Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny• Idea that America had a God-Idea that America had a God-

given right to spread from Atlantic given right to spread from Atlantic to Pacific.to Pacific.

• By 1890, this was complete and By 1890, this was complete and America began looking for new America began looking for new territory to conquer.territory to conquer.

The Turn to ExpansionismThe Turn to Expansionism

• During late 1800s, economic During late 1800s, economic expansionism became part of expansionism became part of American experience.American experience.

• The development of foreign trade The development of foreign trade partners and routes became of partners and routes became of utmost importance to “big utmost importance to “big business” looking to increase business” looking to increase profits.profits.

From expansionism to imperialismFrom expansionism to imperialism

• Foreign trade required Foreign trade required bigger U.S. Navy for bigger U.S. Navy for protectionprotection

• and ports in foreign and ports in foreign waters for refueling.waters for refueling.

Debate over ImperialismDebate over Imperialism

• Many Americans felt it was Many Americans felt it was justified and necessary for justified and necessary for American prosperity.American prosperity.

Motivations based on RealismMotivations based on Realism

• EconomicEconomic–TradeTrade

–Natural resourcesNatural resources

–ProtectionProtection

Motivations based on IdealismMotivations based on Idealism

• American form of democracy was the American form of democracy was the best form of governmentbest form of government

• Christianity would save the ‘savages” Christianity would save the ‘savages” who had not been exposed to it.who had not been exposed to it.

OpposedOpposed

• Other Americans feared that building up Other Americans feared that building up overseas would overseas would

• weaken America at home, weaken America at home, • invite a war or invite a war or • violate American principles such as self-violate American principles such as self-

determination for the other nations that determination for the other nations that would be taken over.would be taken over.

The Lure of The Lure of ImperialismImperialism

ImperialismImperialism: the practice of : the practice of extending a nation’s power extending a nation’s power by gaining territories for a by gaining territories for a

colonial empire.colonial empire.

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

EconomicEconomic

• New markets for New markets for manufactured goodsmanufactured goods

• Raw materials Raw materials

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

MilitaryMilitary

• Desire for naval bases Desire for naval bases and coaling stations.and coaling stations.

3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking

The White Man’sBurden

The White Man’sBurdenThe Hierarchy

of RaceThe Hierarchy

of Race

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

IdeologicalIdeological

• Spread ChristianitySpread Christianity

• Spread western-style Spread western-style cultureculture

• Spread democracySpread democracy

5. Closing the American 5. Closing the American FrontierFrontier

5. Closing the American 5. Closing the American FrontierFrontier

How American International How American International interest manifested itself.interest manifested itself.

Big sister policyBig sister policy

• James G. BlaineJames G. Blaine published his published his "Big "Big Sister" policySister" policy which aimed to rally the which aimed to rally the Latin American nations behind America's Latin American nations behind America's leadership and to open Latin American leadership and to open Latin American markets to American traders.markets to American traders.

American SamoaAmerican Samoa

Samoan IslandsSamoan Islands

• 1877 - The U.S. entered into its first treaty with 1877 - The U.S. entered into its first treaty with Samoa for the use of the excellent Pago Pago Samoa for the use of the excellent Pago Pago Harbor. Harbor.

• This first treaty between Samoa and a major This first treaty between Samoa and a major power increased the pressure on European power increased the pressure on European nations that had an interest there. nations that had an interest there.

• Increasing conflict led to the partitioning of Increasing conflict led to the partitioning of Samoa in 1899. The U.S. obtained the islands of Samoa in 1899. The U.S. obtained the islands of eastern Samoa. Germany assumed control of eastern Samoa. Germany assumed control of Western Samoa.Western Samoa.

• U.S. Congress placed responsibility for U.S. Congress placed responsibility for civil administration of the territory with the civil administration of the territory with the Executive Office. The U.S. Navy had this Executive Office. The U.S. Navy had this responsibility from 1900 to 1951. Since responsibility from 1900 to 1951. Since 1951 the U.S. Department of the Interior 1951 the U.S. Department of the Interior has administered the territory.  has administered the territory.  

• However, American Samoa is substantially self However, American Samoa is substantially self governing today. It has its own constitution, its governing today. It has its own constitution, its own legislature, its own elected governor and a own legislature, its own elected governor and a non-voting representative in the U.S. House of non-voting representative in the U.S. House of Representatives. American Samoa has made Representatives. American Samoa has made very rapid progress in political self-very rapid progress in political self-determination. determination.

