Post on 18-Dec-2015
description
MapInfo ProVersion 12.5.1
User Guide
BElements of a CoordinateSystem
In this section:
Projections and Their Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .428 For More Information on Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .445
Projections and Their ParametersThe next tables indicate the parameters applicable to each projection, which are listed in the order theyappear in the relevant coordinate system lines in the MAPINFOW.PRJ file (the first table lists the first sixparameters and the second table lists the next six parameters). The projection type is the equation orequations used by a coordinate system. The following list names the projections MapInfo uses and givesthe number used to identify the projection in the MAPINFOW.PRJ file:
StandardParallel 1
Origin,Latitude
Origin,Longitude
UnitsDatumProjectionType
ProjectionName
XXXXX9AlbersEqual-AreaConic
X *XXX28AzimuthalEquidistant
XXXX5AzimuthalEquidistant(polaraspect only)
XXXX30Cassini-Soldner
XXXX2CylindricalEqual Area
XXXX31DoubleStereographic
XXX14Eckert IV
XXX15Eckert VI
XXXXX6EquidistantConic
XXXX33EquidistantCylindrical
XXXX34ExtendedTransverseMercator
XXX17Gall
XXXX7HotineObliqueMercator
XXXXX32KrovakObliqueConformalConic(JTSKc)
MapInfo Pro 12.5.1428
Projections and Their Parameters
StandardParallel 1
Origin,Latitude
Origin,Longitude
UnitsDatumProjectionType
ProjectionName
X XXX29LambertAzimuthalEqual-Area
X XXX4LambertAzimuthalEqual-Area(polaraspect only)
XXXXX3LambertConformalConic
XXXXX19LambertConformalConic(Modifiedfor Belgium1972)
X1Longitude-Latitude
XXX10Mercator
XXX11Miller
XXX13Mollweide
XXXX18NewZealandMap Grid
XXXX27Polyconic
XXXX26RegionalMercator
XXX12Robinson
XXX16Sinusoidal
XXXX20Stereographic
XXXX25SwissObliqueMercator
XXXX8TransverseMercator
XXXX21TranverseMercator,(Modifiedfor Danish
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StandardParallel 1
Origin,Latitude
Origin,Longitude
UnitsDatumProjectionType
ProjectionName
System 34Jylland-Fyn)
XXXX22TranverseMercator,(Modifiedfor DanishSystem 34Sjaelland)
XXXX23TranverseMercator,(Modifiedfor DanishSystem 34/45Bornholm)
XXXX24TranverseMercator,(Modifiedfor FinnishKKJ)
The following table is a continuation of the previous list.
RangeFalseNorthing
FalseEasting
Scale FactorAzimuthStandardParallel 2
ProjectionName
XXXAlbersEqual-AreaConic
XAzimuthalEquidistant
XAzimuthalEquidistant(polar aspectonly)
XXCassini-Soldner
CylindricalEqual Area
XXXDoubleStereographic
Eckert IV
Eckert VI
MapInfo Pro 12.5.1430
Projections and Their Parameters
RangeFalseNorthing
FalseEasting
Scale FactorAzimuthStandardParallel 2
ProjectionName
XXXEquidistantConic
XXEquidistantCylindrical
XXXExtendedTransverseMercator
Gall
XXXXHotineObliqueMercator
XXXKrovakObliqueConformalConic(JTSKc)
XLambertAzimuthalEqual-Area
XLambertAzimuthalEqual-Area(polaraspect only)
XXXLambertConformalConic
XXXLambertConformalConic(Modifiedfor Belgium1972)
Longitude-Latitude
Mercator
Miller
Mollweide
XXNewZealandMap Grid
XXPolyconic
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Appendix B: Elements of a Coordinate System
RangeFalseNorthing
FalseEasting
Scale FactorAzimuthStandardParallel 2
ProjectionName
RegionalMercator
Robinson
Sinusoidal
XXXStereographic
XXSwissObliqueMercator
XXXTransverseMercator
XXXTranverseMercator,(Modifiedfor DanishSystem 34Jylland-Fyn)
XXXTranverseMercator,(Modifiedfor DanishSystem 34Sjaelland)
XXXTranverseMercator,(Modifiedfor DanishSystem 34/45Bornholm)
XXXTranverseMercator,(Modifiedfor FinnishKKJ)
The Origin Latitude for the Azimuthal Equidistant projections must be either 90 or -90. An ObliqueAzimuthal Equidistant projection supports all Origin Latitudes, including the poles. A Lambert AzimuthalEqual-Area projection has been added that also supports all Origin Latitudes, including the poles.
Projection Types List
The projection type is the equation or equations used by a coordinate system. The following list namesthe projections MapInfo Pro uses and gives the number used to identify the projection in theMAPINFOW.PRJ file:
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Projections and Their Parameters
Projection TypeNumber
Albers Equal-Area Conic9
Azimuthal Equidistant (all origin latitudes)28
Azimuthal Equidistant (polar aspect only)5
Cassini-Soldner30
Cylindrical Equal-Area2
Double Stereographic31
Eckert IV14
Eckert VI15
Equidistant Conic, also known as Simple Conic6
Equidistant Cylindrical33
Extended Transverse Mercator34
Gall17
Hotine Oblique Mercator7
Krovak Oblique Conformal Conic (JTSKc)32
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area (polar aspect only)4
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area29
Lambert Conformal Conic3
Lambert Conformal Conic (modified for Belgium 1972)19
Longitude/Latitude1
Mercator10
Miller Cylindrical11
Mollweide13
New Zealand Map Grid18
Polyconic27
Regional Mercator26
Robinson12
Sinusoidal16
Stereographic20
Swiss Oblique Mercator25
Transverse Mercator, (also known as Gauss-Kruger)8
Transverse Mercator, (modified for Danish System 34 Jylland-Fyn)21
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Appendix B: Elements of a Coordinate System
Projection TypeNumber
Transverse Mercator, (modified for Danish System 34 Sjaelland)22
Transverse Mercator, (modified for Danish System 34/45 Bornholm)23
Transverse Mercator, (modified for Finnish KKJ)24
Projection numbers in the MAPINFOW.PRJ may be modified by the addition of a constant value to thebase number listed in the Projection table, above. Valid values and their meanings are in the next table:
ParametersMeaningConstant
Affine units specifier and coefficientsappear after the regular parameters forthe system.
