Making Digital AV

Signals WorkRoy A. Hermanson Jr., CTS-I/D

Regional Applications Specialist

5 Steps to Success in Digital AV

STC 2011

5 Steps to Success

• Signal Integrity

• Color Space

• Resolution

• Audio Format

• DRM - HDCP

STC 2011

Signal Integrity

• Source

• Cables

• Connectors/Connections

• Length

• Location

STC 2011

Signal Integrity

• Source

• How good is the source?

• Is it to “spec”

• What is the spec?

STC 2011

The Eye Pattern - Specifications• DDWG Specification

Transmit – 800 mV p - p Receive – 150 mV p - p

STC 2011

Signal Integrity

• Cables

• HDMI

• Quality

• Locking

• Rating

• Size

STC 2011

HDMI Cables

• Five cable types with different capabilities and performance capabilities

have been defined

• Cable type name is to be clearly marked on each cable

Supports up to

720p/1080i/2.25 Gbps

Supports 1080p or higher

includes 3D & 4K/10.2

Gbps

Supports up to

720p/1080i/2.25 Gbps

Support for HDMI

Ethernet Channel-100

Mbps

Supports 1080p or higher

includes 3D & 4K/10.2 Gbps

Support for HDMI Ethernet

Channel-100 Mbps

STC 2011

HDMI - Distance

• HDMI specifications do not define transmission

distance

• Cable construction has improved• Consistency of mechanical construction

• Dielectric material

• Other factors that improve performance• Larger AWG (24 & 22 AWG)

• Silver & Gold plated connectors & conductors

• HDMI connector

• Result is improved performance, reliability & distance

STC 2011

Signal Integrity

• Connectors/Connections

• Tight connection

• Locking

• Secure

• Cable Management

• Bends

• Adapters

STC 2011

Signal Integrity

STC 2011

Signal Integrity

• Crosstalk is usually caused by undesired

conductive coupling from one circuit or

channel, to another.

• Can be induced in electronics

• Majority of issues are cable / connector related

STC 2011

Signal Integrity

Cable

Connection

Avoid this signal path

STC 2011

Signal Integrity

• Length

• How far is too far?

• Manufacturers Guidelines

• Real Life Testing

• What if signal lost-Can it be recovered?

STC 2011

Signal Integrity

• Twisted Pair Cable Type Considerations

• 1080p @ 175 feet

CAT 5 Cable CAT 6 Cable CAT 7 Cable

STC 2011

Signal Integrity

• Twisted Pair Lengths & Connectors• Twisted Pair Cable and RJ45 Connectors

• Network cables intentionally designed with inter-pair skew

compensation to eliminate crosstalk between data

channels

• Cable ends / RJ45 connector – source of crosstalk

• Use of shielded connector

• Use of Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cable

• Will electronics used compensate any of this?

STC 2011

Signal Integrity

• Fiber Cable Lengths & Connectors

• Cost $$

• Calculate the optical budget

• Connections

• Patch panels

• Active equipment

STC 2011

Signal Integrity

• Location

• Will a single cable “reach” the destination?

• Will it fit into conduit?

• Do I have to “build” a cable with couplers and/or adapters?

• Are there environmental issues to consider?

STC 2011

0.640

0.300 0.600

0.150

0.330

0.060

R

G

B

x y

sRGBColor Space

• Color

• Gamut

NTSC

Adobe

1998

Printer

Space

0.640

0.300 0.600

0.150

0.330

0.060

R

G

B

x y

HDTV (709)

0.670

0.210 0.710

0.140

0.330

0.080

R

G

B

x y

NTSC

0.630

0.310 0.595

0.155

0.340

0.070

R

G

B

x y

SMPTE C

0.640

0.210 0.710

0.150

0.340

0.060

R

G

B

x y

Adobe 1998

0.640

0.290 0.600

0.150

0.330

0.060

R

G

B

x y

EBU (601)

HDTV

sRGB

EBU

SMPTE C

1931 CIE Color Space

STC 2011

Color Space

• What settings or controls do I have available for this?

• Source• Is it RGB or Component?

• Active Components in Signal Path?

• Can this be set via EDID or Manually?• Will the settings “store” on power off?

• Sink• Does it “prefer” RGB or Component?

• What is sink capable of?

• How does it react to change in ColorSpace?

STC 2011

Color Space

• Color Space Considerations

• What is the source’s color space?

• What active electronics are in the system?

• What is the display capable of reproducing?

• How does the Eye Pattern help determine color space?