• However, all of this local authority is at the However, all of this local authority is at the pleasure of the US Congress.pleasure of the US Congress.

British Guiana and VenezuelaBritish Guiana and Venezuela

• The The Venezuela Crisis of 1895Venezuela Crisis of 1895 occurred over a occurred over a longstanding territorial dispute between Great longstanding territorial dispute between Great Britain and Venezuela over the boundary Britain and Venezuela over the boundary between the two South American nations.between the two South American nations.

• The crisis ultimately saw Britain accept the The crisis ultimately saw Britain accept the United States' intervention in the dispute to force United States' intervention in the dispute to force arbitration of the entire disputed territory, and arbitration of the entire disputed territory, and tacitly accept the United States' right to tacitly accept the United States' right to intervene under the Monroe Doctrine.intervene under the Monroe Doctrine.

• By standing with a Latin American nation against By standing with a Latin American nation against European colonial powers, Cleveland improved relations European colonial powers, Cleveland improved relations with the United States' southern neighbors, but the with the United States' southern neighbors, but the cordial manner in which the negotiations were conducted cordial manner in which the negotiations were conducted also made for good relations with Britain.also made for good relations with Britain.

• However, by backing down in the face of a strong US However, by backing down in the face of a strong US declaration of a strong interpretation of the Monroe declaration of a strong interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine, Britain tacitly accepted the Doctrine, and the Doctrine, Britain tacitly accepted the Doctrine, and the crisis thus provided a basis for the expansion of US crisis thus provided a basis for the expansion of US interventionism in the Western Hemisphere. interventionism in the Western Hemisphere.

Great RapprochementGreat Rapprochement

• The Great Rapprochement describes a fundamental shift The Great Rapprochement describes a fundamental shift in the relationship between Great Britain and the United in the relationship between Great Britain and the United States in the late Nineteenth Century. States in the late Nineteenth Century.

• In general, the social and political objectives of the two In general, the social and political objectives of the two nations converged, while both recognized their shared nations converged, while both recognized their shared history and democratic institutions. history and democratic institutions.

• Significant changes in the both countries made the Great Significant changes in the both countries made the Great Rapprochement mutually beneficial as well. Great Britain Rapprochement mutually beneficial as well. Great Britain came to value the United States as a democratic ally at a came to value the United States as a democratic ally at a time when the balance of power in Europe was impacted time when the balance of power in Europe was impacted by the rise of autocracies in Russia and Germany.by the rise of autocracies in Russia and Germany.

HawaiiHawaii

U. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in Hawaii

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

• IIn 1875, the United States signed a treaty with King n 1875, the United States signed a treaty with King Kalakaua of the Hawaiian Islands, a chain of eight large Kalakaua of the Hawaiian Islands, a chain of eight large and many tiny islands 2,000 miles off the coast of and many tiny islands 2,000 miles off the coast of California. California.

• U.S. officials decided that Hawaii would make a splendid U.S. officials decided that Hawaii would make a splendid naval base and fueling station for merchant ships. In the naval base and fueling station for merchant ships. In the treaty, Hawaii gained exemption from tariffs on the sugar treaty, Hawaii gained exemption from tariffs on the sugar it exported to the United States. it exported to the United States.

• In exchange, Kalakaua agreed not to cede any territory In exchange, Kalakaua agreed not to cede any territory to any foreign power.to any foreign power.

U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849

by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849

by virtue of economic treaties.

• In 1886, the United States demanded full In 1886, the United States demanded full control over Pearl Harbor, which it wanted control over Pearl Harbor, which it wanted for a naval base. When Kalakaua refused, for a naval base. When Kalakaua refused, a group of vested American interests a group of vested American interests secretly formed the Hawaiian League. secretly formed the Hawaiian League. These traders, planters, and merchants These traders, planters, and merchants decided that, for their economic profit, they decided that, for their economic profit, they must overthrow the king and influence the must overthrow the king and influence the United States to annex Hawaii. United States to annex Hawaii.

• Their first step was to force Kalakaua to sign the Their first step was to force Kalakaua to sign the “Bayonet Constitution” (so called because the “Bayonet Constitution” (so called because the king was forced to sign it at gunpoint). The king was forced to sign it at gunpoint). The Bayonet Constitution limited the monarch’s Bayonet Constitution limited the monarch’s power and the right of Hawaiians to hold political power and the right of Hawaiians to hold political office. office.