System has affine transformations1000
Bounds appear after the regularparameters for the system.
System has explicit bounds2000
Affine parameters follow system'sparameters; bounds follow affineparameters.
System with both affine and bounds3000
Example:
Assume you want to work with a simple system based on the Transverse Mercator projection and usingthe NAD 1983 datum. You might have a line such as the following in your MAPINFOW.PRJ file:
"UTM Zone 1 (NAD 83)", 8, 74, 7, -177, 0, 0.9996, 500000, 0
Now let us say that you want a system based on this, but with an affine transformation specified by thefollowing parameters (see Affine Transformations in the Help System: Units=meters; A=0.5; B=-0.866;C=0; D=0.866; E=0.5; and F=0. The required line in the MAPINFOW.PRJ file is:
"UTM Zone 1 (NAD 83) - rotated 60 degrees", 1008, 74, 7, -177, 0, 0.9996, 500000, 0, 7, 0.5, -0.866, 0,0.866, 0.5, 0
Alternatively, if you want to bound the system to (x1, y1, x2, y2)=(-500000, 0, 500000, 1000000), therequired line is:
"UTM Zone 1 (NAD 83) - bounded", 2008, 74, 7, -177, 0, 0.9996, 500000, 0, -500000, 0, 500000, 1000000
To customize the system using both of these modifications, the line is:
"UTM Zone 1 (NAD 83) - rotated and bounded", 3008, 74, 7, -177, 0, 0.9996, 500000, 0, 7, 0.5, -0.866,0, 0.866, 0.5, 0, -500000, 0, 500000, 1000000
Projection Datums
The datum is established by tying a reference ellipsoid to a particular point on the earth. The followingtable lists these details for each datum.
The number used to identify the datum in the MAPINFOW.PRJ file. The datum's name The maps for which the datum is typically used The datum's reference ellipsoid
MapInfo Pro 12.5.1434
Projections and Their Parameters
EllipsoidArea of CoverageDatum NameNumber
Clarke 1880Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal,Sudan
Adindan1
KrassovskySomaliaAfgooye2
Australian NationalAustralia, A.C.T.AGD 66, 7 parameter1007
Australian NationalAustralia, TasmaniaAGD 66, 7 parameter1008
Australian NationalAustralia, Victoria/NSWAGD 66, 7 parameter1009
Australian NationalAustraliaAGD 84, 7 parameter1006
InternationalBahrain IslandAin el Abd 19703
Clarke 1866American Samoa IslandsAmerican Samoa118
Australian NationalCocos IslandsAnna 1 Astro 19654
Clarke 1880Antigua, Leeward IslandsAntigua Island Astro 1943119
Clarke 1880Botswana, Lesotho,Malawi,Swaziland, Zaire, Zambia,Zimbabwe
Arc 19505
Clarke 1880Kenya, TanzaniaArc 19606
InternationalAscension IslandAscension Island 19587
InternationalTern IslandAstro B4 Sorol Atoll9
InternationalIwo Jima IslandAstro Beacon "E"8
InternationalSt. Helena IslandAstro DOS 71/410
InternationalMarcus IslandAstronomic Station 195211
Australian NationalAustralia and TasmaniaIsland
Australian Geodetic 1966(AGD 66)
12
Australian NationalAustralia and TasmaniaIsland
Australian Geodetic 1984(AGD 84)
13
Clarke 1880DjiboutiAyabelle Lighthouse120
Krassovsky (#3)ChinaBeijing 1954154
International 1924BelgiumBelgian 1972 (7parameters)
1019
InternationalBelgiumBelgium110
InternationalEfate and ErromangoIslands
Bellevue (IGN)14
Clarke 1866Bermuda IslandsBermuda 195715
InternationalColombiaBogota Observatory16
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EllipsoidArea of CoverageDatum NameNumber
Bessel 1841Bangka and BelitungIslands (Indonesia)
Bukit Rimpah121
InternationalArgentinaCampo Inchauspe17
InternationalPhoenix IslandsCanton Astro 196618
Clarke 1880South AfricaCape19
Clarke 1866Florida and Bahama IslandsCape Canaveral20
WGS 84South AfricaCape, 7 parameter1005
Clarke 1880TunisiaCarthage21
BesselSwitzerlandCH1903+ datum forSwitzerland
158
InternationalChatham Island (NewZealand)
Chatham 197122
InternationalParaguayChua Astro23
Bessel 1841EstoniaCoordinate System 1937 ofEstonia
122
InternationalBrazilCorrego Alegre24
Clarke 1880GuineaDabola123
KrassovskyRomaniaDealul Piscului 1970156
Clarke 1880Deception Island, AntarcticaDeception Island124
BesselGermanyDeutschesHauptdreicksnetz (DHDN)Potsdam/Rauenberg
1000
Bessel 1841Sumatra Island (Indonesia)Djakarta (Batavia)25
InternationalGizo Island (New GeorgiaIslands)
DOS 196826
InternationalEaster IslandEaster Island 196727
GRS 80EuropeEUREF 89115
InternationalAustria, Belgium, Denmark,Finland, France, Germany,
European 1950 (ED 50)28
Gibraltar, Greece, Italy,Luxembourg, Netherlands,Norway, Portugal, Spain,Sweden, Switzerland
InternationalAustria, Finland,Netherlands, Norway,Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
European 1979 (ED 79)29
