyvfk xd{f} qljjv{dc{y fnbyyblc qf}nb{ydiil}kbch {l {ef {l{dj dnlvc{ ilc{}lj yiefnf
Ovc*=11= ubvzelv kby{}bi{ bc obdubch ib{r jfdk qbjl{ qljjv{blc.kbyied}hf }bhe{ {}dkf# Djjfc{f}q}byfy nvy{ mvr -l}bhbcdj- qljjv{blc.kbyied}hf }bhe{ {efc {efr idc mf {}dkfkd{f}xd}k#
Li{#=11= 44 ilnqdcbfy }ln elchef {lxc dck xdchkbdc {lxc bc {ef ubvzelv kby{}bi{ ndbcjrilcifc{}d{fk bc xlljjfc yxfd{f} krfbch d{{fckfk {ef Y{d}{ if}fnlcr l qdbk.vyfl {ef kbyied}hf }bhe{y# [ef ilc{}di{ dnlvc{ }fdiefk 4;9#62 Rvdc#
Kfi#=116 ‚Kfibyblcy lc y{}fch{efc fcpb}lcnfc{ q}l{fi{blc mdyfk lc yibfc{b bi kfpfjlqnfc{ilcifq{blc„ q}lqlyfk {ed{ b{ by cfifyyd}r {l bnqjfnfc{ qljjv{blc ilc{}lj yry{fndck qljjv{blc kbyied}hf qf}nb{ yry{fn dck mfhdc qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch qbjl{#
Ovj#4y{*=118 Nbcby{}r l @bcdcif dck YFQD kfibkfk {l ilckvi{ qbjl{ fnbyyblcy {}dkbch lcfjfi{}bib{r bckvy{}r dck {ef [dbev Jdgf
Dvh#49{e*=118 _evob ib{r bc{}lkvifk {ef -Bc{f}bn }fhvjd{blcy lc {ef qdbk.vyf l qljjv{blckbyied}hf {d}hf{y -
Dvh#=2*=118 _evob Ib{r byyvfk - Bc{f}bn ]vjfy l} qdbk vyf l qljjv{dc{ fnbyyblc {d}hf{y -Yfq#=118 Y{dckbch ilnnb{{ff l Obdchyv q}lpbcif byyvfk ‚L}kbcdcif lc [dbev jdgf xd{f}
qljjv{blc ilc{}lj bc Obdchyv q}lpbcif %Dnfcknfc{"„# B{ ydry {ed{ hlpf}cnfc{ xbjjbnqjfnfc{ {ef b}y{ kby{}bmv{blc dck {}dkbch yry{fn lc xd{f} qljjv{blc kbyied}hf{d}hf{y#
Yfq#=8{e*=118 Obdubch Nvcbibqdj Hlpf}cnfc{ byyvfk - ]vjfy lc ndol} qljjv{dc{y fnbyyblcy{}dkbch dqq}ldie %[}bdj"-
Kfi#41{e*=118 Obdubch Ib{r fy{dmjbyefk {ef b}y{ klnfy{bi fnbyyblcy {}dkbch bcy{b{v{blcy ’ {ef}fyf}pf {}dkbch ifc{f} l fnbyyblc {d}hf{y
Kfi#49*=118 Nbcby{}r l @bcdcif* Y{d{f Fcpb}lcnfc{dj Q}l{fi{blc Dknbcby{}d{blc dqq}lpfkqdbk.vyf dck {}dkbch l qljjv{blc }bhe{y bc [dbev Jdgf bc Obdchyv Q}lpbcif#
Ovd#4y{*=115 -Nfdyv}fy lc qdbk.vyf l ndol} xd{f} qljjv{blc kbyied}hf {d}hf{y bc [dbev Jdgf bcObdchyv Q}lpbcif„ xfc{ bc{l f fi{#
Dq}bj*=115 Xvedc Hvdchhv Q}lqf}{r Fuiedchf qjdcy {l fy{dmjbye qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbchqjd{l}n {l bc{}lkvif }bhe{y {}dkbch bc{l q}lqf}{r }bhe{y {}dkbch nd}gf{
Ndr#=115 [bdcobc qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch fuiedchf ifc{f} xdy fy{dmjbyefk mr [bdcobcQ}lqf}{r ]bhe{y Fuiedchf Ifc{f}* ICQI Dyyf{y Ndcdhfnfc{ Il#* J{k#* dckIIU#
Dvh#6{e*=115 [ef fy{dmjbyenfc{ l Mfbobch Fcpb}lcnfc{ Fuiedchf
Dvh#6{e*=115 [ef fy{dmjbyenfc{ l Yedchedb Fcpb}lcnfc{ dck Fcf}hr Fuiedchf
Dvh#4;{e*=115 Nbcby{}r l @bcdcif* Kfqd}{nfc{ l Fcpb}lcnfc{dj Q}l{fi{blc dck Obdchyvq}lpbcibdj hlpf}cnfc{ olbc{jr efjk jdvcie lc qdbk.vyf dck {}dkbch l ndol}
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qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf }bhe{y bc [dbev Jdgf bc Xvub Ib{r#
Yfq#41{ef*=115 [ef YL= {}dkbch qjd{ l}n xdy yf{ vq bc Efbjlchobdch q}lpbcif#
Yfq*=;{e*=115 [ef qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch Fuiedchf xdy fy{dmjbyefk bc [bdcobc dck {}dkfk YL=bckbid{l}y#
D" Fuby{bch Q}lmjfny
Dj{elvhe qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch by d hllk nd}gf{ filclnbi qljbir dck Iebcd edy hl{
jl{y l` fuqf}bfcify lc elx {l fy{dmjbye {}dkbch ndcdhfnfc{ yry{fn dck b{y
lqf}d{blcdj nfiedcbyn* xf y{bjj dif q}lmjfny ilnbch }ln dknbcby{}d{blc* ilnqdcr
dck fcpb}lcnfc{dj ilcyiblvycfyy dck l{ef} dyqfi{y # [efyf byyvfy bcijvkf {ef
`ljjlxbch `bpf dyqfi{y?
Bcdkftvd{f Jdxy* ]fhvjd{blcy dck Lqf}d{blcdj Hvbkfjbcfy
[elvhe {ef iv}}fc{ ‚Db} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj jdx„ dck ‚Xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj jdx„
ilc{dbcy q}lpbyblcy lc qljjv{blc kbyied}hf ilc{}lj dck kbyied}hf qf}nb{y yry{fn*{ef}f d}f y{bjj cl jdxy dck }fhvjd{blcy lc qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch xb{e cd{blcdj jfpfj bc
Iebcd# Q}lmjfny yvie dy {ef kf`bcb{blc l` qljjv{blc }bhe{y* }vjfy lc elx {l {}dkf
qljjv{blc }bhe{y* bc{f}fy{ l` {}dkbch qd}{bfy* elx {l yf{{jf {ef {}dcydi{blc kbyqv{fy*
bcifc{bpf nfdyv}fy* kfq}fibd{blc dck iljjd{f}dj l` qljjv{blc }bhe{y dck jdx jbdmbjb{r
dck yl lc d}f cl{ mffc }fyljpfk rf{# D{ q}fyfc{* {ef }fhvjd{blcy dqq}lpbch {ef
fuqjl}d{blc l` qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch yry{fn bcijvkf ‚Yibfc{b`bi ilcifq{ l`
kfpfjlqnfc{ lc {ef bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` kfibyblcy {l y{}fch{efc fcpb}lcnfc{dj
q}l{fi{blc„ byyvfk mr y{d{f ilvcibj bc Kfifnmf} =116* ‚D ilnq}fefcybpf q}lh}dn l`
fcf}hr ilcyf}pd{blc dck fnbyyblc }fkvi{blc„ byyvfk mr y{d{f ilvcibj bc =118 dck
‚Fjfpfc{e @bpf.Rfd} fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc qjdccbch„ bc =118#
Mdyfk lc {ef bnqjfnfc{d{blc fuqf}bfcify bc kb``f}fc{ q}lpbcify* xf ilnf {l
ilcijvyblc {ed{ {ef jfhdj mdyby l} qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch bc _efobdch dck Yedchedb by
xfdg* fyqfibdjjr `l} {ef qdbk vyf l` qljjv{blc }bhe{y# Bc kf{dbjy* Obdchyv q}lpbcif edy
{ef nly{ dkftvd{f jfhdj mdyby `l} qdbk vyf l` qljjv{blc }bhe{y {l ylnf fu{fc{
%‚Obdchyv [dbev Jdgf xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj l}kbcdcif %Dnfcknfc{"„"# Ubvzelv
kby{}bi{ bc Obdubch Ib{r l` _efobdch q}lpbcif }fhvjd{fy b{y qdbk vyf l` yfxdhf }bhe{y mr