• In 1890, the McKinley Tariff granted all nations In 1890, the McKinley Tariff granted all nations the right to ship sugar to the United States duty-the right to ship sugar to the United States duty-free. The price of sugar fell, and the Hawaiian free. The price of sugar fell, and the Hawaiian economy felt the impact.economy felt the impact.

Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

• In 1891, Liliuokalani became queen of Hawaii. In 1891, Liliuokalani became queen of Hawaii. Supporters of the Hawaiian League staged a Supporters of the Hawaiian League staged a major protest when she announced that she major protest when she announced that she intended to overturn the illegal Bayonet intended to overturn the illegal Bayonet Constitution. Constitution.

• With support from armed American marines, the With support from armed American marines, the Hawaiian League installed Sanford Dole as Hawaiian League installed Sanford Dole as president of a new government. president of a new government.

• Rather than see Hawaiian lives lost in battle, Rather than see Hawaiian lives lost in battle, Liliuokalani abdicatedLiliuokalani abdicated..

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

1875 – 1875 – Reciprocity Reciprocity Treaty Treaty

1890 – 1890 – McKinley McKinley TariffTariff

1893 – AmericanAmericanbusinessmen backed businessmen backed ananuprising against uprising against Queen Queen Liliuokalani.Liliuokalani.

Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole

proclaims the proclaims the Republic Republic of Hawaii in 1894.of Hawaii in 1894.

• When the Dole government petitioned the United States for When the Dole government petitioned the United States for annexation, President Grover Cleveland ordered an investigation. annexation, President Grover Cleveland ordered an investigation. Disgusted by the flagrant illegality of the Hawaiian “revolution,” Disgusted by the flagrant illegality of the Hawaiian “revolution,” which had in fact been stage-managed by rogue Americans acting which had in fact been stage-managed by rogue Americans acting independently of the U.S. government, Cleveland ordered the Dole independently of the U.S. government, Cleveland ordered the Dole government disbanded. Sanford Dole defied the president, refusing government disbanded. Sanford Dole defied the president, refusing to step down. to step down.

• Cleveland was not willing to go to war to restore Liliuokalani to her Cleveland was not willing to go to war to restore Liliuokalani to her throne, but he did refuse to annex Hawaii. throne, but he did refuse to annex Hawaii.

• However, President William McKinley annexed Hawaii in 1898, However, President William McKinley annexed Hawaii in 1898, ignoring the protests of the vast majority of Hawaiians. ignoring the protests of the vast majority of Hawaiians.

• Hawaii became a U.S. territory in 1900 and U.S. state in 1959.Hawaii became a U.S. territory in 1900 and U.S. state in 1959.

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

BackgroundBackground• After being intimidated by a U.S. show of After being intimidated by a U.S. show of

military force in the mid-1800s, Japan military force in the mid-1800s, Japan opened itself up to trade with the U.S.opened itself up to trade with the U.S.

• Japan also transformed itself into an Japan also transformed itself into an industrial nation and built a strong military industrial nation and built a strong military force so it could compete in the force so it could compete in the international markets.international markets.

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853

United States basically forces

Japan to open up to trade with

U.S.

United States basically forces

Japan to open up to trade with

U.S.

Treaty of Kanagawa: Treaty of Kanagawa: 18541854

Treaty of Kanagawa: Treaty of Kanagawa: 18541854

Japanese ImperialismJapanese Imperialism

• Japan seized Chinese Taiwan in Japan seized Chinese Taiwan in 1895.1895.

• 1904 Russo-Japanese War broke 1904 Russo-Japanese War broke out as both Russia and Japan out as both Russia and Japan showed an imperial interest in showed an imperial interest in Korea and Chinese Manchuria.Korea and Chinese Manchuria.

U.S. ResponseU.S. Response• President Theodore Roosevelt President Theodore Roosevelt

won the Nobel Peace Prize for won the Nobel Peace Prize for helping to negotiate a peace helping to negotiate a peace agreement to end the conflict.agreement to end the conflict.

• Japan was the clear victor in the Japan was the clear victor in the conflict and the major power Asia.conflict and the major power Asia.