InternationalEuropeEuropean 1987 (ED 87)108
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Projections and Their Parameters
EllipsoidArea of CoverageDatum NameNumber
Clarke 1880Nevis, St. Kitts, LeewardIslands
Fort Thomas 1955125
InternationalRepublic of MaldivesGandajika Base30
GRS 80AustraliaGDA 94116
GRS 67WorldwideGeodetic ReferenceSystem1967 (GRS 67)
32
GRS 80WorldwideGeodetic ReferenceSystem1980 (GRS 80)
33
International 1924Faial, Graciosa, Pico, SaoJorge, and Terceira Islands(Azores)
Graciosa Base SW 1948126
Clarke 1866Guam IslandGuam 196334
InternationalGuadalcanal IslandGUX 1 Astro35
WGS 84South AfricaHartbeesthoek 94150
International 1924AfghanistanHerat North127
Bessel 1841Yugoslavia (Prior to 1990),Slovenia, Croatia, Bosniaand Herzegovina, Serbia
Hermannskogel128
GRS80 (#0)HGRS87153
InternationalSouth Chile (near 53S)Hito XVIII 196336
InternationalIcelandHjorsey 195537
InternationalHong KongHong Kong 196338
GRS 80HungaryHungarian Datum of 1972(HD 72)
1004
InternationalTaiwanHu-Tzu-Shan39
Everest (India 1830)Thailand and VietnamIndian40
Everest (India 1830)Bangladesh, India, NepalIndian41
Everest (Pakistan)PakistanIndian129
Everest (India 1830)ThailandIndian 1954130
Everest (India 1830)VietnamIndian 1960131
Everest (India 1830)ThailandIndian 1975132
Indonesian 1974IndonesiaIndonesian 1974133
Modified AiryIrelandIreland 196542
International 1924South Georgia IslandISTS 061 Astro 1968134
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EllipsoidArea of CoverageDatum NameNumber
InternationalDiego GarciaISTS 073 Astro 196943
Bessel 1841JapanJGD2000152
InternationalJohnston IslandJohnston Island 196144
Everest (India 1830)Sri LankaKandawala45
InternationalKerguelen IslandKerguelen Island46
Everest (W. Malaysia andSingapore 1948)
West Malaysia andSingapore
Kertau 194847
InternationalFinlandKKJ1016
International 1924Caroline Islands, FederatedStates of Micronesia
Kusaie Astro 1951135
Clarke 1866Cayman Brac IslandL.C. 5 Astro48
Clarke 1880GhanaLeigon136
Clarke 1880LiberiaLiberia 196449
InternationalLibyaLibya (LGD 2006)155
InternationalPortugalLisboa (DLx)113
Krassovsky (#3)Latvia, LithuaniaLithuanian Pulkovo 19421018
Clarke 1866Philippines (excludingMindanao Island)
Luzon50
Clarke 1866Mindanao IslandLuzon51
Clarke 1880GabonM'Poraloko138
Clarke 1880Mahe IslandMahe 197152
InternationalSalvage IslandsMarco Astro53
Bessel 1841Eritrea (Ethiopia)Massawa54
InternationalPortugalMelrica 1973 (D73)114
Clarke 1880MoroccoMerchich55
InternationalMidway IslandMidway Astro 196156
Clarke 1880NigeriaMinna57
Clarke 1880Montserrat, LeewardIslands
Montserrat Island Astro1958
137
Clarke 1880Masirah Island (Oman)Nahrwan58
Clarke 1880United Arab EmiratesNahrwan59
Clarke 1880Saudi ArabiaNahrwan60
InternationalTrinidad and TobagoNaparima, BWI61
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Projections and Their Parameters
EllipsoidArea of CoverageDatum NameNumber
BesselNetherlandsNetherlands109
InternationalNew ZealandNew Zealand GeodeticDatum 194, 7 parameter
1010
InternationalNew ZealandNew Zealand GeodeticDatum 1949 (NZGD 49)
31
Clarke 1866Continental U.S.North American 1927 (NAD27)
62
Clarke 1866AlaskaNorth American 1927 (NAD27)
63
Clarke 1866Bahamas (excluding SanSalvador Island)
North American 1927 (NAD27)
64
Clarke 1866San Salvador IslandNorth American 1927 (NAD27)
65
Clarke 1866Canada (includingNewfoundland Island)
North American 1927 (NAD27)
66
Clarke 1866Canal ZoneNorth American 1927 (NAD27)
67
Clarke 1866Caribbean (Turks andCaicos Islands)
North American 1927 (NAD27)
68
Clarke 1866Central America (Belize,Costa Rica, El Salvador,
North American 1927 (NAD27)
69
Guatemala, Honduras,Nicaragua)
Clarke 1866CubaNorth American 1927 (NAD27)
70
Clarke 1866Greenland (HayesPeninsula)
North American 1927 (NAD27)
71
Clarke 1866MexicoNorth American 1927 (NAD27)
72
Modified Clarke 1866Michigan (used only forState Plane CoordinateSystem 1927)
North American 1927 (NAD27)
73
GRS 80Alaska, Canada, CentralAmerica, Continental U.S.,Mexico
North American 1983 (NAD83)
74
Clarke 1880AlgeriaNorth Sahara 1959139
Clarke 1880AlgeriaNorth Sahara 7-parameter1022
Modified Clarke 1880FranceNouvelle TriangulationFrancaise (NTF) GreenwichPrime Meridian
107
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EllipsoidArea of CoverageDatum NameNumber
Modified Clarke 1880FranceNouvelle TriangulationFrancaise (NTF) ParisPrime Meridian
1002
WGS 72WorldwideNWGL 10111
GRS 80New ZealandNZGD 2000117