‚[ef qbjl{ yiefnf lc xd{f} qljjv{blc kbyied}hf ilc{}lj dck qdbk vyf l` qljjv{blc
}bhe{y„# [ef xd{f} qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch bc Yedchedb by mdyfk lc ‚Yedchedb
Evdchqv ]bpf} xd{f} }fylv}ify q}l{fi{blc l}kbcdcif„#
M" Xfdg Kbyied}hf Nfdyv}fnfc{* Nlcb{l}bch dck Yvqf}pbyblc
Diiv}d{f nfdyv}fnfc{ dck y{}bi{ nlcb{l}bch l` qljjv{blc kbyied}hf xb{e y{}lch
yvqf}pbyblc yry{fn d}f dc bnql}{dc{ hvd}dc{ff `l} lm{dbcbch {ef qljjv{blc }bhe{y xb{e
ilnqfcyd{blc# D{ q}fyfc{* {ef iv}}fc{ jfpfj l` qljjv{blc ylv}ify nlcb{l}bch bc Iebcd
by }fjd{bpfjr mdigxd}k# Mfidvyf l` jdig l` fclvhe dv{lnd{bi nlcb{l}bch ftvbqnfc{ bc
}fjfpdc{ ilnqdcbfy* b{ by kb``bivj{ `l} fcpb}lcnfc{dj kfqd}{nfc{y {l h}dyq }fdj yfxdhf
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kbyied}hf kd{d xed{ ilvjk kb}fi{jr d``fi{ {ef fy{dmjbyenfc{ l` qljjv{blc }bhe{y {}dkbch
nd}gf{ dck f``fi{bpfjr bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` qljbibfy#
Dy `l} Obdchyv q}lpbcif* {ef {xl qbjl{ idyfy d}f gfr fc{f}q}byfy xb{e lc.jbcf
dv{lnd{bi nlcb{l}bch ftvbqnfc{# Elxfpf}* {ef fcpb}lcnfc{ kfqd}{nfc{ kbk cl{ `vjjr
{}dig dck pf}b`r {ef {}dkbch {}dcydi{blc }fil}ky# Ubvzelv kby{}bi{ bc _efobdch q}lpbcifbyyvfk ‚Bc{f}bn }fhvjd{blcy lc Ubvzelv xd{f} qljjv{dc{ fnbyyblc ilc{}lj dck qdbk vyf
l` qljjv{blc }bhe{y„ xebie nfc{blcy {ed{ ‚Ubvzelv qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf jbifcyf
ndcdhfnfc{ dqq}ldie„ xbjj }fhvjd{f {ef kbyied}hf mr krcdnbi ndcdhfnfc{#
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}fjd{bpfjr diiv}d{fjr# Yvie ylv}ify bcijvkf bckvy{}bdj fc{f}q}byfy %bcijvkbch
ifc{}djbzfk jbpfy{lig dck qlvj{}r m}ffkbch `d}ny" dck XX[Qy {ed{ kbyied}hf
qljjv{dc{y {l xd{f} mlkbfy l} kl yl pbd {ef yfxf}dhf cf{xl}g#
[}dkbch ]d{bl? [ef cfu{ y{fq by {l kf{f}nbcf {ef ilcpf}yblc `di{l} l} {}dkbch i}fkb{
`l} {ef qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf }bhe{y mvrf} l} yfjjf}# [ef kf{f}nbcd{blc yelvjk mf klcf
lc {ef mdyby l` {ef yqfibdj `fd{v}fy l` {ef xd{f} mlkr* xd{f} tvdjb{r* qljjv{dc{
{}dcyql}{ ied}di{f}by{biy* {rqfy l` qljjv{dc{y kbyied}hfk `}ln {ef qljjv{bch ylv}ify*
kbyied}hf }fkvi{blc }ftvb}fnfc{y* filclnbi ilcybkf}d{blcy dck l{ef} `di{l}y#
Kf`bcbch {ef [fnql}dj Mlvckd}r? Qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf }bhe{y d}f pdjbk xb{ebc d {bnf
qf}blk# [ef}f`l}f qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf }bhe{y d}f {bnf.mlvck# [ef kf{f}nbcd{blc l` {ef
{fnql}dj jbnb{ yelvjk {dgf bc{l diilvc{ {ef `ljjlxbch `di{l}y? iedchfy bc fc{f}q}byf
q}lkvi{blc* }fhblcdj filclnbi kfpfjlqnfc{ y{d{vy* cfxjr.mvbj{ fc{f}q}byfy* cd{blcdj
}ftvb}fnfc{ `l} fcpb}lcnfc{dj qljjv{blc ilc{}lj dck iedchfy bc {ef {d}hf{y `l} {l{dj
qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hfy#
Fy{dmjbyebch {ef [}dkbch Q}lifkv}f? [ef y{fqy l` {ef q}lifkv}f d}f dy `ljjlxy?
• Dqqjbid{blc? [ef mvrf} l} yvqqjbf} l` qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf }bhe{y yvmnb{y dc
dqqjbid{blc `l} {}dkbch# D`{f} d tvdjb`bid{blc }fpbfx mr {ef cd{blcdj
fcpb}lcnfc{dj dv{el}b{r* {ef bc`l}nd{blc xbjj mf qvmjbyefk bc {ef {}dkbch
qjd{`l}n#
• Kbyivyyblc? [ef mvrf} dck yvqqjbf} xbjj kbyivyy dck }fdie d {}dkbch
dh}ffnfc{ xb{e }fhd}k {l {ef qljjv{dc{ {rqf* tvdc{b{r* q}bif* {bnf l`
{}dcydi{blc dck yl lc#
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• Yf{{bch vq }vjfy l` ilckvi{ `l} {ef cfhl{bd{bch qd}{bfy# [ef nlkfj `l} qvmjbi
ilc{}di{y ndcdhfnfc{ yelvjk mf dklq{fk {l dplbk nd}gf{ kby{l}{blc
mfedpblv} yvie dy `}dvkfc{ nlclqljr dck q}bif odigbch#
• Pf}b`bid{blc? [ef {}dkbch ndcdhfnfc{ dv{el}b{r xbjj }fpbfx {ef tvdjb`bid{blc l`
{ef {}dkf}y* qljjv{dc{ }bhe{y }fy{}bi{blcy* dpdbjdmjf }bhe{y `l} {}dkbch* xef{ef}
l} cl{ }fhblcdj ilc{}lpf}ybdj ‚el{yql{„ byyvfy xbjj liiv} dck xef{ef} l} cl{{ef}f fuby{y q}bif odigbch# Lc {ef mdyby l` {ef }fpbfx* d ijfd} kfibyblc xbjj mf
ndkf lc xef{ef} l} cl{ {ef {}dkbch idc q}liffk#
• [}dcydi{blc? [ef mvrf} dck yvqqjbf} xbjj ilnqjf{f {ef {}dcydi{blc l` `vcky
dck qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf }bhe{y bc diil}kdcif xb{e {ef {}dkbch dh}ffnfc{#
• ]fhby{f}bch {ef [}dkf? Vqlc ilnqjf{blc l` {ef {}dcydi{blcy* {ef mvrf} dck
yfjjf} nvy{ }fhby{f} xb{e {ef cd{blcdj fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc dv{el}b{r {ef
iedchf bc lxcf}yebq l` {ef qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf tvl{d#
[}dkbch Cf{xl}g Yvqql}{? D qjd{`l}n xbjj mf fy{dmjbyefk `l} bc`l}nd{blc yed}bch xb{e
{ef cd{blcdj fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc dv{el}b{r* q}lpbcibdj fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc
dv{el}b{r dck {ef qvmjbi# [ef q}lpbcibdj l} nvcbibqdj fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc
dv{el}b{r xbjj ilnqbjf y{d{by{bidj kd{d* dck q}lifyy dck dqq}lpf {ef kfndck dck
yvqqjr l` qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf }bhe{y l` {ef qljjv{f}y bc {ef }fhblc# Bc`l}nd{blc }fjfdyf
xbjj ilpf} qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hfy bc {ef ndol} xd{f}yefky* bc{f}.q}lpbcibdj qljjv{dc{
kbyied}hf }bhe{y {}dkbch dck {}dkbch dnlch fc{f}q}byfy bc {ef q}lpbcif#
[}dkbch Yvqf}pbyblc
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{}dkbch by {}dcyqd}fc{* `db}* ovy{ dck bc`l}nfk# [eby xbjj djyl `dibjb{d{f bc`l}nd{blc
