Post on 06-Apr-2018
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Malaria is caused by a parasite that ispassed from one human to another by the
bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. After infection, the parasites (called
sporozoites) travel through the bloodstreamto the liver, where they mature and release
another form, the merozoites. The parasites enter the bloodstream and
infect red blood cells.
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The parasites multiply inside the red
blood cells, which then break openwithin 48 to 72 hours, infecting more redblood cells. The first symptoms usually
occur 10 days to 4 weeks after infection,
though they can appear as early as 8days or as long as a year after infection.The symptoms occur in cycles of 48 to 72
hours.
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Most symptoms are caused by:
The release of merozoites into thebloodstream
Anemia resulting from the destruction ofthe red blood cells
Large amounts of free hemoglobin beingreleased into circulation after red bloodcells break open
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Malaria can also be transmitted from a
mother to her unborn baby(congenitally) and by blood transfusions.
Malaria can be carried by mosquitoes in
temperate climates, but the parasitedisappears over the winter.
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There are four types of common malaria
parasites. Quartan malaria;
Falciparum malaria- , affects more red bloodcells than the other types and is much more
serious. Biduoterian fever;
Blackwater fever;
Tertian malaria;
Recently, a fifth type, Plasmodium
knowlesi, has been causing malaria in
Malaysia and areas of southeast Asia.
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Anemia
Bloody stools
Chills
Coma
Convulsion
Fever
Headache
Jaundice
Muscle pain
Nausea
Sweating
Vomiting
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During a physical examination,the doctor may find an enlarged
liver or enlarged spleen.Malaria blood smears taken at 6
to 12 hour intervals confirm the
diagnosis.A complete blood count (CBC)
will identify anemia if it is present.
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Malaria, especially Falciparum
malaria, is a medical emergency thatrequires a hospital stay.
Chloroquine is often used as an anti-malarial medication. However,
chloroquine-resistant infections are
common in some parts of the world.
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Possible treatments for chloroquine-
resistant infections include:
The combination of quinidineor quinine plus doxycycline, tetracycline,or clindamycin
Atovaquone plus proguanil (Malarone)
Mefloquine or artesunate
The combination of pyrimethamine andsulfadoxine (Fansidar)
Medical care, including fluids through avein (IV) and other medications andbreathing (respiratory) support may be
needed.
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Brain infection (cerebritis)
Destruction of blood cells (hemolyticanemia)
Kidney failure Liver failure
Meningitis
Respiratory failure from fluid in the lungs(pulmonary edema)
Rupture of the spleen leading to massiveinternal bleeding (hemorrhage)
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Most people who live in areas wheremalaria is common have gottensome immunity to the disease. Visitors willnot have immunity, and should takepreventive medications.
It is important to see your health careprovider well before your trip, becausetreatment may need to begin as long as 2weeks before travel to the area, andcontinue for a month after you leave thearea. In 2006, the CDC reported that mosttravelers from the U.S. who contractedmalaria failed to take the right precautions.
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The types of anti-malarial medications
prescribed will depend on the area youvisit. According to the CDC, travelers toSouth America, Africa, the Indiansubcontinent,Asia, and the South Pacificshould take one of the following drugs: mefloquine,
doxycycline,
chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine,
or Malarone.
Even pregnant women should takepreventive medications because the risk tothe fetus from the medication is less thanthe risk of catching this infection.
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Avoid mosquito bites by wearing
protective clothing over the arms and
legs, using screens on windows, andusing insect repellent.
malaria.FLV
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Measles is a very contagious(easily spread) illness caused bya virus.
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The infection is spread by contact
with droplets from the nose,mouth, or throat of an infectedperson.
Sneezing and coughing can putcontaminated droplets into the
air.
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Rash
Usually appears 3 - 5days after the firstsigns of being sick
May last 4 - 7 days
Usually starts on thehead and spreads toother areas, movingdown the body
Rash may appear asflat, discolored areas(macules) and solid,
red, raised areas(papules) that later
join together
Itchy
Redness andirritation of the eyes(conjunctivitis)
Runny nose
Sore throat
Tiny white spots
inside the mouth(Koplik's spots)
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There is no specific treatment forthe measles.
The following may relievesymptoms:
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
Bed rest Humidified air
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Some children may need vitamin A
supplements. Vitamin A reduces the risk of death and
complications in children in lessdeveloped countries, where children
may not be getting enough vitamin A.
People who don't get enough vitamin A
are more likely to get infections,
including measles.