InternationalCorvo and Flores Islands(Azores)
Observatorio 196675
International 1924Corvo and Flores Islands(Azores)
Observatorio Meteorologico1939
140
Helmert 1906EgyptOld Egyptian76
Clarke 1866HawaiiOld Hawaiian77
Clarke 1880OmanOman78
AiryEngland, Isle of Man,Scotland, Shetland Islands,Wales
Ordnance Survey of GreatBritain 1936
79
InternationalCanary IslandsPico de las Nieves80
InternationalPitcairn IslandPitcairn Astro 196781
Clarke 1880Burkina Faso and NigerPoint 58141
Clarke 1880CongoPointe Noire 1948142
WGS 84 SphereWorldwidePopular Visualization CRS/ Mercator
157
International 1924Porto Santo and MadeirasIslands
Porto Santo 1936143
BesselGermanyPotsdam1000
InternationalBolivia, Chile, Colombia,Ecuador, Guyana, Peru,Venezuela
Provisional South American1956
82
InternationalSouth Chile (near 53S)Provisional South Chilean1963
36
Clarke 1866Puerto Rico and VirginIslands
Puerto Rico83
KrassovskyGermanyPulkovo 19421001
InternationalQatarQatar National84
InternationalSouth GreenlandQornoq85
BesselGermanyRauenberg1000
InternationalMascarene IslandReunion86
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Projections and Their Parameters
EllipsoidArea of CoverageDatum NameNumber
BesselSwedenRikets Triangulering 1990(RT 90)
112
BesselSwedenRikets Triangulering 1990(RT 90), 7 parameter
1011
InternationalSardinia IslandRome 194087
PZ90RussiaRussia PZ901012
PZ90RussiaRussia PZ901012
SK95RussiaRussia SK421013
PZ90RussiaRussia SK951014
InternationalEspirito Santo IslandSanto (DOS)88
InternationalSo Miguel, Santa MariaIslands (Azores)
So Braz89
InternationalEast Falkland IslandSapper Hill 194390
Modified Bessel 1841NamibiaSchwarzeck91
Modified BesselNamibiaSchwarzeck (updated )datum for Namibia
159
International 1924Salvage IslandsSelvagem Grande 1938144
BesselRepublic of SerbiaSerbia datum MGI 19011021
Clarke 1880Sierra LeoneSierra Leone 1960145
Bessel 1841Czech RepublicS-JTSK146
Bessel #11Czech RepublicS-JTSK (Ferro primemeridian)
1020
South American 1969Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
South American 196992
Guyana, Paraguay, Peru,Venezuela, Trinidad andTobago
Modified Fischer 1960SingaporeSouth Asia93
InternationalPorto Santo and MadeiraIslands
Southeast Base94
InternationalFaial, Graciosa, Pico, SaoJorge, Terceira Islands(Azores)
Southwest Base95
BesselSwitzerlandSwitzerland (CH 1903)1003
International 1924MadagascarTananarive Observatory1925
147
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Appendix B: Elements of a Coordinate System
EllipsoidArea of CoverageDatum NameNumber
Everest (India 1830)Brunei and East Malaysia(Sarawak and Sabah)
Timbalai 194896
Bessel 1841Japan, Korea, OkinawaTokyo97
Bessel 1841JapanTokyo971015
InternationalTristan da CunhaTristan Astro 196898
Clarke 1880Viti Levu Island (Fiji Islands)Viti Levu 191699
Clarke 1880Tunisia/AlgeriaVoirol 1874148
Clarke 1880AlgeriaVoirol 1960149
HoughMarshall IslandsWake-Eniwetok 1960100
WGS 60WorldwideWorld Geodetic System1960 (WGS 60)
101
WGS 66WorldwideWorld Geodetic System1966 (WGS 66)
102
WGS 72WorldwideWorld Geodetic System1972 (WGS 72)
103
WGS 84WorldwideWorld Geodetic System1984 (WGS 84)
104
1980ChinaXian1017
InternationalUruguayYacare105
InternationalSurinamZanderij106
Units
The following table lists the available coordinate units and the number used to identify the unit in theMAPINFOW.PRJ file:
UnitsNumber
Centimeters6
Chains31
Feet (also called International Feet)13
Inches2
Kilometers1
Links30
Meters7
Miles0
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Projections and Their Parameters
UnitsNumber
Millimeters5
Nautical Miles29
Rods32
US Survey Feet (used for 1927 State Plane)38
Yards4
1One International Foot equals exactly 30.48 cm.2One Nautical Mile equals exactly 1852 meters.3One US Survey Foot equals exactly 12/39.37 meters, or approximately 30.48006 cm.
Coordinate System Origin
The origin is the point specified in longitude and latitude from which all coordinates are referenced. It ischosen to optimize the accuracy of a particular coordinate system. As we move north from the origin, Yincreases. X increases as we move east. These coordinate values are generally called northings andeastings.
For the Transverse Mercator projection the origin's longitude defines the central meridian. In constructingthe Transverse Mercator projection a cylinder is positioned tangent to the earth. The central meridian isthe line of tangency. The scale of the projected map is true along the central meridian.