kbyyfnbcd{blc* bc`l}nd{blc yed}bch mf{xffc fc{f}q}byfy dck qvmjbi yi}v{bcr#
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{ef yviifyy l` qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf qdr.qf}.vyf dck djjlid{blc qljbibfy# F``fi{bpf
diiv}d{f dck {bnfjr nlcb{l}bch yelvjk mf ilckvi{fk# ]fdj.{bnf y{d{by{biy lc
qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hfy yelvjk mf ilnqbjfk dck {}dcynb{{fk pbd {ef cf{xl}g {l {ef
}fjfpdc{ fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc dv{el}b{r* yl dy {l mf vyfk {l kf{f}nbcf {ef
qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf bckbid{l}y xb{ebc {ef }fhblc l} xd{f}yefk# [ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj
q}l{fi{blc dv{el}b{r xbjj djyl mf dmjf gclx {ef qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hfy l` {ef {}dkbch
fc{f}q}byfy#
Tvl{d [}digbch? Tvl{d {}digbch bcijvkfy bc`l}nd{blc lc {l{dj djjlid{blcy* qljjv{blcylv}if }fhby{}d{blc dck qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf }bhe{y {}dkbch# B{ by dc bnql}{dc{ fjfnfc{
l` d qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf }bhe{y {}dkbch q}lh}dn# [ef {}dkbch ndcdhfnfc{ dhfcir d{
{ef cd{blcdj jfpfj yelvjk gffq ijlyf {}dig l` {ef djjlid{blc dck qvmjbid{blc l`
kbyied}hf tvl{dy l` {ef q}lpbcify# Nfdcxebjf* b{ xbjj djyl }fpbfx bc{f}.q}lpbcibdj
{}dkbch kfdjy `l} jfhb{bndir# [ef q}lpbcibdj dck jlidj ndcdhfnfc{ dhfcibfy yelvjk
djyl {}dig dck nlcb{l} {ef {}dkbch dck {}dcy`f} l` tvl{dy#
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]fhvjd{bch {ef F{ebi Ilckvi{ l` [}dkbch Fc{b{bfy
• [ef }bhe{y dck }fyqlcybmbjb{bfy l` {ef {}dkbch fc{b{bfy* bcijvkbch {ef mvrf}*
yfjjf}* cd{blcdj %jlidj" hlpf}cnfc{ dck {efb} dhfc{y yelvjk mf kf`bcfk
{e}lvhe qljbir q}lpbyblcy#
• [ef mvrf} yelvjk nff{ {ef kbyied}hf y{dckd}ky mf`l}f b{ by djjlxfk {l
qd}{bibqd{f bc qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf }bhe{y {}dkbch# Bc {ef {}dkbch q}lifyy* b{yelvjk `v}cbye nlcb{l}bch kd{d bc diil}kdcif xb{e {ef {bnf dck `}ftvfcir dy
yqfib`bfk bc {ef dh}ffnfc{#
• [ef yfjjf} nvy{ q}lpbkf dkftvd{f kd{d {l ilc`b}n b{y dmbjb{r {l iv{ {ef qljjv{blc
jldk {l {ef cd{blcdjjr yf{ {l{dj dnlvc{ {d}hf{* mf`l}f b{ by djjlxfk {l qd}{bibqd{f
bc {}dkbch#
• [ef cd{blcdj dck jlidj hlpf}cnfc{y edpf {ef ndckd{f {l `l}nvjd{f }fjfpdc{
qljbibfy* `dibjb{d{f {ef bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` {}dkbch* dck lpf}yff {ef {}dkbch
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dck ovy{bif#
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ilcyvj{bch yf}pbify dck {}dkbch yvqql}{#
• [ef hfcf}dj qvmjbi idc fuf}ibyf yvqf}pbyblc lpf} {ef {}dkbch q}lifyy {e}lvhe
{ef {}dkbch bc`l}nd{blc qvmjbyefk mr {ef hlpf}cnfc{# B{ djyl yvqf}pbyf {ef
ilnqjbdcif l` {ef {xl {}dkbch qd}{bfy xb{e ilpfcdc{y l` {ef dh}ffnfc{* dck
}fql}{ pbljd{blcy {bnfjr {l {ef }fyqlcybmjf dv{el}b{r#
Dyyv}dcify
@bcdcif dck [dud{blc Qljbibfy? [ef fd}cbchy l` {ef hlpf}cnfc{ `}ln qljjv{dc{
kbyied}hf {}dkbch yelvjk mf qjdif bc d yqfibdj `vck xebie idc mf vyfk {l yvqql}{
jlidj {}dkbch* yvmybkbzf {ef mvbjkbch l` {ef jlidj yvqf}pbyblc idqdib{r* dck q}lpbkf
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}fhvjd{f {ef q}lifkv}f `l} dqqjbid{blc* }fpbfx dck vyf l` {ef yqfibdj `vck# [ef jldc
kbymv}yfnfc{ dck }filpf}r }ftvb}fnfc{y yelvjk mf kf`bcfk# [du }fkvi{blc dck
fufnq{blc qljbibfy yelvjk mf vyfk {l `dibjb{d{f {ef {}dkbch* dck bcpfy{ dck yvmybkbzf
qljjv{blc nlcb{l}bch `dibjb{bfy l` {ef {eb}k qd}{r#
]fhvjd{l}r Kfpfjlqnfc{? B{ by }filnnfckfk {ed{ {ef Y{d{f Ilvcibj `l}nvjd{f
}fhvjd{blcy lc {ef qdbk vyf dck {}dkbch l` qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf }bhe{y* {l q}lpbkf
}fhvjd{l}r yvqql}{ {l qbjl{bch# B{ by }filnnfckfk {ed{ {ef Nbcby{}r l` Fcpb}lcnfc{dj
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mdyby l` {ef Y{d{f Ilvcibj }fhvjd{blcy# Nl}flpf}* {ef hlpf}cnfc{ l` {ef qbjl{bch
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qbjl{bch ib{r yelvjk yf{ vq jlidj hvbkfjbcfy {l hvbkf bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` {ef qbjl{
q}lh}dn# Xefc {ef cd{blcdj hlpf}cnfc{ dnfcky {ef xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj jdx* {ef
jfhdj qlyb{blc l` qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf qf}nb{ yry{fn yelvjk mf fy{dmjbyefk# Jlidj
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hlpf}cnfc{ yelvjk qv{ `l}{e jlidj hvbkfjbcfy lc {ef bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` {ef qljjv{dc{
kbyied}hf qf}nb{ yry{fn dck {}dkbch yry{fn bc diil}kbch {l {ef jfhdj q}lpbyblcy bc
{ef xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj jdx `l} qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf qf}nb{y#
Qfcdj{r Nfiedcbyn? Bc dkkb{blc {l }fxd}kbch fc{f}q}byfy {ed{ edpf m}lvhe{
kbyied}hfy mfjlx {ef dyybhcfk kbyied}hf tvl{d* qfcdj{r yelvjk mf bnqlyfk lcfc{f}q}byfy fuiffkbch {ef dyybhcfk kbyied}hf tvl{d* yl dy {l jb`{ {ef ily{ l` pbljd{blc
dmlpf {ef ily{ l` ilnqjbdcif#
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lc d }fhvjd} mdyby {e}lvhe {ef q}lifyy# Qf}`l}ndcif nlcb{l}bch yelvjk ilpf}?