• The U.S. and Japan The U.S. and Japan became major rivals for became major rivals for influence in China and influence in China and the Pacific region.the Pacific region.

Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19081908

Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19081908A Japanese note agreeing A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports toto deny passports tolaborers entering the U.S.laborers entering the U.S.

Japan recognized the U.S.Japan recognized the U.S.right to exclude Japaneseright to exclude Japaneseimmigrants holding immigrants holding passportspassportsissued by other countries.issued by other countries.

The U.S. government got The U.S. government got thetheschool board of San school board of San Francisco Francisco to rescind their order toto rescind their order tosegregate Asians in segregate Asians in separateseparateschools.schools.

Long term impactLong term impact

• Japan was insulted by American racism Japan was insulted by American racism and sense of ethnic superiority.and sense of ethnic superiority.

• Japan became more determined to Japan became more determined to become a dominant imperial power in the become a dominant imperial power in the Pacific.Pacific.

• Pearl Harbor, 1941.Pearl Harbor, 1941.

Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

The Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist Tailor

U.S. penetration of the Cuban U.S. penetration of the Cuban economyeconomy

• Sugar estates and mining interests passed from Spanish Sugar estates and mining interests passed from Spanish and Cuban to U.S. hands, and it was U.S. capital, and Cuban to U.S. hands, and it was U.S. capital, machinery and technicians that helped to save the sugar machinery and technicians that helped to save the sugar mills that remained competitive with European beet mills that remained competitive with European beet sugar.sugar.

• Furthermore, as the dependence of Cuban sugar on the Furthermore, as the dependence of Cuban sugar on the U.S. market increased, the Cuban sugar producers were U.S. market increased, the Cuban sugar producers were more and more at the mercy of the U.S. refiners to whom more and more at the mercy of the U.S. refiners to whom they sold their raw sugar. In 1894 nearly 90 percent of they sold their raw sugar. In 1894 nearly 90 percent of Cuba's exports went to the United States, which in turn Cuba's exports went to the United States, which in turn provided Cuba with 38 percent of its imports. provided Cuba with 38 percent of its imports.

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

William Randolph Hearst

William Randolph Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Hearst to Frederick Remington:Remington: You furnish the You furnish the pictures,pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!

• Americans became embroiled in the Cuban Americans became embroiled in the Cuban revolution of 1895 against Spain Americans for many revolution of 1895 against Spain Americans for many reasons: reasons: – American sugar companies lost trade and profit due to the American sugar companies lost trade and profit due to the

fighting; fighting; – some saw a declaration of war against Spain as necessary some saw a declaration of war against Spain as necessary

for growth of American trade for growth of American trade – while others claimed that Spanish tyranny had to be while others claimed that Spanish tyranny had to be

stopped in the Western Hemisphere. stopped in the Western Hemisphere. – Lastly, there was a strong desire for overseas coaling bases Lastly, there was a strong desire for overseas coaling bases

for ships in the U.S.'s new steel navy.for ships in the U.S.'s new steel navy.

President McKinleyPresident McKinley

• McKinley originally tried to avoid an armed McKinley originally tried to avoid an armed conflict with Spain, but the American conflict with Spain, but the American media, led by newspaper baron Randolph media, led by newspaper baron Randolph Hearst, lambasted McKinley as weak and Hearst, lambasted McKinley as weak and whipped up popular sentiment for a war to whipped up popular sentiment for a war to give Cubans their independence.give Cubans their independence.

De Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme Letter

Dupuy de Lôme, Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishSpanishAmbassador to the Ambassador to the U.S.U.S.

Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as weak and weak and aabidder for the bidder for the admirationadmirationof the crowd, besidesof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be being a would-be politicianpoliticianwho tries to leave a who tries to leave a doordooropen behind himself open behind himself whilewhilekeeping on good termskeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hiswith the jingoes of hisparty.party.

Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

• The sinking of the The sinking of the MaineMaine put tremendous put tremendous strain on President McKinley. The national strain on President McKinley. The national press clamored for war while Congress press clamored for war while Congress pressed for action. Concerned that the pressed for action. Concerned that the nation's military was unprepared, McKinley nation's military was unprepared, McKinley hesitated.hesitated.

• War was declared April 21, 1898.War was declared April 21, 1898.