In creating a Hotine Oblique Mercator projection it is necessary to specify a great circle that is not theequator nor a meridian. MapInfo Pro does this by specifying one point on the ellipsoid and an azimuthfrom that point. That point is the origin of the coordinate system.
Standard Parallels (Conic Projections)
In conic projections a cone is passed through the earth intersecting it along two parallels of latitude.These are the standard parallels. One is to the north and one is to the south of the projection zone. Touse a single standard parallel specify that latitude twice. Both are expressed in degrees of latitude.
Oblique Azimuth (Hotine Oblique Mercator)
When specifying a great circle (Hotine Oblique Mercator) using a point and an azimuth (arc), the azimuthis called the Oblique Azimuth and is expressed in degrees.
Scale Factor (Transverse Mercator)
A scale factor is applied to cylindrical coordinates to average scale error over the central area of themap while reducing the error along the east and west boundaries. The scale factor has the effect ofrecessing the cylinder into the earth so that it has two lines of intersection. Scale is true along these linesof intersection.
You may see the scale factor expressed as a ratio, such as 1:25000. In this case it is generally calledthe scale reduction. The relationship between scale factor and scale reduction is:
scale factor = 1-scale reduction
In this case the scale factor would be 1-(1/25000) or 0.99996.
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Appendix B: Elements of a Coordinate System
False Northings and False Eastings
Calculating coordinates is easier if negative numbers are not involved. To eliminate this problem incalculating State Plane and Universal TransverseMercator coordinates, it is common to addmeasurementoffsets to the northings and eastings. These offsets are called False Northings and False Eastings. Theyare expressed in coordinate units, not degrees. (The coordinate units are specified by the Units parameter.)
Range (Azimuthal Projections)
The range specifies, in degrees, how much of the earth you are seeing. The range can be between 1and 180. When you specify 90, you see a hemisphere. When you specify 180 you see the whole earth,though much of it is very distorted.
Polyconic Projection
The following description is copied from "Map Projections - A Working Manual", USGS ProfessionalPaper 1395, by John P. Snyder.
The Polyconic projection, usually called the American Polyconic in Europe, achieved its name becausethe curvature of the circular arc for each parallel on the map is the same as it would be following theunrolling of a cone which had been wrapped around the globe tangent to the particular parallel of latitude,with the parallel traced onto the cone. Thus, there are many ("poly-") cones involved, rather than thesingle cone of each regular conic projection.
The Polyconic projection is neither equal-area nor conformal. Along the central meridian, however, it isboth distortion free and true to scale. Each parallel is true to scale, but the meridians are lengthened byvarious amounts to cross each parallel at the correct position along the parallel, so that no parallel isstandard in the sense of having conformality (or correct angles), except at the central meridian. Nearthe central meridian, distortion is extremely small.
This projection is not intended for mapping large areas. The conversion algorithms used break downwhen mapping wide longitude ranges. For example, WORLD.TAB, from the sample data shipped withMapInfo Pro, may exhibit anomalies if reprojected using Polyconic.
Equidistant Cylindrical Projection
The Equidistant Cylindrical projection (also called the Equirectangular projection, geographic projection,Plate Carre, or Carte Parallelogrammatique projection or CPP), is a very simple map projection attributedto Marinus of Tyre, who Ptolemy claims invented the projection about 100 AD.
The projection maps meridians to equally spaced vertical straight lines, and circles of latitude to evenlyspread horizontal straight lines. The projection is neither equal area nor conformal. Because of thedistortions introduced by this projection, it has little use in navigation or cadastral mapping, and finds itsmain use in thematic mapping. In particular, the Plate Carre is used often in computer applications thatprocess global maps, because of the particularly simple relationship between the position of an imagepixel on the map and its corresponding geographic location on Earth. The Plate Carre (French, for "flatsquare"), is the special case where standard parallel is zero.
The following examples are of PRJ entries for Plate Carre and Equidistant Cylindrical projection centeredat 46.5 degree Standard Parallel (used in France):
"Plate Carree WGS84", 33, 104, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0"Equidistant Cylindrical 46.5 Degree WGS84", 33, 104, 7, 0, 46.5, 0, 0
MapInfo Pro 12.5.1444
Projections and Their Parameters
For More Information on ProjectionsThe first three publications listed are relatively short pamphlets. The last two are substantial books. Wehave also given addresses and phone numbers for the American Congress of Surveying and Mapping(the pamphlets) and the U.S. Geological Survey (the books).
American Cartographic Association. Choosing a World Map-Attributes, Distortions, Classes, Aspects.Falls Church, VA: American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. Special Publication No. 2. 1988.
American Cartographic Association.Matching the Map Projection the Need. Falls Church, VA: AmericanCongress on Surveying and Mapping. Special Publication No. 3. 1991.
American Cartographic Association.Which Map is Best? Projections for World Maps. Falls Church, VA:American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. Special Publication No. 1. 1986.
John P. Snyder. Map Projections-A Working Manual.Washington: U.S. Geological Survey ProfessionalPaper 1395. 1987
John P. Snyder and Philip M. Voxland. An Album of Map Projections. Washington: U.S. GeologicalSurvey Professional Paper 1453. 1989.
Contact Information
The Department of Geography at the University of Colorado at Boulder has made available "TheGeographer's Craft" project, a website devoted to explanations of map projections, geodetic datums,and coordinate systems. It is particularly valuable because many of the explanations were presentedusing MapInfo Pro.
The materials may be used for study, research, and education. If you link to or cite the materials below,please credit the author: Peter H. Dana, The Geographer's Craft Project, Department of Geography,The University of Colorado at Boulder.