• Djjlid{blc l` {l{dj kbyied}hf dnlvc{y7
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• Yvqf}pbyblc dck nlcb{l}bch7
• Kfpfjlqnfc{ l` {ef qjd{`l}n#
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l``bibdjy dck {fiecbidj qf}ylccfj l` cd{blcdj* q}lpbcibdj dck nvcbibqdj hlpf}cnfc{y
dck fc{f}q}byfy#
;#=#9 Xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ {d}b``
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}ljf bc bc{f}cdjbzbch filclnbi fu{f}cdjb{bfy# Mv{ {efr edpf ndcr d}fdy cffkbch
bnq}lpfnfc{# [ef qljbir }filnnfckd{blc by {l }dbyf {ef xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ {d}b``
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}f`l}ny bc qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf `ffy dck xd{f} }fylv}if `ffy# Dj{elvhe {ef
xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ {d}b`` edy mffc }dbyfk yfpf}dj {bnfy bc dc d{{fnq{ {l m}bch {ef
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ilnqfcyd{f l} {ef ily{ l` qljjv{blc dmd{fnfc{# [ef}f`l}f* {ef xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{
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{ed{ {ef xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ {d}b`` yelvjk djyl mf dmjf {l ilpf} {ef ily{ l` yjvkhf
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{}fd{nfc{ dck kbyqlydj# Lc {ef mdyby l` kbyivyyblc bc Iedq{f} 9* xf vckf}y{dck {ed{
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yelvjk bcijvkf {ef yjvkhf {}fd{nfc{ dck kbyqlydj ily{ l` ICR 1#4 {l ICR 1#6# [ef`fdybmbjb{r l` bcil}ql}d{bch {ef yjvkhf {}fd{nfc{ dck kbyqlydj ily{ bc{l {ef xd{f} {d}b``
xbjj mf fuqjl}fk#
M" Qljbir Kfybhc
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}f`l}n l` {ef filclnbi yry{fn* fyqfibdjjr d`{f} {ef diifyyblc bc{l {ef X[L* {ef
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{}fd{nfc{ bckvy{}r#
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{ef pd}blvy dyqfi{y l` {ef {}fd{nfc{ ily{# [ef xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ ily{ idccl{ mfidjivjd{fk yljfjr lc {ef mdyby l` di{vdj nfdyv}fnfc{* cl} vyfy dc dpf}dhf `bhv}f#
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F" Iljjfi{bch dck Ndcdhbch {ef Xdy{fxd{f} [}fd{nfc{ [d}b``
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kfjbcfd{fk# [ef y{}vi{v}f l` {ef qvmjbi fuqfckb{v}fy yelvjk mf lq{bnbzfk `l} {ef
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xd{f}yefk fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc lmofi{bpfy* {ef xd{f} tvdjb{r qf}`l}ndcif
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}fxd}k qljbibfy#
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l` hlpf}cnfc{* {ef xd{f} tvdjb{r lmofi{bpfy l} {ef ml}kf}jbcf yf{ l}{e bc {ef qjdc idc
mf ilcybkf}fk {ef nly{ dqq}lq}bd{f mdyby `l} filjlhbidj ilnqfcyd{blc# B` {ef
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cfb{ef} d xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj qjdc cl} d xd{f} tvdjb{r dh}ffnfc{* b{ by dqq}lq}bd{f
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y{d{vy l` xd{f} tvdjb{r#
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B{ by }filnnfckfk {ed{ NFQ xl}g xb{e NX] dck }fjfpdc{ q}lpbcibdj dck nvcbibqdj
hlpf}cnfc{y {l yf{ vq xd{f} tvdjb{r nlcb{l}bch yfi{blcy bc {ef xd{f}yefk* dckkfybhcd{f {ef }fyqlcybmjf dv{el}b{r `l} {ef diebfpfnfc{ l` q}lpbcibdj ml}kf}jbcf
xd{f} tvdjb{r {d}hf{# NFQ xbjj ilckvi{ qf}`l}ndcif dyyfyynfc{ dhdbcy{ {ef xd{f}
tvdjb{r {d}hf{# [ef q}lpbcibdj hlpf}cnfc{ xbjj edpf `vjj diilvc{dmbjb{r `l} {ef xd{f}
tvdjb{r xb{ebc {ef q}lpbcibdj {f}}b{l}r# [ef qf}`l}ndcif dyyfyynfc{ l` ml}kf}jbcf
xd{f} tvdjb{r yelvjk mf ilckvi{fk tvd}{f}jr l} nlc{ejr# [ef }fyvj{y l` {ef
dyyfyynfc{ xbjj mf pf}b`bfk mr NFQ dck qvmjbyefk#
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4=9
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4=;
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4=6
b" Qljbir bnqjfnfc{d{blc yelvjk cl{ lcjr qdr d{{fc{blc {l ndubnbzbch {ef }ljf l`
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8/3/2019 Market-Based Policy Instruments for Water Pollution Control in China (Draft Final Report)
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4=0
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4=8
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{l{dj qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hfy ilc{}lj dck {ef qv}iedyf l` kbyied}hf tvl{dy yelvjk mf
ijfd}jr kfjbcfd{fk* xb{e d pbfx {l }fhvjd{f {ef q}bnd}r dck yfilckd}r nd}gf{ l`
kbyied}hf {}dkbch* bnq}lpf {ef lqf}d{blcdj y{dmbjb{r l` {ef kbyied}hf {}dkbch nd}gf{
dck fcyv}f {ef }vjf l` jdx `l} kbyied}hf {}dkbch#
Yfilck* bnq}lpf {ef qljjv{blc ylv}if nlcb{l}bch dck mvbjk dyyv}dcif yry{fn `l}
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bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` kbyied}hf {}dkbch }ftvb}fy {ef nlcb{l}bch dck yvqf}pbyblc
idqdib{r `l} qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hfy {l mf y{}fch{efcfk* bcijvkbch {ef bcy{djjd{blc l`
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f``fi{bpf {}digbch l` {ef qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hfy# Ilcybkf}bch {ef ilnqjfub{bfy l`
kbyied}hf {}dkbch dy b{ bcpljpfy nvj{bqjf qljjv{blc fc{b{bfy* nvj{bqjf yfi{l}y dck
nvj{bqjf dhfcibfy* {ef}f by d cffk `l} fy{dmjbyebch d qjd{`l}n `l} ely{bch {ef qljjv{dc{
kbyied}hf kd{d* d qjd{`l}n `l} ndcdhbch {ef djjlid{blc l` kbyied}hf tvl{dy* d
qjd{`l}n `l} nlcb{l}bch dck pf}b`rbch qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hfy dck d qjd{`l}n `l}
ndcdhbch {ef qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf {}dkbch diilvc{y# Dc diilvc{bch yry{fn `l} fc{f}q}byfy‒ qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hfy yelvjk mf yf{ vq* xb{e d pbfx {l dck nlcb{l} dck
ndcdhf djj qd}{bibqd{bch qljjv{blc ylv}ify bc {ef kbyied}hf {}dkbch yry{fn#
[eb}k* y{}fch{efc jdx fc`l}ifnfc{ idqdib{r {l q}lpbkf `l} }fhvjd{l}r dyyv}dcif `l}
bnqjfnfc{bch kbyied}hf {}dkbch# B` xb{elv{ f``fi{bpf fc`l}ifnfc{ dck yvqf}pbyblc*
{ef bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` {ef kbyied}hf {}dkbch qljbir xlvjk mf kbyilvc{fk# ]fpbfx*
dqq}lpdj dck qf}nb{{bch `l} kbyied}hf {}dkbch yelvjk mf {bhe{fcfk7 bcyqfi{blc dck
