Post on 23-Oct-2021
MARINE
SCIENCE
Monday
19 Sep 2016
Entry Task
Change of seating for some.
What is marine science?
Agenda
Housekeeping
History of Marine Science
Housekeeping
Guest Teacher on Thursday, 22 Sep.
History
When do you think people first started learning about
marine life?
• From the moment they saw the ocean.
History
Archeologists have discovered piles of shells, the remains
of ancient “clambakes”
They have also discovered harpoons & simple hooks of
bone & shell dating back to 5000 B.C.
Through experience people learned
Which food was good & which were bad.
History
Phoenicians:
• First to accomplish Western
navigation
• 2000 B.C. they were sailing the
Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea,
eastern Atlantic Ocean, &
Indian Ocean.
• 1938 - 1756 B.C. they built the
canal, the Isthmus of Suez, to
navigate ships across land.
History
Greeks:
• First used mathematical principles and sophisticated maps
for seafaring.
• Eratosthenes (264-194 B.C.) mathematically calculated the
circumference of the Earth at 40,000 km (actual 40,032 km).
• Aristotle (4th Century B.C.) considered by many to be the
first marine biologist (describe marine life).
• Pytheas (Geographer) noted that he could predict the tides in
the Atlantic based on the phases of the moon.
History
Vikings:
• Crossed the North Atlantic to
colonize Iceland, Greenland, &
Newfoundland in 900 A.D.
• Leif Eriksson (995 A.D.) discovered
Vinland, now called North America.
History
Arabs:
• Traders actively voyaged to eastern Africa, southeastern
Asia, & India during the middle ages (1000 A.D.).
• Learned about wind and current
patterns, including strong winds
that reverse direction with the
seasons.
• They are believed to have
invented the lateen sail
(triangular sail). http://exhibitions.nypl.org/africansindianocean/essay-arabian-peninsula.php
History
Chinese:
• Responsible for inventing the magnetic compass.
• Developed central rudders & watertight compartments.
More History
Individuals:
1492 A.D. - Christopher Columbus rediscovered New World.
1519 A.D. - Ferdinand Magellan
• Circumnavigated globe (accurate maps!)
• He actually died before the journey was
finished, but his crew returned in 1522.
More History
1728 A.D. - John Harrison
• Developed the first chronometer (spring run timepiece
allowing longitude to be known)..
1762 A.D. - Benjamin Franklin (American)
• Created chart of the Gulf Stream.
• The Gulf Stream gives the eastern
U.S. its warm climate, bringing
warm water north from the equator.
1786 A.D. - James Cook (British Royal Navy)
• Made numerous scientific observations.
• Considered the first marine scientist.
More History (cont.)
1831 A.D. - Charles Darwin
• Known for “natural selection,”
• Also described how atolls are formed!
1838 A.D. - Charles Wilkes
• charted 1500 miles of coastline & collected
10,000 specimens (2000 new).
• First effort sponsored by U. S. government!
1840 A.D. - Mathew Maury (U.S. Navy)
• Father of Oceanography, published “The Physical Geography
of the Sea.”
• Through sounding discovered the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
More History (cont.)
1840 A.D. - Edward Forbes
• Sea floor dredging (discovered new organisms).
• Led the way for the Challenger expedition.
MARINE
SCIENCE
Tuesday
20 Sep 2016
Entry Task
Who was the researcher that led the way for the HMS
Challenger expedition?
Agenda
Housekeeping
Research Vessels
Marine Laboratories
Housekeeping
Guest Teacher on Thursday, 22 Sep.
Quiz 1 on Friday, 23 Sep.
• 1 handwritten 3x5 card for quiz.
HMS Challenger
1872-1876 Charles Wyville Thomson & John Murray
• HMS Challenger expedition.
• First pure oceanographic investigation that
stimulated the science of marine biology.
• Expedition lasted 1,000 days and covered
more than 68,000 nautical miles.
• Discovered 4,727 new species, tested water, made
soundings, 151 trawls, currents, meteorology, sediments, &
charted reefs.
• Compiled a 50 volume set of information still used today.
• Discovered the world’s deepest ocean trench, the Marianas
Trench, sometimes called the Challenger Deep.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_expedition
Challenger Map
Research Vessels
1895 - Fridtjof Nansen
• Studied the polar oceans aboard the
Fram (ship built to withstand crushing
ice).
1898 - John Holland
• Invented the 1st gas engine/battery
powered submarine.
Research Vessels
1925 - German Meteor Expedition
• Use of echo sounding (depth and contour) discovered the
ocean floor was rugged, not flat as previously thought.
• South Atlantic to the Antarctic.
1943 - Jacque Cousteau & Emil Gagnan
• Invented the “aqualung.”
http://otlibrary.com/invention-of-the-aqua-lung/
Research Vessels
1960 - Jacque Piccard & Don Walsch
• U.S. Trieste bathyscaphe (small submarine).