STC 2011

Color SpaceEDID for HDCP compliant HDMI Display

EIA/CEA-861 Information

Revision number.......... 3

DTV underscan............ Not supported

Basic audio.............. Supported

YCbCr 4:4:4.............. Supported

YCbCr 4:2:2.............. Supported

YCbCr 4:2:2.............. Supported

Native formats........... 1

Detailed timing #1....... 1920x1080i at 60Hz (16:9)

Modeline............... "1920x1080" 74.250 1920

2008 2052 2200 1080 1084 1094 1124

interlace +hsync +vsync

Detailed timing #2....... 1280x720p at 60Hz (16:9)

Modeline............... "1280x720" 74.250 1280

1390 1430 1650 720 725 730 750 +hsync

+vsync

Detailed timing #3....... 720x480p at 60Hz

Modeline............... "720x480" 27.000 720 736

798 858 480 489 495 525 -hsync -vsync

Detailed timing #4....... 1440x480i at 60Hz

Modeline............... "1440x480" 27.000 1440

1478 1602 1716 480 488 494 524 interlace -

hsync -vsync

CE video data (timings supported)

1920 x 1080p at 60Hz - HDTV (16:9, 1:1)

[Native]

1920 x 1080p at 24Hz - HDTV (16:9, 1:1)

1920 x 1080i at 60Hz - HDTV (16:9, 1:1)

1280 x 720p at 60Hz - HDTV (16:9, 1:1)

720 x 480p at 60Hz - EDTV (16:9, 32:27)

720 x 480p at 60Hz - EDTV (4:3, 8:9)

720 x 480i at 60Hz - Doublescan (16:9, 32:27)

720 x 480i at 60Hz - Doublescan (4:3, 8:9)

640 x 480p at 60Hz - Default (4:3, 1:1)

NB: NTSC refresh rate = (Hz*1000)/1001

CE audio data (formats supported)

LPCM 2-channel, 16/20/24 bit depths at

32/44/48 kHz

CE speaker allocation data

Channel configuration.... 2.0

Front left/right......... Yes

Front LFE................ No

Front center............. No

Rear left/right.......... No

Rear center.............. No

Front left/right center.. No

Rear left/right center... No

Rear LFE................. No

CE vendor specific data (VSDB)

IEEE registration number. 0x000C03

CEC physical address..... 0.3.0.0

Supports AI (ACP, ISRC).. Yes

Supports 48bpp........... No

Supports 36bpp........... Yes

Supports 30bpp........... Yes

Supports YCbCr 4:4:4..... Yes

Supports dual-link DVI... No

Maximum TMDS clock....... 225MHz

STC 2011

Managing Resolution

Blu-ray

Satellite Rx

CATV

Playback Source

Laptop

Computer

Cell Phone

Display

Projector

Display

Monitor

Processor

Annotator

USP 507

Video Conference

MGP 464

STC 2011

Managing Resolution• What if I have different Displays?

4:3

16:10

16:9

5:4

STC 2011

Managing Resolution

• Display Resolutions

• Are all displays created equally?

• What are our options in commercial environments?

Source Switcher

DA

Matrix

Display

1080p

Display

1280x800

Display

1024x768

DVI / HDMI DVI / HDMI

DVI / HDMI

DVI / HDMI

STC 2011

Managing Resolution

• EDID Management

• Source unable to read EDID information?

• Which display should it use for its “native”

resolution?

• Comparison feature reduces signal to lowest

resolution

• What are the display’s scaling capabilities?

• What can we add to solve for this situation?

STC 2011

Managing Resolution

• Commercial systems have different source and

display resolutions

• Can display’s built-in scaler resolve the selected

resolutions?

• Do we need external scalers & where?

• EDID Management can reduce some issues, but

system must be designed with minimum number of

different resolutions

STC 2011

Managing Digital Audio

• How many A/V designs include all digital only

audio systems?

• Embedded or Separate Audio?

• Digital Audio Format?

• Where do you mix Digital and Analog audio?

• Audio Latency?

STC 2011

Managing Digital AudioEDID for HDCP compliant HDMI Display

EIA/CEA-861 Information

Revision number.......... 3

DTV underscan............ Not supported

Basic audio.............. Supported

YCbCr 4:4:4.............. Supported

YCbCr 4:2:2.............. Supported

YCbCr 4:2:2.............. Supported

Native formats........... 1

Detailed timing #1....... 1920x1080i at 60Hz (16:9)

Modeline............... "1920x1080" 74.250 1920

2008 2052 2200 1080 1084 1094 1124

interlace +hsync +vsync

Detailed timing #2....... 1280x720p at 60Hz (16:9)