yvqf}pbyblc yelvjk mf y{}fch{efcfk7 dck {ef ily{ l` pbljd{bch kbyied}hf tvl{dy
yelvjk mf }dbyfk#
@lv}{e* bci}fdyf {}dbcbch dck qvmjbi fkvid{blc lc kbyied}hf {}dkbch qljbir# Ndcr
jlidj hlpf}cnfc{y edpf y{}lch bc{f}fy{ dck nl{bpd{blc {l bnqjfnfc{ bcclpd{bpf
kbyied}hf }fkvi{blc qljbibfy# Ylnf d}f q}fqd}fk {l bnqjfnfc{ {}dkbch qbjl{y# Lc {ef
l{ef} edck* xf yelvjk }fdjbzf {ed{ ndcr jlidj hlpf}cnfc{y jdig vckf}y{dckbch
dmlv{ kbyied}hf {}dkbch# Q}fnd{v}f bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` {ef qljbir ndr jfdk {l ndcr
q}lmjfny# @l} fudnqjf* ylnf qd}{bibqd{bch hlpf}cnfc{y bc {ef fuby{bch {}dkbch qbjl{
q}lh}dny djjlx d {}dkbch qf}blk l` 41.=1 rfd}y* xebie by kbyilccfi{fk xb{e {ef {l{dj
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qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hfy ilc{}lj qljbir xb{e d qjdccbch el}bzlc l` 6 rfd}y#
I" ]ldk Ndq
D{ q}fyfc{* {ef qdr.qf}.vyf dck {}dkbch l` qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf }bhe{y yry{fn `dify
ndcr qljbir* dknbcby{}d{bpf dck {fiecbidj iedjjfchfy# [ef NFQ* NL@* CK]I dckl{ef} }fjfpdc{ ifc{}dj dhfcibfy d}f y{}bpbch {l ndgf ybhcb`bidc{ m}fdg{e}lvhey bc
qbjl{bch kbyied}hf {}dkbch bc yvb{dmjf yfi{l}y dck }fhblcy* mr {dgbch dkpdc{dhf l` {ef
lqql}{vcb{bfy l` lchlbch filclnbi }f`l}n dck {}dcy`l}nd{blc dck mr ndgbch vyf l`
{ef yviifyyfy dck jfyylcy jfd}cfk `}ln klnfy{bi qbjl{y dck bc{f}cd{blcdj
fuqf}bfcify# [ef bnqjfnfc{d{blc yiefkvjf yelvjk mf xfjj qjdccfk {l fcyv}f
q}bl}b{bzfk* ynll{e dck l}kf}jr fuqdcyblc* xb{e {ef dbn l` ilnqjf{bch* mr =1=1* {ef
fy{dmjbyenfc{ l` d yvb{dmjf qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf {}dkbch qljbir yry{fn yvb{dmjf bc
iebcd#
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qdr.qf}.vyf dck {}dkbch l` kbyied}hf }bhe{y yry{fn7 bb" y{}fch{efcbch {ef yvqf}pbyblc
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fkvid{blc7 bbb" q}lpbkf yvqql}{ {l {ef {eb}k qd}{r fc{b{r `l} lqf}d{bch {ef kbyied}hf
{}dkbch yry{fn7 bp" diifjf}d{f {ef bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` {ef ILK {}dkbch qbjl{ q}lh}dn bc
{ef [db Jdgf mdybc7 p" fuqdck {ef {}dkbch qbjl{ {l bc{f}fy{fk q}lpbcify yvie dy Efcdc
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}fhblcy#
Nfkbvn.{f}n %=144.=146"? [ef ndbc {dygy d}f {l? b" yqffk vq {ef kfpfjlqnfc{ l`
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kbyied}hf {}dkbch nd}gf{7 bb" diifjf}d{f {ef kfpfjlqnfc{ l` yvqql}{bpf qljbibfy7 bbb"
kffqfc {ef bnqjfnfc{d{blc l` cb{}lhfc* qelyqel}vy dck nf}iv}r kbyied}hf {}dkbch
qbjl{y7 dck bbb" bc ilnmbcd{blc xb{e db} qljjv{dc{ {}dkbch* bnq}lpf {ef kbyied}hf {}dkbch
nd}gf{ qljbir yry{fn* xb{e {ef dbn {l qv{ bc qjdif {ef qdr.qf}.vyf dck kbyied}hf
{}dkbch qljbir yry{fn#
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D" Yf{{bch Lmofi{bpfy
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}fyqlcybmbjb{bfy l` pd}blvy jfpfjy l` hlpf}cnfc{ bc xd{f} qljjv{blc ilc{}lj7 kf{f}nbcf
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qdr nl}f d{{fc{blc {l yvqql}{bch {ef kfpfjlqnfc{ l` xd{f}.ydpbch dck
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ljk qd{e l` ‚qljjv{f `b}y{* ijfdc vq jd{f}„7 dck bb" qdr nl}f d{{fc{blc {l ilc{}lj l` gfr
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l` }v}dj xdy{fxd{f} {}fd{nfc{ `dibjb{bfy#
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q}lpbkf vjj yvqf}pbyblc#
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xd{f} tvdjb{r l` {ef }bpf}y `jlxbch bc{l {ef [db Jdgf xdy mfjlx Ijdyy P# [ef }bpf}y bc
Iedchzelv nvcbibqdjb{r edk {ef qll}fy{ xd{f} tvdjb{r* `ljjlxfk mr {ef }bpf}y bc Xvub
nvcbibqdjb{r* xebjf {ef }bpf}y bc Yvzelv dck Evzelv nvcbibqdjb{fby edk }fjd{bpfjr
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hllk xd{f} tvdjb{r# Dy `d} dy bckbpbkvdj }bpf}y d}f ilcif}cfk* {ef xd{f} tvdjb{r l` {ef
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[Q 1#=81 1#420 1#44; 1#490[C 6#05 6#86 =#68 9#16
Bc }fifc{ rfd}y* {ef xd{f} tvdjb{r l` {ef `ffkbch }bpf}y kf{f}bl}d{fk k}dy{bidjjr# [ef
xd{f} tvdjb{r bckbify l` {ef }bpf}y bc Iedchzelv nvcbibqdjb{r edpf mffc xl}yfcbch#
[ef xd{f} tvdjb{r l` {ef }bpf}y bc Xvub nvcbibqdjb{r edy rfd}jr `jvi{vd{blcy* xb{e d
ki}fdybch [Q dck }fjd{bpfjr y{dmjf qf}ndchdcd{f bckbu dck [C# [ef xd{f} tvdjb{r l`
{ef }bpf}y bc Yvzelv dck Evzelv edy djyl rfd}jr jvi{vd{blcy* xb{e {ef qf}ndchdcd{f
bckfu dck [Q ndbc{dbcbch xb{ebc Ijdyy BBB mv{ [C xl}yfcbch#
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=110* {ef dccvdj dpf}dhf qljjv{dc{ jldkbchy xf}f dy `ljjlxy? 60*011 { l`
qf}ndchdcd{f bckfu* 4*011 { l` [Q dck 92*911 [C { jlxbch bc{l {ef jdgf7 dck 90*411
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[ef ilcifc{}d{blc l` iejl}lqerjj d bc {ef [db Jdgf edy mffc h}lxbch rfd} mr rfd}#
[ef dpf}dhf }dchf l` nlc{ejr ilcifc{}d{blc y{dck d{ 4#0; s =40 κh,j dck {ef
dpf}dhf dccvdj }dchf l` ilcifc{}d{blc by 5 s 90#0 κh,j# [ef dpf}dhf ilcifc{}d{blcbci}fdyfk mr 498&* dck {ef }d{f l` bci}fdyf by diifjf}d{bch bc }fifc{ rfd}y# @}ln
4225 {l {lkdr* {ef djhdf ilvc{ bc {ef yvnnf} by =#6 nbjjblc s 411 nbjjlc qf} jb{}f# [ef
Nfbjbch Jdgf edy {ef jd}hfy{ djhdf ilvc{ d{ ;#6 nbjjblc s =11 nbjjblc qf} jb{}f# [ef
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Bc =116* {ef xdy{fxd{f} kbyied}hfy {l{djjfk 9*94; nbjjblc ivmbi nf{f}y# L` {eby*
Obdchyv q}lpbcif diilvc{fk `l} =*666 nbjjblc ivmbi nf{f}y l} 88#4&* _efobdchq}lpbcif 8;8 nbjjblc ivmbi nf{f}y l} ==#0&* dck Yedchedb nvcbibqdjb{r 44#61 nbjjblc
ivmbi nf{f}y l} 1#9&# Kf{dbjy d}f q}lpbkfk bc [dmjf 6.9#
[dmjf 6.9? Xdy{fxd{f} Kbyied}hfy bc{l [db Jdgf l} Gfr Q}lpbcify bc =116
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Bckvy{}bdj Xdy{fxd{f} Yfxdhf [l{djObdchuv 482*;1; 80*442 =66*6=9_efobdch 96*206 95*841 8;*086Yedchedb 4;9 4*118 4*461
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Bc =116* {ef kbyied}hf l` ILK {l{djjfk 561*911 {* CE 9.C 24*511 {* [Q 41*;11 { dck
[C 4;4*011 {* dy d}f yelxc bc [dmjf 6.;#
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V}mdc Yfxdhf 4;;*0;9 4=*=26 4*6;0 40*969]v}dj CQY =96*015 =6*601 9*5=0 ;0*8;=
[l{dj 656*288 0;*==1 6*855 25*404