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Complications of measlesinfection may include:
Bronchitis Encephalitis
Ear infection (otitis media)
Pneumonia
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Routine immunization is highly effectivefor preventing measles. People who are
not immunized, or who have not
received the full immunization are athigh risk for catching the disease.
Taking serum immune globulin 6 days
after being exposed to the virus can
reduce the risk of developing measles,or can make the disease less severe.
measles.FLV
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Mumps is a contagious disease that
leads to painful swelling of the salivary
glands. The salivary glands produce
saliva, a liquid that moistens food andhelps you chew and swallow.
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The mumps are caused by a virus. The virusis spread from person-to-person byrespiratory droplets (for example, when you
sneeze) or by direct contact with items thathave been contaminated with infectedsaliva.
Mumps most commonly occurs in childrenages 2 - 12 who have not been vaccinatedagainst the disease. However, the infectioncan occur at any age. The time betweenbeing exposed to the virus and getting sick(incubation period) is usually 12 - 24 days.
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Mumps may also infect the:
Central nervous system
Pancreas
Testes
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Face pain
Fever
Headache
Sore throat
Swelling of the parotidglands (the largestsalivary glands,located between theear and the jaw)
Swelling of the templesor jaw(temporomandibulararea)
Other symptoms ofthis disease that canoccur in males: Testicle lump
Testicle pain Scrotal swelling
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A physical examination confirms
the presence of the swollen
glands. No testing is usuallyrequired.
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There is no specific treatment for
mumps.
Ice or heat packs applied to the neckarea and acetaminophen (Tylenol)
may help relieve pain.
Do not give aspirin to children with a
viral illness because of the risk of Reyesyndrome.
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You can also relieve
symptoms with: Extra fluids
Soft foods
Warm salt water gargles
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Infection of other organs
may occur,including orchitis.
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MMR immunization (vaccine) protects
against measles, mumps, and rubella.
It should be given to children 12 - 15
months old. The vaccine is givenagain between ages 4 - 6, or between
ages 11 - 12, if it wasn't given before.
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Meningitis is a bacterialinfection of the membranescovering the brain and spinalcord (meninges).
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The most common causes of
meningitis are viral infections that
usually get better without treatment. However, bacterial meningitis
infections are extremely serious, and
may result in death or brain damage,
even if treated.
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Meningitis may also becaused by:
Chemical irritation
Drug allergies
Fungi
Tumors
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Symptoms usuallycome on quickly, andmay include:
Fever and chills
Mental status
changes Nausea and vomiting
Sensitivity to light(photophobia)
Severe headache
Stiff neck(meningismus)
Other symptoms thatcan occur with thisdisease:
Agitation
Bulging fontanelles
Decreasedconsciousness
Poor feeding orirritability in children
Rapid breathing
Unusual posture, withthe head and neckarched backwards(opisthotonos)
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Physical examination will usuallyshow:
Fast heart rate Fever
Mental status changes
Stiff neck
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For any patient who is suspected ofhaving meningitis, it is important to
perform a lumbar puncture ("spinal tap"),in which spinal fluid (known ascerebrospinal fluid, or CSF) is collectedfor testing.
Tests that may be done include: Blood culture
Chest x-ray
CSF examination for cell count, glucose, and
protein CT scan of the head
Gram stain, other special stains, and cultureof CSF
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Doctors prescribe antibiotics forbacterial meningitis. Antibiotics are not
effective in viral meningitis.
Other medications and intravenous fluidswill be used to treat symptoms such as
brain swelling, shock, and seizures.
Some people may need to stay in the
hospital, depending on the severity of
the illness and the treatment needed.
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Brain damage
Buildup of fluid between the skull
and brain (subdural effusion)Hearing loss
Hydrocephalus
Seizures
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Haemophilus vaccine (HiB vaccine) inchildren will help prevent one type ofmeningitis.
The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is
now a routine childhood immunization andis very effective at preventingpneumococcal meningitis.
Household members and others in close
contact with people who havemeningococcal meningitis should receivepreventive antibiotics to avoid becominginfected themselves.
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The meningococcal vaccination isrecommended for:
Adolescents ages 11 - 12 and adolescentsentering high school (about age 15) whohave not already received the vaccination.
All college freshmen who have not been
vaccinated and are living in dorms. Children age 2 and older who do not have
their spleen or who have other problems withtheir immune system.
Those traveling to countries where diseases
caused by meningococcus are verycommon (ask your doctor).
meningitis.FLV