For geodetic datum information and explanations, go to:
http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/datum/datum.html
For information on coordinate systems and associated topics, go to:
http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/coordsys/coordsys.html
For information on map projections, go to:
http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj.html
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Appendix B: Elements of a Coordinate System
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Using WorkspacesReviewing the Windows in MapInfo ProExplorer WindowDisplaying Data in a Map WindowDisplaying Data in a Browser WindowAbout the Browser FormatOpening a Table in a Browser WindowBrowser Window Commands and Context MenuHow a Browser Displays in a Layout
Changing a Record's Data, Font, and StyleDisplaying Data in a Layout WindowOther Windows for Displaying Data
Working with Tables in the Tables ListAccessing the TablesAbout the Tables WindowSelecting Multiple Tables in the TablesDragging and Dropping in the TablesSorting in the Tables WindowSearching the Tables
Working with Layers in the Layers WindowAccessing the Layers windowAbout the Layers WindowAdding Layers to the MapOverview of the STYLE TabReordering Map LayersSetting the Zoom LayeringPositioning and Sizing LabelsDisplaying the Lines, Nodes, and CentroidsUnderstanding the Cosmetic LayerMaking the Layers "Editable"Making a Read-Only Table "Editable"Getting Layer InformationSelecting Objects in a Layer
Working with Thematic LayersOrdering Thematic LayersDisplaying Thematic Layers
Working with Raster and Grid LayersWorking with Seamless LayersFeatures Available with Seamless Layers
Working with MapInfo Manager Library ServicesAdd to Library
Saving, Closing, and Exporting Your WorkSaving a MapInfo WorkspaceExporting to GeoTIFF (*.tif) FormatSaving a Table or a Copy of a TableClosing a TableOpening vs. ImportingExporting Your Data to a New FormatImporting and Exporting Data in AutoCAD FormatCropping ImagesExporting to ASCII FormatExporting to dBase (*.DBF) FormatSmoothing Map Images during Export
Using the Tools in the Tools Manager
Configuring MapInfo Pro PreferencesSummary of PreferencesSetting Your PreferencesSetting Your System PreferencesSetting Your Default UnitsSetting Your Undo OptionsSetting Your Date Window for Two-Digit YearsSetting Your Copy to Clipboard PreferencesSetting Your Clipboard to Copy Maps in to Word, Excel, or PowerPoint
Setting Your Image Resolution for ExportingSetting how to Draw Symbols for MapInfo Pro 4.0 or Earlier
Setting Your Startup PreferencesCreating a Startup WorkspaceSetting Your Database Connection Preferences
Setting Your Directory PreferencesUsing Search Directories
Setting the Web Services PreferencesSetting the Proxy Server PreferencesSetting the WFS Server PreferencesSetting the WMS Server PreferencesSetting the Geocoding Server PreferencesSetting the Routing Server PreferencesSetting the Tile Server PreferencesSetting the Library Services PreferencesMapInfo Manager Authentication Handling within MapInfo Pro
Setting the Custom Proxy Server Preferences
Setting up a Geocoding ServerSetting up a Routing ServerSetting Your Performance PreferencesSetting Your Style PreferencesSetting Your Address Matching PreferencesSetting Your Image Processing PreferencesSetting Your Notification PreferencesSetting Your Map Window PreferencesSetting Your Browser Window PreferencesChanging the Browser Window Background Color
Setting Your Legend Designer Window PreferencesSetting Your Printer PreferencesPrinting CaveatsEnabling or Disabling the Subdivided Printing Option
Setting Your Output Setting PreferencesUnderstanding the Anti-Aliasing Export Preferences
Understanding Your DataWorking with MapInfo TablesAdding to a TableUpdating a TableAppending Rows to a TableAppending One Table to AnotherParsing Data from One Column to Multiple ColumnsPlacing Graphic Information in Visible ColumnsCreating a New TableEditing a Table's StructureCopying and Renaming a TableDeleting a TablePacking a TableCollecting Data into the Table using Update ColumnBrowsing a Table
Working with Data in a DBMSGetting StartedOverview of the DBMS Access Setup ProcessRequirements
Creating a Data Source ConnectionCreating a Data Source Connection to SQL ServerCreating a Data Source Connection to PostGISCreating a Data Source Connection to OracleCreating a Data Source Connection to Microsoft Access
Reconnecting to your Data Source after StartupConnecting and Opening a Table at the Same TimeConnecting to Oracle after Re-Starting MapInfo Pro
About Supported DBMS Data TypesSQL Server Data SupportPostGIS Data SupportOracle Data Support
Creating a Map Catalog in the DBMSBefore you Begin Creating a Map Catalog TableCreating a Map Catalog Table Using EasyLoader
Adding a Spatial Primary Key to a DBMS TableMaking a DBMS Table Mappable to Display it on a MapMaking a Table MappableAbout Updating Data Bounds in the MapInfo_MapCatalog
Deciding to work with Linked or Live Access TablesComparing and Contrasting Live and Linked Access to a Table
Opening a DBMS Table in MapInfo ProOpening a DBMS TableCreating a New DBMS TableRefreshing Live and Linked Remote TablesUnlinking a Table from a Remote DatabaseSaving a DBMS TableConflict Resolution when Multiple Users Access a Remote TableDisconnecting from a Remote DatabaseWorking with Styles in DBMS Tables