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V}mdc Yfxdhf ;2*201 8*545 4*4;; 41*915
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Yedchedb Bckvy{}bdj 442 45 ‛ =9V}mdc Yfxdhf 0*202 664 406 899
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@}ln {ef 2{e @RQ %4224.4226"* {ef ifc{}dj hlpf}cnfc{ mfhdc {l {}fd{ {ef qljjv{blc
ilc{}lj bc {ef [db Jdgf mdybc dy d q}bl}b{r* dck `l}nvjd{fk {ef 2 {e @RQ dck 41{e @RQ
`l} [db Jdgf qljjv{blc ilc{}lj# Kv}bch {ef 2{e @RQ* ICR 4=#26 mbjjblc xdy qjdccfk*
xb{e ICR 41#11 mbjjblc edpch mffc bcpfy{fk# Mr {ef fck l` =111* =2 XX[Qy xf}f
mvbj{ xb{e d {l{dj idqdib{r l` 4#42 nbjjblc n9,k* bcijvkbch =0 bc Obdchyv xb{e d idqdib{r
l` 86=*111 n9,k* 9 bc _efobdch xb{e d {l{dj idqdib{r l` ;96*111 n9,k# [ef 41{e @RQ
xb{cfyyfk dc bci}fdyf {l ICR ==#14 mbjjblc l` qjdccfk bcpfy{nfc{ {l mvbjk =66
XX[Qy# Mr {ef fck l` =116* ICR 40#58 mbjjblc xf}f bcpfy{fk* xb{e ==1 XX[Qy
ilnqjf{fk dck 96 XX[Qy vckf} ilcy{}vi{blc# Kf{dbjy d}f q}lpbkfk bc [dmjf 6.6#
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4= 4;#1 59#9 40#8 0#9 ;6#1
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mr {ef {xl q}lpbcify dck lcf nvcbibqdjb{r bc y{}vi{v}dj dkovy{nfc{* bckvy{}bdj
qljjv{blc ilc{}lj* v}mdc yfxdhf ndcdhfnfc{ dck }v}dj clc.qlbc{.ylv}if qljjv{blc
ilc{}lj# Xd{f} tvdjb{r edy mffc bnq}lpfk l} y{dmbjbzfk `l} qd}{y l` {ef jdgf dnbky{
}dqbk filclnbi h}lx{e# Mr =110* 450 XX[Qy xb{e d {l{dj {}fd{nfc{ idqdib{r l` 6#62
nbjjblc n9,k xf}f ilcy{}vi{fk %[dmjf 6.0"# [ef qljjv{dc{ ilcifc{}d{blcy bc {ef bc`jlx
d}f 961s011 nh,j `l} ILK* 44s66 nh,j `l} CE9.C* =s8 nh,j `l} [Q7 d`{f} {}fd{nfc{
{efr d}f mfjlx 81 nh,j `l} ILK* 8s46 nh,j `l} CE9.C* 1#9s= nh,j `l} [Q* xebie nff{
{ef Ijdyy B %M" l` {ef cd{blcdj kbyied}hf y{dckd}ky#
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filclnbi kfpfjlqnfc{* dck dklq{bch d cfx kfpfjlqnfc{ nlkfj xebie xbjj diebfpf
ill}kbcd{fk filclnbi.ylibdj.fcpb}lcnfc{dj kfpfjlqnfc{ dck evndc.cd{v}f
ed}nlcr# [efr yelvjk jfd}c `}ln qdy{ nby{dgfy mr vybch {ef {l{dj qljjv{dc{ykbyied}hf ilc{}lj dy d ndol} ilc{}lj {d}hf{ dck mr ilc{}ljjbch ml{e {ef qljjv{dc{
kbyied}hfy dck {ef qljjv{dc{ ilcifc{}d{blcy#
[db Jdgf mdybc by `difk xb{e {ef iedjjfchf l` h}lxbch qljjv{blc jldky lpf}{dgbch {ef
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dy k}bcgbch xd{f} yvqqjr ylv}ify idccl{ nff{ {ef dqqjbidmjf cd{blcdj y{dckd}ky* dck
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Yfpf}f Clc.Qlbc{ Ylv}if Qljjv{blc? [ef vyf l` iefnbidj `f}{bjbzf}y bc {ef [db Jdgf
mdybc by ;1 gh,nv lc dpf}dhf* xebie by =#40 {bnfy {ef cd{blcdj dpf}dhf# [ef dpf}dhf
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Y{dckd}k l} B}lc dckY{ffj Yfi{l} %gh,{"
1#6 1#6 =#6 =#6 81 81
Mdyfjbcf Kbyied}hfQf}l}ndcif @di{l} %{,gh"
1#; 1#8 =#4 9#= 06 85
Kfybhc Qf}l}ndcif@di{l} %{,gh"
1#; 1#; = = 01 01
Mdyfjbcf.MdyfkDjjlid{blc ]fyvj{ %gh"
==1 46; 4*4;2#6 81; 96*060#6 48*440
Dmd{fnfc{[d}hf{.MdyfkDjjlid{blc ]fyvj{ %gh"
=61 411 4*=61 611 96*111 4;*111
Qf}l}ndcif.MdyfkDjjlid{blc ]fyvj{ %gh"
=11 51 4*111 ;11 91*111 4=*111
6#9 Kfybhc l` [}dkbch Q}l{liljy l} [db Jdgf Mdybc
6#9#4 Kbyied}hf [}dkbch Q}lifkv}f
D" Bc`l}nd{blc Kbyijlyv}f
[ef {}dkbch qd}{bfy yelvjk `bjf dc dqqjbid{blc {l {ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc
dv{el}b{r pbd {ef bc{f}nfkbd}r dhfcir# Lcif {ef tvdjb`bid{blcy l` {}dkbch d}f pf}b`bfk*
{ef bc`l}nd{blc yelvjk mf qvmjbyefk bc {ef {}dkbch qjd{`l}n#
M" Ilcyvj{d{blcy dck Dqqjbid{blc
[ef {}dkbch qd}{bfy xbjj cfhl{bd{f xb{e }fhd}k {l {ef {rqf l` qljjv{dc{* tvdc{b`r* q}bif
dck {bnbch l` {}dcydi{blc# B` cfifyyd}r* {ef bc{f}nfkbd}r dhfcir dck fcpb}lcnfc{dj
q}l{fi{blc dv{el}b{r ndr mf bcpb{fk {l olbc {ef cfhl{bd{blcy {l q}lpbkf bc`l}nd{blc lc
yvqqjr dck kfndck* dck qljjv{blc ilc{}lj {fiecljlhbfy dck ily{# [ef bc{f}nfkbd}r
dhfcir edy {ef dv{el}b{r {l ilcyvj{ {ef bc`l}nd{blc `}ln {ef qjd{`l}n lc {ef {}dkbch
qd}{bfy#
Xv{e yvqql}{ `}ln {ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc dv{el}b{r* {ef bc{}fndkbd}r dhfcir
xbjj l}nvjd{f {ef }vjfy dck q}lifkv}fy l` cfhl{bd{blcy mf{xffc {ef {}dkbch qd}{bfy# B{
xbjj q}fpfc{ olbc{ nlclqljbzd{blc dck eld}kbch dck il}cf}bch* dck q}l{fi{ {ef
ilnnf}ibdj ilc`bkfc{bdjb{r l` {ef {}dkbch qd}{bfy#
Lcif {ef {}dkbch dh}ffnfc{ by ilc`b}nfk mr {ef {}dkbch qd}{bfy* {}dcydi{blcy idc
{efc {dgf qjdif# [ef mvrf} yelvjk `bjf dc dqqjbid{blc xebie yelvjk ilc{dbc
bc`l}nd{blc lc {ef qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hfy l` {ef {xl qd}{bfy* qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hf tvl{dy
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dck dmd{fnfc{ qjdcy# Dc dqqjbid{blc `l} iedchf l` lxcf}yebq yelvjk djyl mf `bjfk d{
{ef ydnf {bnf yl dy {l }fpbyf {ef kbyied}hf tvl{dy dck qf}nb{y l` {ef {}dkbch qd}{bfy
diil}kbchjr#
I" Pf}b`bid{blc dck Dqq}lpdj l` [}dkbch
[ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc dv{el}b{r* d`{f} }fifbpbch {ef {}dkbch dqqjbid{blc* xbjj
}ftvfy{ kbyied}hf nlcb{l}bch bc`l}nd{blc `}ln {ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj nlcb{l}bch dhfcir
xel by }fyqlcybmjf `l} fcyv}bch {ef diiv}dir l` {ef kd{d q}lpbkfk#
[ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc dv{el}b{r pf}b`r {ef bc`l}nd{blc ilc{dbcfk bc {ef
dqqjbid{blc dck ilc`b}n {ef tvdjb`bid{blc l` {ef {}dkbch qd}{bfy* lc {ef mdyby l` {ef
kbyied}hf bc`l}nd{blc }fifbpfk `}ln {ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj nlcb{l}bch dhfcir dck {ef
{}dkbch kd{dmdyf bc {ef qjd{`l}n# [ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc dv{el}b{r xbjj {efc
kf{f}nbcf {ef fdybmbjb{r l` {}dkbch dck {ef cffk l} dkovy{nfc{ {l {ef {}dkbch tvdc{b{r
bc ilcybkf}d{blc l` d cvnmf} l` `di{l}y? {ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj bnqdi{ l` {ef {}dkbch
ybnvjd{fk mr {ef {}dkbch qjd{`l}n* {ef }ftvb}fnfc{ l` {ef {l{dj kbyied}hf ilc{}lj
qljbir* y{d{vy l` nff{bch {ef kbyied}hf dmd{fnfc{ {d}hf{* {ef yid}ib{r l` {ef
fcpb}lcnfc{dj }fylv}ify* {ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj yfcyb{bpb{r l` {ef }fhblc* {ef dpf}dhf
ylibdj ily{ l` qljjv{blc dmd{fnfc{* y{}vi{v}dj dkovy{nfc{ qljbir dck {ef jfpfj l`
filclnbi kfpfjlqnfc{#
[}dkbch yelvjk mf q}lebmb{fk xefc dcr l` {ef `ljjlxbch yb{vd{blcy by dc{bibqd{fk?