• Descended 35,801 ft. into the deepest
part of the ocean, the Marianas trench.
• NO ONE HAS BEEN BACK SINCE!
Research Vessels
1962 - The Alvin
• Designed by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute
• First deep sea submersible with mechanical arms
• In 1966 helped to locate an H-bomb that was lost in the
Mediterranean Sea.
• In 1979 discovered black smokers on the sea floor.
http://www.scienceinthenews.org.uk/contents/?article=69
http://www.whoi.edu/cms/images/dfino/2006/3/alvinhistory_21887.jpg
Research Vessels
1968 - The Glomar Challenger
• Confirmed evidence of seafloor spreading & plate tectonics
from core drilling samples.
Research Vessels
1989 - Japan launched the Shinkai 6500
• Carried a crew without a tether (rope) up to 21,414 ft deep
into the ocean (a world record).
2006 - Chinese mineral company (COMRA) designed a craft to
reach 23,000 ft.
Marine Labs
Before the Challenger set off; biologists were excited about the
organisms brought back; however, …
• There was only a limited amount of room on oceanographic
vessels.
• Living specimens were essential to the study of biology, but
ships stayed in one place for short periods of time.
Where else were marine biologists able to study marine
organisms?
• Seashores
Marine Labs
Biologists began conducting studies along the seashore.
• Among the first of these were Frenchmen, Henri Milne
Edwards & Victor Andouin (1862).
Seashore excursions allowed for the study of live organisms, &
so permanent laboratory dedicated to marine life were
established.
Marine Labs
1872 - The first marine laboratory was the Stazione Zoological.
• Founded in Naples, Italy.
• The same year the HMS Challenger embarked.
1879 - The laboratory of the Marine Biological Society of the
United Kingdom.
• Founded at Plymouth, England.
1888 - Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole.
• At Woods Hole, MA
• The first major American marine laboratory.
Marine Labs
After these early beginnings, other marine laboratories were
established.
Among the earliest in the U.S. were:
• Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, CA.
• Scripps Institute of Oceanography in La Jolla, CA.
• Friday Harbor Marine Laboratories in Friday Harbor, WA.
Many marine laboratories appeared around the world & were
vital to the growth of marine biology.
Marine Technology
What type of human endeavor leads to technological
advancement?
• War
The onset of World War II had a major effect on the
development of marine biology. Why?
• Sonar or sound navigation ranging was developed in
response to submarine warfare.
• Marine animals use this same technique & marine biology
became a matter of national security.
Marine Technology
The years immediately after WWII saw refinement of the first
really practical SCUBA (Self Contained Underwater Breathing
Apparatus).
• Jacques Cousteau & Emil Gagnan modified the apparatus to
breathe compressed air underwater.
• For the first time marine biologists were able to descend
below the surface of the water to observe marine organisms
in their natural environment.
MARINE
SCIENCE
Wednesday
21 Sep 2016
Entry Task
What was the first marine research laboratory established in the
United States?
• Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole at Woods Hole,
MA.
What early marine research laboratory is located in our very own
Washington state?
• Friday Harbor Marine Laboratories in Friday Harbor, WA.
Agenda
Housekeeping
Marine Technology
Video (Ocean Exploration)
Housekeeping
Guest teacher on tomorrow, 22 Sep.
• Video w/ question worksheet.
Quiz 1 on Friday, 23 Sep.
• 1 handwritten 3x5 card for quiz.
Marine Technology
Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs).
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/rov-remotely-operated-underwater-vehicle-esam-sayed
Marine Technology
Undersea Labs:
Ocean Exploration Video
“Bill Nye the Science Guy S05E09 Ocean Exploration”
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uc6fx4aRgMw
MARINE
SCIENCE
Thursday
22 Sep 2016
Guest Teacher
“Deep Sea Exploration Documentary - World Documentary
HD”
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdLs1wlx4Bc
Question worksheet is to be completed as you watch the
video.
Note: The question worksheet will be located on my
webpage at Marine Science/Quarter 1/Assignments
MARINE
SCIENCE
Friday
23 Sep 2016
Entry Task
Take the next few minutes to review your notes or complete
your 3x5 card if necessary.
Quiz 1
Place everything on the floor or on counters along wall.
Remember…
• No talking.
• Keep your eyes on your own paper.
• NO electronics.
When you are finished…
• Check to make sure you thoroughly answered all questions.
• Staple your 3x5 Card to the back of your quiz.
• Place your paper on the front table & return to your seat.
• Read or complete an assignment from another class
Agenda
Housekeeping
Video
Housekeeping
Notebook check on Monday, 26 Sep.
Next week:
• Basic Oceanography
• Lab (seawater)
Oceanography
Ocean zonation introduction.
“Ocean Zones”:
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_ovIurOvZU