Teller AmendmentTeller Amendment

• In April 1898 Senator Henry M. Teller (Colorado) proposed an In April 1898 Senator Henry M. Teller (Colorado) proposed an amendment to the U.S. declaration of war against Spain which amendment to the U.S. declaration of war against Spain which proclaimed that the United States would not establish permanent proclaimed that the United States would not establish permanent control over Cuba. The Senate passed the amendment on April 19. control over Cuba. The Senate passed the amendment on April 19. True to the letter of the Teller Amendment, after Spanish troops left True to the letter of the Teller Amendment, after Spanish troops left the island in 1898, the United States occupied Cuba until 1902.the island in 1898, the United States occupied Cuba until 1902.

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

How prepared was the US for war?

How prepared was the US for war?

Theodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Assistant Assistant Secretary of the Secretary of the Navy in the Navy in the McKinley McKinley administration.administration.

Imperialist and Imperialist and American American nationalist.nationalist.

Criticized Criticized PresidentPresidentMcKinley as McKinley as having the having the backbone of a backbone of a chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!

Resigns his Resigns his position to fight in position to fight in Cuba.Cuba.

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

• Spanish - American War (1898 - 1902)• Total • U.S. Service-members (Worldwide) - 306,760• Battle Deaths - 385• Other Deaths (disease) - 2,061• Non-mortal Woundings - 1,662

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.

July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:Philippine Philippine independenceindependence

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

Great Great administrator.administrator.

““My little brown My little brown brothers”brothers”

Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”

The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.

Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofisland ofGuam.Guam.

The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for thePhilippines.Philippines.

The U. S. becomesThe U. S. becomesan imperial power!an imperial power!

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist

League League

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist

League LeagueFounded in 1899.Founded in 1899.

Mark Twain, Mark Twain, Andrew Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan Jennings Bryan amongamongthe leaders.the leaders.

Campaigned Campaigned against the against the annexation of theannexation of thePhilippines and Philippines and otherotheracts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.

Teller Amendment Teller Amendment (1898) – Prior to S-A War, U.S. (1898) – Prior to S-A War, U.S. guarantee that it would give Cuba its guarantee that it would give Cuba its independence.independence.

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903) (1903)

1.1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its foreign powers that would endanger its independence.independence.

2.2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.govt.

3.3. Cuba must lease Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. for to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.naval and coaling station.

4.4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Senator Orville Platt

Senator Orville Platt

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981900 - Foraker ActForaker Act..

PR became an “unincorporated PR became an “unincorporated territory.”territory.”

Citizens of PR, not of the US.Citizens of PR, not of the US.

Import duties on PR goodsImport duties on PR goods

1901-1903 1901-1903 the the Insular CasesInsular Cases..

Constitutional rights were not Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial automatically extended to territorial possessions.possessions.

Congress had the power to decide these Congress had the power to decide these rights.rights.

Import duties laid down by the Foraker Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!Act were legal!

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981917 – 1917 – Jones ActJones Act..

Gave full territorial status to PR.Gave full territorial status to PR.

Removed tariff duties on PR goods Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US.coming into the US.

PRs elected theirPRs elected theirown legislators &own legislators &governor to enforcegovernor to enforcelocal laws.local laws.

PRs could NOT votePRs could NOT votein US presidentialin US presidentialelections.elections.

A resident commissioner was sent to A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the Washington to vote for PR in the House.House.

Panama: The King’s Panama: The King’s CrownCrown

Panama: The King’s Panama: The King’s CrownCrown

Panama was then Panama was then under the control of under the control of Colombia.Colombia.

Colombia denied U.S. Colombia denied U.S. request to purchase request to purchase right to build canal so right to build canal so that ships could travel that ships could travel from Pacific to Atlantic from Pacific to Atlantic (and vice versa) with (and vice versa) with sailing south around sailing south around South America.South America.

• U.S. supported U.S. supported Panamanian rebels in Panamanian rebels in their fight for their fight for independence against independence against Colombia.Colombia.

• Roosevelt was criticized Roosevelt was criticized by many for this example by many for this example of “gunboat” diplomacy.of “gunboat” diplomacy.

• In return, Panama grants In return, Panama grants U.S. permission to build U.S. permission to build canal and control it.canal and control it.

• In 1999, the U.S. returned In 1999, the U.S. returned control to Panama.control to Panama.