Working with Remote Tables from Specific DatabasesWorking with SQL Server TablesWorking with SQL Server with SpatialWare TablesWorking with PostGIS TablesWorking with Oracle Spatial Tables
Drawing and Editing ObjectsUnderstanding the Drawing and Editing CommandsUsing the Drawing and Editing CommandsAdding a Node to an ObjectAdding Nodes to an Object Using the Overlay Nodes Command
Drawing ObjectsSpecifying an Object's Spatial AttributesReverting to a Previous VersionUsing the Ruler Window as You DrawObject StylesPrinting Fill Patterns
Drawing Polygons and PolylinesConverting a Polyline to a RegionConverting Objects into Polyline Objects
Drawing SymbolsChanging a Symbol Style on a MapSupported Fonts for SymbolsWorking with Custom Symbols
Working with Text on the MapEditing ObjectsPositioning and Sizing your Map ObjectsChanging your Map Object AttributesReshaping Map ObjectsUsing "Snap To" to Select Nodes and CentroidsSetting Snap Preferences for a Visible Snap AreaAutotracing ObjectsSmoothing and Unsmoothing LinesConverting Objects into Region ObjectsConverting Regions to PolylinesMerging One Map into Another
Selecting and Querying DataSelecting Your Data in MapInfo ProCharacteristics of SelectionsSelecting from the ScreenSelection CommandsUsing SelectUsing ClearDeselecting Objects and Removing Objects from the SelectionUsing Radius SelectionUsing Marquee SelectionAdding Objects to the Selection SetUsing Polygon SelectionUsing Boundary SelectionUsing Invert
Unselecting Objects or Records
Querying Your Data in MapInfo ProSelecting and Using QueriesMaking Queries using the Select CommandMaking Queries using the SQL Select CommandDisplaying Query Results QuicklyCreating Query ExpressionsUsing Select to Create QueriesInteractively Selecting ObjectsUsing SQL Select to Query DataSaving QueriesUsing Date- and Time-Based Data in Maps and QueriesUsing Templates for QueriesDeriving ColumnsCreating Column AliasesAggregating DataJoining Tables Using SQL SelectJoining Tables Geographically (Using Geographic Operators)Joining Two or More TablesFinding Duplicate Values in a ColumnCalculating the Distance to a Fixed Point
Creating Thematic and Other Themed MapsMapInfo Pro in ActionUsing Thematic Mapping to Analyze InformationPlanning Your Thematic MapMethods of Thematic MappingTypes of Thematic MapsRanged MapsBar Chart MapsPie Chart MapsGraduated Symbol MapsDot Density MapsIndividual Value MapsGrid Surface Maps
Creating a Thematic MapStep 1 - Choosing a Type of Thematic TemplateStep 2 - Choosing Thematic ValuesStep 3 - Customizing Your Thematic MapWorking with a Thematic Map LegendThematic Maps as Layers
Changing the Display Parameters of a MapModifying a Thematic MapUsing the Theme TemplatesSaving Your Thematic Settings
Updating Columns using Thematic MappingAdding Temporary Columns
Working with Grid Surface MapsWorking with Grid Handlers
Buffering and Working with ObjectsBuffering Your DataUnderstanding BuffersCreating a BufferBuffer MethodsTypes of Buffers
Editing Objects using the Set Target ModelAggregating and Disaggregating DataClipping a Region of a MapOverview of Combining Map ObjectsClearing a TargetSplitting Objects
Creating Territories by Combining ObjectsCombining Selected ObjectsCombining Objects Using ColumnCreating a Voronoi PolygonGrouping Objects using Multipoint and Collection Object Types
Creating and Manipulating Objects
Stylizing Your Map for Presentations and PublishingChanging a Map's StyleChanging a Region's StyleChanging a Line's StyleChanging a Symbol's StyleChanging the Text Style
Labeling Your MapAbout LabelingChoosing the Label ContentUsing AutoLabelingAbout Customizing Layer PropertiesCreating CalloutsLabel StylesLabeling InteractivelyUsing Text Objects as LabelsSaving Labels
Adding an Adornment to the MapAdding a Scale Bar to Represent Map Scale
Working with LayoutsOpening a Layout WindowConverting Classic Layouts from Previous VersionsLAYOUT TabAdding a Map to the Layout WindowEditing the Contents of a Map FrameEditing the Map Display Style
Adding a Map Legend to the Layout WindowEditing a Legend in a Layout WindowRefreshing the Contents of a Legend Frame
Adding a Thematic Map to the Layout WindowAdding a Table (Browser) to the Layout WindowEditing the Contents of a Browser Frame
Adding an Image to the Layout WindowImage Not Found
Adding Text to the Layout WindowChanging the Text Style in a Text FrameChanging Text Alignment and Spacing
Adding Shapes to the Layout WindowSaving a Layout in the Layout WindowDeleting a Frame from the Layout WindowMoving FramesResizing FramesAligning Frames in the Layout WindowAligning Layout Frames Using Grid LinesAligning Layout Frames Using GuidelinesHiding and Showing Guidelines in the Layout WindowRemoving Guidelines in the Layout Window
Editing in the Layout WindowPrinting Your LayoutSetting Printing Margins for a LayoutNotes about Printer Settings
Exporting Your Layout
Creating a Legend for your MapWhat is a Legend?Creating a Map LegendAbout the Legend Designer Window
Printing and Exporting Your ResultsPrinting Your ProjectExporting a LayoutSave Window As Supports Raster Formats
Registering Raster ImagesWorking with Raster ImagesDetermining Map CoordinatesAn Introduction to Raster Image RegistrationUnderstanding Raster Images in MapInfo ProRaster Image Format Details
