Post on 13-Jan-2015
description
Managing the future: new frontiers in Italian Open
Archaeology
Francesca Anichini, Nevio Dubbini, Gabriele Gattiglia, Fabio Fabiani,
Maria Letizia Gualandi (University of Pisa, Italy)
19th EAA Annual Meeting
4-8 September 2013, Pilzen, Czech Republic
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Predictive Map of Archaeological
Potential
Archaeological Map
Paleogeographical Map
Mathematical model
Open digital archaeological archive
Open Data
Cooperation
Transparency
Geology
Archaeology
Mathematics
Pisa, Italy
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DATA MODEL
•Urban data
•Historical
cartography data
•Geographical/
geomorphological
data
•Archaeological
data
PRIMARY DATA
•obtained data
SECONDARY DATA
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MAPPAGIS
www.mappaproject.org/webgis
Managing the future: new frontiers in Italian Open Archaeology
OPEN DATA
www.mappaproject.org/mod Managing the future: new frontiers in Italian Open Archaeology
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One can hardly think of complex mathematical models applied to archaeological data, but consider that other fields of study “far from” mathematics have welcomed worthwhile applications of mathematics Moreover new applications took advantage of mathematics, but also posed new problem to mathematics itself! mathematical shape theory Provides answers to questions like “when some points in the space are placed at random?” “What is a random shape?” Graph theory is the study of mathematical structures used to
model relations between objects (networks)
Link analysis studies the relationships among objects of different types that are not apparent from isolated pieces of information
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
APPLICATIONS
OF MATHS
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7. Report, explain, predict
1. Real-world problem
3. Formulate the abstract problem
4. Solve the abstract problem
5. Interpret the solution
6. Verify the model
TESTING
2. Make assumptions BASIC RULES governing the system PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
MATHEMATICAL MODELS
STATISTICAL MODELS
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• represents the possibilities that a more or less significant
archaeological stratification is preserved
• is calculated by analyzing and studying a series of historical,
archaeological and paleo-environmental data retrieved from
various sources, with a degree of approximation that may
vary according to the quantity and quality of the data
provided and their spatial and contextual relationships
• is a factor independent on any other following intervention
that is carried out, which must be regarded as a contingent
risk factor
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
POTENTIAL
• type of settlement
• density of settlement
• multi-layering of deposits
• removable or non-removable
nature of archaeological
deposit
• degree of preservation of the
deposit
PARAMETERS
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A key issue in detecting archaeological
potential is the identification of relations, both
in spatial and in functional terms, influencing
the probability of higher level structures
presence influence the potential of an area
A 3-d grid models the subsurface. A cell can
- attribute potential to surrounding cells, and
- receive importance by surrounding cells
Analogy with criteria for assigning importance to
web pages by search engines cell = web pages
In PageRank web pages
- attribute importance to pages they link to
- receive importance from pages linking to
Managing the future: new frontiers in Italian Open Archaeology
PAGERANK
ALGORITHM
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WORKFLOW
DIAGRAM Archaeological findings :
Categorisation of
archaeological data
Shaping the urban elements
i.e. roman domus, medieval tower-
house etc
They operate on the expansion of archaeological potential
Creation of functional areas:
• Urban area
• Suburban area
• Rural area
Relations between
archaeological categories in
the same historical period
Creation of
paleogeographical maps
Assigning the potential value of
archaeological information
Relations between
archaeological categories
through different periods
Synchronic level
Diachronic level
[*]
[**]
[***]
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• production
• building techniques
• trade
• food
• agricolture/breeding
• worship
• waste management
• political/institutional aspects
• social and gender aspects
• physical anthropology
• fauna/flora
• geomorphology
• viability/transport
• health and hygiene
• warfare
• land management
• leisure
• tradition
• water system
Every category of archaeological
findings can give information
about:
For each of them we
assign a binary value.
The sum of values
gives the
archaeological potential
of each category
[*]
Managing the future: new frontiers in Italian Open Archaeology
Assigning the potential value of archaeological information
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Relations between archaeological category in the same historical period
Medieval tower-house
shop
alley
road
courtyard
[**]
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[***] Creation of functional areas
Using the archaeological findings we
computed automatically on the basis
of the rules given by the
archaeologists the functional areas,
i.e. levels of
spatial and functional organization
(e.g. urban, suburban, rural areas) in
which the urban space is organized.
Archaeological
findings
Functional area
Managing the future: new frontiers in Italian Open Archaeology
Geomorphological, stratigraphic geophisical and archaeological data have been processed using geostatistical techniques in order to get temporal DEMs for 7 periods from Protohistory to Contemporary Age and to create paleogeographical maps
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Creation of paleogeographical maps
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PAGERANK FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL
The relative values of links are obtained weighting by the paleogeographical datum
The area of influence is proportional to the value of the functional area the cell belongs to
Managing the future: new frontiers in Italian Open Archaeology
The total “weight” of links distributed by a cell with finds will vary on the basis of the estimated probability of the presence of certain finds near particular finds
Contemporary Age
Modern Age
Late Medieval period
Early Medieval period
Roman period
Etruscan period
Protohistory
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CORE-
DRILLINGS
VALIDATION
The final result has obtained after a validation of
the results provided by a preliminary version,
through 14 new core-drillings, with which the
algorithm was tested, in order to obtain a better
fitting model.
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THE MAP OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF THE URBAN AREA OF PISA
Managing the future: new frontiers in Italian Open Archaeology
The map of archaeological potential is given by
the composition of the 7 layers.
It’s weighted sum in which archaeological
periods with few information available are taken
more into account.
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Managing the future: new frontiers in Italian Open Archaeology
Pisa in the Middle
Ages: archaeology,
spatial analysis and
predictive models
RESEARCH
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Is it enough
DILEMMA
?
Managing the future: new frontiers in Italian Open Archaeology
Trends in data storage - digitalization analysis through computers - usability availability of data in different places and through different devices Though the process is more evident in other fields, also in archaeology these trends encouraged the production of a huge quantity of data, and the development of open data archives or repositories
The only way of analyzing huge quantity of digital (and heterogeneous!) data is by means of automatic methods
Here mathematics come into play: the way of improving analyses is moving from having the best data, to having the best way to analyze data
BIG ARCHAEOLOGICAL
DATA
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BIG DATA are the solution for sustainable archeology !
Managing the future: new frontiers in Italian Open Archaeology
Managing the future: new frontiers in Italian Open Archaeology
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