Panama CanalPanama CanalPanama CanalPanama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

The Roosevelt Corollary to The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905the Monroe Doctrine: 1905The Roosevelt Corollary to The Roosevelt Corollary to

the Monroe Doctrine: 1905the Monroe Doctrine: 1905Chronic wrongdoing… Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately elsewhere, ultimately require intervention require intervention by some civilized by some civilized nation, and in the nation, and in the Western Hemisphere Western Hemisphere the adherence of the the adherence of the United States to the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may Monroe Doctrine may force the United force the United States, however States, however reluctantly, in flagrant reluctantly, in flagrant cases of suchcases of such wrongdoing or wrongdoing or impotence, to the impotence, to the exercise of an exercise of an international police international police powerpower .

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

BackgroundBackground• China was isolated from the rest China was isolated from the rest

of the world despite trade.of the world despite trade.

• It strictly restricted foreign trade It strictly restricted foreign trade with only one port open.with only one port open.

• 1842 Britain forced China to open 1842 Britain forced China to open 5 ports to trade5 ports to trade

• Japan, and the European powers Japan, and the European powers (Russia, France, Great Britain, (Russia, France, Great Britain, and Germany) carved out and Germany) carved out spheres spheres of influenceof influence (geographic areas (geographic areas where an outside nation exerts where an outside nation exerts special economic or political special economic or political control) in China.control) in China.

U.S. ResponseU.S. Response• Too late to carve out its own sphere Too late to carve out its own sphere

of influence, the U.S. was afraid it of influence, the U.S. was afraid it would be shut out of the profitable would be shut out of the profitable trade markets in China.trade markets in China.

• Established the Established the Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy - - aimed to give all foreign nations equal aimed to give all foreign nations equal access to trade in Chinaaccess to trade in China. .

The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

Secretary Secretary John HayJohn Hay..

Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.

Guaranteed that China would NOT be Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken taken over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.

Chinese ReactionChinese Reaction• Boxers – group of Chinese nationals Boxers – group of Chinese nationals

who wanted to end foreign influence who wanted to end foreign influence in China, rebelled in 1900.in China, rebelled in 1900.

• Western nations sent in troops to put Western nations sent in troops to put down the rebellion and thereby down the rebellion and thereby protect their trade markets in China.protect their trade markets in China.

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Peaceful Harmonious The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.Fists.

““55 Days at Peking.”55 Days at Peking.”

America as a Pacific America as a Pacific PowerPower

America as a Pacific America as a Pacific PowerPower

The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily

The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily

Constable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the World

Treaty of Portsmouth: Treaty of Portsmouth: 19051905

Treaty of Portsmouth: Treaty of Portsmouth: 19051905

Nobel Peace Prize for TeddyNobel Peace Prize for Teddy

The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907

Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Improve financialImprove financialopportunities for opportunities for American businesses.American businesses.

Use private capital toUse private capital tofurther U. S. interestsfurther U. S. interestsoverseas.overseas.

Therefore, the U.S. Therefore, the U.S. should create should create stability and order stability and order abroad that would abroad that would best promote best promote America’s America’s commercial interests.commercial interests.

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s

Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he and puts Madero in prison where he was was murdered.murdered.

Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.against Huerta.

The U.S. also got involved by The U.S. also got involved by occupying occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.country.

Eventually Carranza would gain Eventually Carranza would gain power in power in Mexico.Mexico.

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910sEmiliano

ZapataEmiliano Zapata

Francisco I Madero

Francisco I Madero

Venustiano Carranza

Venustiano Carranza

Porfirio Diaz

Porfirio Diaz

Pancho Villa

Pancho Villa

Wilson’s “Moral Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Wilson’s “Moral Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

The U. S. shouldThe U. S. shouldbe the consciencebe the conscienceof the world.of the world.

Spread Spread democracy.democracy.

Promote peace.Promote peace.

Condemn Condemn colonialism.colonialism.

Searching for Searching for BanditosBanditosSearching for Searching for BanditosBanditos

General John J. PershingGeneral John J. Pershing with with PanchoPanchoVillaVilla in 1914. in 1914.

War with Mexico?War with Mexico?

• The United States was on the verge of The United States was on the verge of another war with Mexico when World War another war with Mexico when World War I broke out in Europe and Wilson backed I broke out in Europe and Wilson backed off.off.

U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America, Investments in Latin America,

19141914

U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America, Investments in Latin America,

19141914

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”

Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”