b" [}dkbch xlvjk jfdk {l fuiffkbch {ef dyybnbjd{bpf idqdib{r l` {ef xd{f}
mlkr l} mlkbfy7
bb" [}dkbch xlvjk }fyvj{ bc i}lyy.ilc{dnbcd{blc7bbb" [}dkbch xlvjk idvyf ybhcb`bidc{ filjlhbidj dck fcpb}lcnfc{dj bnqdi{y#
D`{f} {ef tvdjb`bid{blcy l` {ef {}dkbch qd}{bfy dck {ef `fdybjb{r l` {ef {}dkbch d}f
pf}b`bfk* {ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj bnqdi{ l` {ef {}dkbch idc {efc mf ybnvjd{fk mr vyf l` dc
bc{fh}d{fk ybnvjd{blc nlkfjjbch yry{fn {ed{ bcijvkfy HBY* kbyqf}yblc nlkfj dck
{lubib{r {fy{# [ef ybnvjd{blc }fyvj{y xbjj {efc mf ilnmbcfk xb{e {ef filclnbi mfcf`b{y
l` {ef {}dkbch dck {ef }fyvj{y l` nvj{bqjf {}dkbch kfdjy* bc l}kf} {l lm{dbc dc lpf}djj
qbi{v}f l` {ef {}dkbch dck {l q}lpbkf bc`l}nd{blc `l} kfibyblc ndgbch mr {ef
yvqf}pbyl}r dhfcir#
K" ]fhby{f}bch [}dcydi{blc dck Iedchf bc Lxcf}yebq
D`{f} {ef dqqjbid{blc by pf}b`bfk* {ef {}dkbch qd}{bfy xbjj ilnqjf{f {ef {}dcydi{blc dck
yf{{jfnfc{ bc diil}kdcif {l {ef q}bl}.cfhl{bd{fk {}dkbch ilc{}di{# [ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj
q}l{fi{blc dv{el}b{r xbjj {efc vqkd{f {ef kd{dmdyf bc {ef qjd{`l}n diil}kbch {l {ef
{}dkbch ilc{}di{* dck nlcb{l} {ef kbyied}hfy l` {ef {xl {}dkbch fc{f}q}byfy# Vqlc
ilnqjf{blc l` {ef {}dkbch* {ef {xl {}dkbch qd}{bfy xbjj }fhby{f} xb{e {ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj
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q}l{fi{blc dv{el}b{r {ef iedchf l` lxcf}yebq# [ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc dv{el}b{r
xbjj vyf {ef kbyied}hf }bhe{y nlcb{l}bch yry{fn {l yvqf}pbyf {ef bnqjfnfc{d{blc l`
{ef {}dkbch ilc{}di{#
F" [f}nbcd{blc l` [}dkbch Ilc{}di{
[ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc dv{el}b{r idc {f}nbcd{f dc lc.hlbch ilc{}di{ vckf}
bnqjfnfc{d{blc b` {ef {}dkbch by ilc`b}nfk {l idvyf ybhcb`bidc{ filjlhbidj dck
fcpb}lcnfc{dj bnqdi{# [ef {}dkbch qd}{bfy xbjj mf l}kf}fk {l qdr `bcdcibdj
ilnqfcyd{blc dck {dgf }fnfkbdj di{blcy#
[ef {}dkbch qd}{bfy yelvjk {ef ilc{}di{ b` dc fcpb}lcnfc{dj diibkfc{ xlvjk liiv}*
dckc xdb{ l} {ef kfibyblc l` {ef jlidj }fyqlcybmjf fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc dv{el}b{r#
6#9#= Ndcdhfnfc{ l` Kbyied}hf [}dkbch Nd}gf{
D" Nd}gf{ Fc{}r dck Fub{
Vcjbgf dc l}kbcd}r nd}gf{* {ef kbyied}hf {}dkbch nd}gf{ klfy cl{ djjlx `}ff fc{}r
dck fub{# [ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc dv{el}b{r xbjj ilckvi{ d q}bl} }fpbfx {ef
tvdjb`bid{blcy l` {ef q}lyqfi{bpf {}dkf}y#
Fc{}r ]ftvb}fnfc{y? [ef {f}ny dck ilckb{blc `l} fc{}r bc{l {ef kbyied}hf {}dkbch
nd}gf{ yelvjk mf mdyfk lc {ef q}bcibqjf l` nd}gf{ ilnqf{b{blc* `vjj `}ffkln l`
{}dkbch* jd}hf cvnmf} l` qd}{bibqd{bch fc{f}q}byfy dck nff{bch {ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj
tvdjb{r {d}hf{y#
@b}y{* {ef nd}gf{ yelvjk bcijvkf dy ndcr fc{f}q}byfy dy qlyybmjf# Yfilck* dcr
jfhdjjr }fhby{f}fk fc{f}q}byf idc fc{f} {ef nd}gf{* mv{ {ef {f}ny l` fc{}r xbjj kb``f}# D
qljjv{f} yelvjk qlyyfyy d pdjbk kbyied}hf qf}nb{ {l mf djjlxfk bc{l {ef nd}gf{#
Fc{f}q}byfy l} bckbpbkvdjy* b` cl{ d qljjv{blc ylv}if* idc djyl mf djjlxfk bc{l {ef
nd}gf{ mv{ xb{e if}{dbc }fy{}bi{blcy# [eb}k* dcr qd}{bibqdc{ yelvjk mf ilnnb{{fk {l
ilnqjr xb{e {ef {}dkbch ndcdhfnfc{ hvbkfjbcf# [ef fc{f}q}byf yelvjk yvmnb{ {l {ef
fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc dv{el}b{r {ef }ftvb}fk bc`l}nd{blc* bcijvkbch* dnlch l{ef}
{ebchy* q}lkvi{blc dck lqf}d{blc* qljjv{blc ilc{}lj `dibjb{bfy dck y{d{vy l` lqf}d{blc*
qljjv{dc{ kbyied}hfy dck kbyied}hf {}dkbch tvl{dy# [ef fc{f}q}byf yelvjk nff{ {ef
dqqjbidmjf kbyied}hf y{dckd}ky#
Fub{ ]ftvb}fnfc{y? Fub{ idc mf pljvc{d}r dck bcpljvc{d}r# Dc fc{f}q}byf edy {ef
`}ffkln {l fc{f} dck fub{* dck d{ {ef ydnf {bnf* {ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc
dhfcir edy {ef dv{el}b{r {l fuqfj d pbljd{bch fc{f}q}byf `}ln {ef {}dkbch nd}gf{#
Pljvc{d}r fub{ xbjj liiv} b` {ef fc{f}q}byf iedchfy q}lkvi{y* ifdyfy q}lkvi{blc dck
ijlyfy klxc# [ef }fndbcbch }bhe{y idc mf yljk d{ {ef {}dkbch nd}gf{ l} {l
fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc dv{el}b{r# Bcpljvc{d}r fub{ xbjj {dgf qjdif dck {ef }bhe{y xbjj
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mf mlvhe{ mdig mr {ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc dv{el}b{r b` {ef fc{f}q}byf by `lvck {l
edpf ilnnnb{{fk d `}dvk#
M" Tvl{d [}digbch
Tvl{d {}digbch by dc bnql}{dc{ ilnqlcfc{ l` {ef kbyied}hf {}dkbch yry{fn# [ef{}digbch yry{fn }fil}ky {ef ditvbyb{blc* ydjf dck {}dcy{f} l` {ef kbyied}hf }bhe{y* {ef
y{d{vy l` nff{bch qljjv{blc dmd{fnfc{ {d}hf{ l` {ef fc{f}q}byf* djjlid{fk kbyied}hf
tvl{d* fd}cbchy }ln ydjfy dck dvi{blc dck }fndbcbch kbyied}hf tvl{d# [ef qv}qlyf
