““American Progress” by American Progress” by John Gast, 1872John Gast, 1872

““American Progress” by American Progress” by John Gast, 1872John Gast, 1872

““Manifest Destiny”Manifest Destiny”““Manifest Destiny”Manifest Destiny”

First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."

".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."

to over spread and possess the whole continent to over spread and possess the whole continent

1

What is Manifest Destiny?1. Belief that white Americans had a God-given right to

occupy the entire North American continent.2. Manifest Destiny was exercised in 1492 by Christopher

Columbus and the Spanish monarchs.

3. Pilgrim Fathers when they landed at Plymouth Rock in

1620.4. Great Awakening inspired spiritual unity for America5. Jefferson delivered Manifest Destiny with the Louisiana

Purchase.6. Lewis and Clarke educated America.7. Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun solicited the “American

System”8. Andrew Jackson, “Great Frontiersman” , forged America

ahead.

Canals: 1825 – 1840

The Erie Canal – The completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 dramatically lowered transportation costs and set off a canal building boom. The annual net gain on the Erie Canal over its first decade of operation, 1826 – 1835, was about 8 percent of its total construction cost per year!

The Erie Canal helped make New York City such a large trading center that it accounted for 50 percent of all U.S. foreign trade and duties collected.

1837

Texas Declaration of Texas Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

Texas Declaration of Texas Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

1836 President Martin Van Buren(Democrat)

NOT SUPPORT

!

1836- 45 Texas Independent Nation

Mexico still considers Texas part of Mexico / they encouraged American settlers!

Texas – Sam Houston wanted to be part of U.S. / cotton = slaves / anti-slavery groups not want to add more slave territory / US annexation = declaration of war on Mexico

Texas sought foreign aid to defend against Mexico British and France want to “help” (cotton exports)

Key Figures in Texas Key Figures in Texas Independence,Independence, 1836 1836Key Figures in Texas Key Figures in Texas Independence,Independence, 1836 1836

Sam Houston(1793-1863)Sam Houston(1793-1863)

Steven Austin(1793-1836)

Steven Austin(1793-1836)

Tyler and the Annexation of Texas Tyler becomes president in 1841 after Harrison dies.

A very unpopular president, seemed more a Democrat than a Whig

Tyler wanted to do something before he left office to appease the people.

Made sense to annex Texas, plus threats from Britain and France.

When Democratic Polk wins in 1844, Tyler takes that as a mandate to annex Texas.

MEXICO ANGRY!

Davey Crockett’s Last Davey Crockett’s Last StandStand

Davey Crockett’s Last Davey Crockett’s Last StandStand

The Battle of the The Battle of the AlamoAlamo

The Battle of the The Battle of the AlamoAlamo

Remember the Alamo!Remember the Alamo!Remember the Alamo!Remember the Alamo!

Mexico recalled its ambassador and severed diplomatic ties with U.S. 1845

Overland Immigration Overland Immigration to the Westto the West

Overland Immigration Overland Immigration to the Westto the West

Between 1840 and 1860, more than250,000 people made the trekwestward.

Between 1840 and 1860, more than250,000 people made the trekwestward.

Trails WestwardTrails WestwardTrails WestwardTrails Westward

The Oregon Dispute: The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!54’ 40º or Fight!

The Oregon Dispute: The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!54’ 40º or Fight!

By the mid-1840s,“Oregon Fever” wasspurred on by thepromise of free land.

By the mid-1840s,“Oregon Fever” wasspurred on by thepromise of free land.

The joint British-U. S.occupation ended in1846.

The joint British-U. S.occupation ended in1846.

The Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag Republic

John C. FrémontJohn C.

Frémont

The Revolt June 14, 1845

The Revolt June 14, 1845

The Slidell Mission: The Slidell Mission: Nov. Nov. 1845 1845

The Slidell Mission: The Slidell Mission: Nov. Nov. 1845 1845

Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border.

US would purchase the New Mexicoarea for $5 million.

US would claim California at any price. ($25 million)

Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border.

US would purchase the New Mexicoarea for $5 million.

US would claim California at any price. ($25 million)

John SlidellJohn Slidell

General Zachary Taylor General Zachary Taylor at Palo Altoat Palo Alto

General Zachary Taylor General Zachary Taylor at Palo Altoat Palo Alto

“Old Rough and Ready”

“Old Rough and Ready”

Battle of Buena Vista Battle of Buena Vista (1847)(1847)

Battle of Buena Vista Battle of Buena Vista (1847)(1847)

General Winfield Scott

General Winfield Scott

The Bombardment of The Bombardment of Vera CruzVera Cruz

The Bombardment of The Bombardment of Vera CruzVera Cruz

General Scott Enters General Scott Enters Mexico CityMexico City

General Scott Enters General Scott Enters Mexico CityMexico City

“Old Fuss and Feathers”

“Old Fuss and Feathers”

Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848

Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848

Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River .

Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico / American citizenship

U. S. gave Mexico $15 million and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico(over $3.5 million).

Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River .

Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico / American citizenship

U. S. gave Mexico $15 million and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico(over $3.5 million).

Results of the Mexican Results of the Mexican War?War?

Results of the Mexican Results of the Mexican War?War?1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+

American lives (mostly of disease).

2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)

3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.

4. Manifest Destiny realized.

5. Option for a transcontinental RR

1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease).

2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)

3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.

4. Manifest Destiny realized.

5. Option for a transcontinental RR

6. Polk does not seek re-election, tired“I got all that I set out to accomplished”

7. Two Whig Generals aspire political careers:

Zachary Taylor Winfield Scott

Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846

Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.

Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.

Congr. David Wilmot(D-PA)

Congr. David Wilmot(D-PA)

The Mexican CessionThe Mexican CessionThe Mexican CessionThe Mexican Cession

California Gold Rush, California Gold Rush, 18491849

California Gold Rush, California Gold Rush, 18491849

49er’s49er’s

Digging for Gold in Digging for Gold in CaliforniaCalifornia

Digging for Gold in Digging for Gold in CaliforniaCalifornia

Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853

Purchased from Mexico for $10 million for the construction of a southern railroad