Opening a Raster ImageRegistering the Coordinates of a Raster ImageReprojecting a Raster MapTransferring Vector Map Coordinates Directly to a Raster MapModifying Control Points for Raster ImagesAdjusting the Contrast or Brightness of a Raster ImageAdjusting the Translucency of a Raster Image
Printing/Exporting Translucent Raster Images
Putting Your Data on the MapHow Do I Get My Data on the Map?Creating a MapInfo .tab File of Your DataWhen Do I Geocode vs. Create Points?Displaying DBMS and Web Service Data
Displaying your Excel (.XLS or .XLSX) DataDisplaying your Access (.MDB or .ACCDB) DataDisplaying your SQLite DataOpening SQLite Tables
Displaying your Comma Delimited CSV DataOpening Comma Delimited CSV Files in MapInfo ProExporting to Comma Delimited CSV Format
Displaying your dBase DataDisplaying your Lotus 1-2-3 DataDisplaying your ESRI Shapefile DataRegistering and Displaying your ASCII DataImporting and Displaying GML File DataImporting and Displaying GML 2.1 Files
Using Universal Data DirectlyOpening Universal Data DirectlyWorking with the FME SuiteUnderstanding MapInfo Pro's Use of the Topography Layer
Opening MapInfo Pro Grid FilesImporting Graphic FilesGeocoding - Assigning Coordinates to RecordsWhat Do I Need to Know Before Geocoding?Understanding the Geocoding ProcessModes of GeocodingMethods of GeocodingRefining Your Geocoding SearchFinding an Exact Street MatchPlacing Geocoded PointsMatching Street NamesMatching Address NumbersMatching to RegionSelecting Records Not GeocodedLocating Newly Geocoded PointsResult CodesUngeocoding a Table
Putting Latitude/Longitude Coordinates on a MapDispersing Points Located in the Same PlaceCreating Points for IntersectionsGeocoding Data using a Server
Displaying Your Data on the MapFinding Data on your MapViewing a List of Open TablesDisplaying Data Details using the Statistics Window
Printing Your ResultsSetting up the PagePrinting Your MapViewing and Printing TextTroubleshooting Print Problems
Working with Coordinate Systems and ProjectionsWorking with Coordinate SystemsDisplaying CoordinatesElements of a Coordinate SystemUnderstanding Coordinate Systems
Building Blocks of a Coordinate SystemCoordinate Systems, Projections, and their ParametersProjection TypesDatumsUnitsCoordinate System OriginStandard Parallels (Conic Projections)Oblique Azimuth (Hotine Oblique Mercator)Scale Factor (Transverse Mercator)False Easting and False NorthingRange (Azimuthal Projections)About Polyconic Coordinate SystemsExamples of Projection Entries in the MAPINFOW.PRJ File
Adding Projections to the MAPINFOW.PRJ FileUsing the New Projection in a Coordinate SystemEntering a New Coordinate System (Example)
Understanding Precision in MapInfo ProWhat is Precision?
Understanding Affine TransformationsDescription of an Affine Transformation
Using Earth and Non-Earth MapsSpecifying Coordinates for a Non-Earth Map
Working with Data from a Web ServiceIntroduction to Web ServicesAccessing Web Services in MapInfo ProWeb Service Authentication
Enhancing Map Data using a Web Map Service (WMS)How Does MapInfo Pro Use WMS Servers?Supported Image Formats for WMSUnderstanding WMS Error Messages
Enhancing Map Data using a Web Feature Service (WFS)WFS Server Requirements
Geocoding using a Geocoding ServerWhat Are MapMarker and Envinsa Geocoding Services?Geocoding a Single Address using a Geocoding ServiceUnderstanding the Geocoding Result Codes
Creating Routing Distance and Time BuffersHow are Time and Distance Buffers Calculated?Using Driving Region Buffers to Display DataCreating Time or Distance Buffers for Objects
Enhancing Map Data using a Mapping Tile ServerTile Server AuthenticationAdding a Tile Server Layer to your MapAdding a Layer to your Map from a Map Tile ServerBing License Key command
Working with Tile ServersChanging the Map Zoom to the Nearest Tile Server LevelSetting Tile Server Layer Properties
Specialized Topics in MapInfo ProInternet Connectivity and MapInfo ProWhat Are Active Objects?HTML Landing Pages
Redistricting-Grouping Map Objects into DistrictsWhat is Redistricting and How Can I Use It?Using the Districts BrowserUsing RedistrictingOptions in Redistricting
Creating ExpressionsWhere Expressions Can Be UsedConstructing Simple ExpressionsConstructing Complex ExpressionsEntering Specific Values (Constants) into ExpressionsUsing Mathematical Operators in ExpressionsUsing String Operators in ExpressionsUsing Comparison Operators in ExpressionsUsing Geographic Operators in ExpressionsUsing Logical Operators in ExpressionsUnderstanding Operator PrecedenceUsing Functions in Expressions
Working with the MapBasic WindowAccessing the MapBasic WindowRunning a MapBasic Program
Keyboard ShortcutsShortcuts by Keystroke
Elements of a Coordinate SystemProjections and Their ParametersProjection Types ListProjection DatumsUnitsCoordinate System OriginStandard Parallels (Conic Projections)Oblique Azimuth (Hotine Oblique Mercator)Scale Factor (Transverse Mercator)False Northings and False EastingsRange (Azimuthal Projections)Polyconic ProjectionEquidistant Cylindrical Projection
For More Information on ProjectionsContact Information
Manually Creating a MapInfo_MapCatalogManually Creating a MapInfo_MapCatalogManually Making a Remote Table Mappable
MapInfo Map Interchange FormatFile Versions and TAB, MIF/MID, and WOR SupportCharSetDelimiterUniqueIndexCoordSys ClauseTransform ClauseColumns
Glossary of TermsGlossary of Terms
Index