by {l q}lpbkf `l} dv{lnd{fk* f``fi{bpf nlcb{l}bch l` {ef {}dkbchy# [ef fc{f}q}byf idc
{}dig b{y {}dcydi{blcy dck {ef tvl{d eljkbchy# [ef fcpb}lcnfc{dj dv{el}b{r idc gffq
{bnfjr {}dig l` {ef nd}gf{* dck qvmjbye jdxy* qljbibfy* ndcdhfnfc{ hvbkfjbcfy dck
{}dkbch }vjfy# [ef {}digbch xbjj ilpf}? {l{dj tvl{d* lv{y{dckbch tvl{d bc fdie {}dkbch
diilvc{* {}dkfk tvl{d* dkovy{fk tvl{d dck {}dcydi{blcy#
[ef y{}vi{v}f l` {ef tvl{d {}digbch yry{fn by q}fyfc{fk bc @bhv}f 6.;#
@bhv}f 6.;? Y{}iv{v}f l` Tvl{d [}digbch Yry{fn
Fy{dmjbyebch {ef [}dkbch Diilvc{? D`{f} {ef {}dkbch ndcdhfnfc{ dv{el}b{r edy
pf}b`bfk {ef {}dkbch dqqjbid{blc l` {ef fc{f}q}byf* d {}dkbch diilvc{ xbjj mf lqfcfk bc
Fy{dmjbyebch [}dkbchDiilvc{
Fc{f}q}byf
Yvmnb{ [}dkbchDqqjbid{blc
Pf}brbch [}dkbchTvdjb bid{blcy
[}dcyf} Tvl{d
Pf}br Tvl{d
[db Jdgf Mdybc
Qljjv{dc{ Kbyied}hf
[}dkbch Ifc{f}
Bcb{bdj Tvl{dDjjlid{blc
[}dkfkTvl{d
Tvl{dKfkvi{blc
Tvl{d
[}dkbch
Yry{fn
Di{vdjKbyied}hf
Fcpb}lc#[d}hf{
JlidjFQM
]fndbcbchTvl{d
Yv}qjvy
Tvl{d
Bcdkftvd{f
Tvl{d
[rqf l Tvl{d Ylv}if l Tvl{dLqf}d{bch
Dhfcir
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{ef tvl{d {}digbch yry{fn#
[}dkbch Ndcdhfnfc{? [ef {}dkbch fc{b{r ndr mf dc fc{f}q}byf* ylibdj l}hdcbzd{blc l}
bckbpbkvdj# [ef fc{f}q}byf idc mvr* yfjj l} {}dcy`f} {ef kbyied}hf }bhe{y# [ef
}fq}fyfc{d{bpfy l` {ef {xl {}dkbch qd}{bfy yelvjk yvmnb{ d {}dkbch dqqjbid{blc {l {ef
FQM# Lcif {ef FQM ilc`b}ny {ef {}dkbch tvdjb`bid{blcy* {ef {}dkfk tvl{d xbjj mf{}dcy`f}}fk `}ln {ef yfjjf}‒y diilvc{ {l {ef mvrf}‒y diilvc{# [ef {}dkbch qd}{bfy xbjj
mf bc`l}nfk l` {ef {}dcydi{blc# [ef {}dcydi{blc mf{xffc {ef {xl diilvc{y xbjj mf
}fil}kfk bc {ef {}digbch yry{fn# [ef pf}b`bid{blc yry{fn xbjj bcyqfi{ b` {ef {}dkbch
diilvc{ edy dkftvd{f tvl{d {l ilnqjf{f {ef {}dkbch#
[}dkbch [bnf dck @l}nd{? [ef yfjjf} dck mvrf} idc yvmnb{ {ef {}dkbch dqqjbid{blc d{
dcr {bnf# [ef FQM xbjj }fpbfx dck ilc`b}n {ef {}dkbch tvdjb`bid{blcy xb{ebc d
yqfib`bfk qf}blk* dck dqq}lpf dck }fil}k {ef {}dkbch# [ef {}dkbch yry{fn xbjj cffk {l
vckf}hl dc bcb{bdj qf}blk l` {}bdj }vc# Lcif {ef yry{fn mfilnfy `vjjr lqf}d{blcdj*
{}dkbch idc mf ilnqjf{fk }fdj{bnf pbd {ef bc{f}cf{#
Kfpfjlqnfc{ l` Tvl{d [}dkbch Yry{fn? [ef {}digbch yry{fn xbjj mf kfpfjlqfk {l
nlcb{l} {ef tvl{dy bcpljpbch djj l` {ef qljjv{blc ylv}ify# [ef yry{fn yelvjk mf dmjf
{l diilnnlkd{f {ef h}dkvdj fuqdcyblc l` {ef {}dkbch {d}hf{y dck yilqf# B{ yelvjk mf
kfbyhcfk `l} {}dcyqd}fcir dck bc`l}nd{blc yed}bch pbd {ef bc{f}cf{#
6#9#9 Kfpfjlqnfc{ l` {ef [}dkbch Qjd{`l}n
[ef kbyied}hf }bhe{y {}dkbch qjd{`l}n ilcyby{y l` ed}kxd}f dck yl`{xd}f# [ef
yl`{xd}f y{}vi{v}f %@bhv}f 6.6" by m}bf`jr kbyivyyfk ef}f* xb{e fnqedyby lc {ef
yvqf}pbyblc ilnqlcfc{ dck {ef mdyfjbcf kd{d ndcdhfnfc{ ilnqlcfc{#
@bhv}f 6.6? Mdybi Y{}vi{v}f l` {ef [}dkbch Yry{fn
Mdybi Kd{dmdyf
Kd{f Ditvby# Yry{fn Kd{d Y{l}dhf Yry{fn
Kfibyblc Yvqql}{ Yry{fn
Bcl}nd{blc Kbyyfnbcd{blc Yry{fnQljbir ]fhvjd{l}r Dyyv}dcif Yry{fn
[}dkbch Dqq}lpdj Yry{fn Dcdjr{bidj [lljgb{
Kbyied}hf [}dkbch Qjd{l}n
Yf}pf} Yxb{iemld}k
Kd{fmdyfYf}pf}
XfmYf}pf}
[f}nbcdj
Yvqf}pbylc Nh{ Yry{fnKbyied}hf [}dkbch Yry{fn
Lcjbcf Nlcb{l}bchYry{fn
Pf}b bid{blcYry{fn
Tvl{d [}digbch Yry{fn
Kbyied}hf ]bhe{y Bcb{bdj Djjlid{blc Yry{fn
Q}bibch Yry{fn [}dkch Nh{ Yry{fn
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lxc kd{d {l {ef yry{fn dck bctvb}f {ef mdybi kd{d dck nlcb{l}bch kd{d dmlv{ {ef
}fyqfi{bpf {}dkbch qd}{bfy#
Lcif d {}dkbch by ilnqjf{fk* {ef {}dkbch kd{d yelvjk mf qvmjbyefk {l {ef qvmjbi* dck
d qvmjbi yvqf}pbyblc nfiedcbyn yelvjk mf fy{dmjbyefk# [ef qvmjbi edpf {ef }bhe{ {l
lm{dbc bc`l}nd{blc lc {ef kbyied}hfy l` {ef {}dkbch fc{f}q}byfy#
6#9#; Kfybhc l` Dc{bil}}vq{blc Qljbir dck Nfiedcbyn
Dy fd}jr dy 4229* {ef }fql}{ l` {ef ]lnf Ijvm bkfc{b`bfk qljb{bidj il}}vq{blc dck
fcpb}lcnfc{dj qljjv{blc dy {xl l` {ef nly{ ybhcb`bidc{ iedjjfchfy l` {ef =4y{ ifc{v}r#
Bc b{y =115 hjlmdj il}}vq{blc }fql}{* [}dcyqd}fcir Bc{f}cd{blcdj qlbc{y lv{ {ed{
il}}vq{blc bc xd{f} }fylv}if ndcdhfnfc{ xfdgfcy {ef yvy{dbcdmbjb{r l` xd{f}
}fylv}if yvqqjr* dck fudif}md{fy {ef vc`db} djjlid{blc l` xd{f} }fylv}ify# [eby
jfdky {l qljb{bidj ilc`jbi{y dck diifjf}d{fk filjlhbidj kfh}dkd{blc# Cl ilvc{}r idc mf
`}ff l` il}}vq{blc bc xd{f} }fylv}ify# Bc Iebcd* il}}vq{blc edy xfdgfcfk {ef
fc`l}ifnfc{ l` fcpb}lcnfc{dj jdxy dck }fhvjd{blcy# Bc kfpfjlqfk ilvc{}bfy* xd{f}
yvqqjr q}lofi{y d}f djyl `vjj l` q}bif nlclqljr* iljjvybpf {fckf}bch dck l{ef}
il}}vq{bpf mfedplb}#
Kbyied}hf {}dkbch by ilcybkf}fk dc filclnbi bcy{}vnfc{ `l} }fkvibch il}}vq{blc bc
{ef `bfjk l` fcpb}lcnfc{dj q}l{fi{blc# Elxfpf}* {ef}f d}f }bygy l` il}}vq{blc bc
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