Modeline............... "1280x720" 74.250 1280

1390 1430 1650 720 725 730 750 +hsync

+vsync

Detailed timing #3....... 720x480p at 60Hz

Modeline............... "720x480" 27.000 720 736

798 858 480 489 495 525 -hsync -vsync

Detailed timing #4....... 1440x480i at 60Hz

Modeline............... "1440x480" 27.000 1440

1478 1602 1716 480 488 494 524 interlace -

hsync -vsync

CE video data (timings supported)

1920 x 1080p at 60Hz - HDTV (16:9, 1:1)

[Native]

1920 x 1080p at 24Hz - HDTV (16:9, 1:1)

1920 x 1080i at 60Hz - HDTV (16:9, 1:1)

1280 x 720p at 60Hz - HDTV (16:9, 1:1)

720 x 480p at 60Hz - EDTV (16:9, 32:27)

720 x 480p at 60Hz - EDTV (4:3, 8:9)

720 x 480i at 60Hz - Doublescan (16:9, 32:27)

720 x 480i at 60Hz - Doublescan (4:3, 8:9)

640 x 480p at 60Hz - Default (4:3, 1:1)

NB: NTSC refresh rate = (Hz*1000)/1001

CE audio data (formats supported)

LPCM 2-channel, 16/20/24 bit depths at

32/44/48 kHz

CE speaker allocation data

Channel configuration.... 2.0

Front left/right......... Yes

Front LFE................ No

Front center............. No

Rear left/right.......... No

Rear center.............. No

Front left/right center.. No

Rear left/right center... No

Rear LFE................. No

CE vendor specific data (VSDB)

IEEE registration number. 0x000C03

CEC physical address..... 0.3.0.0

Supports AI (ACP, ISRC).. Yes

Supports 48bpp........... No

Supports 36bpp........... Yes

Supports 30bpp........... Yes

Supports YCbCr 4:4:4..... Yes

Supports dual-link DVI... No

Maximum TMDS clock....... 225MHz

STC 2011

Managing Digital Audio

• Embedded or Separate Audio

• HDMI and DisplayPort have embedded audio

• Blu-Ray, Cable/Satellite receivers and media

players are source with both embedded and analog

audio outputs

• Are they both active?

• Sinks?

• Projectors and displays may or may not support audio

STC 2011

Managing Digital Audio• Audio / Video Latency

• Lip Sync issues for IMAG

• Beyond 2 frames of delay is noticeable

• Where is the video delayed

• Scalers / seamless switchers

• Projectors / Displays

• Embedded in content

STC 2011

Audio from an HDMI Signal• HDMI Audio Extractor

• Analog or Digital Output?

• Either/Or ?

• Simultaneous?

• EDID Management

• Limitations?

• Responds to EDID Commands?

• PassThru Audio to next Sink?

STC 2011

Audio into an HDMI Signal

• Balanced/UnBalanced Audio into HDMI Signal

• Most likely in either a Scaler or a Matrix

• Analog or Digital Audio?

• EDID Management

• Limitations?

• Responds to EDID Commands?

STC 2011

Digital Rights Management

STC 2011

Digital Rights Management

• Protects Content

• Usage

• Allow Playback

• Private Environment or Listening

• Commercial Spaces• Copy

• Block or Allow

STC 2011

AACS

• AACS is a standard for encrypting high definition

optical discs

• It works in conjunction with HDCP

• Ensures only authorized players can read the content

• Disc will ensure source is not on the revocation list

• AACS provides for eventual elimination of analog

video outputs on Blu-ray Disc players

• Analog Sunset

STC 2011

AACS• AACS works with HDCP

• Image Constraint Token (ICT)

• No high resolution analog output

• 480i

• Digital Only Token (DOT)

• No analog output

• HDCP output only!!!

• Revocation List

• The “Black List of Keys”

STC 2011

AACS - Analog Sunset• Compliance Rules for Licensed Products

• Manufacturers:• As of Dec. 31, 2010 Licensed Content Product shall limit the analog outputs for

decrypted AACS content to SD interlaced

480i only

2.2.2.1 Analog Sunset – 2010. With the exception of Existing Models, any Licensed Player

manufactured after December 31, 2010 shall limit analog video outputs for Decrypted AACS

Content to SD Interlace Modes: composite video, s-video, 480i component video and 576i video

STC 2011

AACS - Analog Sunset• Compliance Rules for Licensed Products

• Manufacturers:• After Dec. 31, 2013 no licensed content player shall be manufactured or sold with

analog outputs

Digital only

2.2.2.2 Analog Sunset – 2013. No Licensed Player that passes Decrypted AACS Content to

analog video outputs may be manufactured or sold by Adopter after December 31, 2013.

STC 2011

Code of Federal Regulations47 CFR 76.1903 that explicitly prohibits the disabling of analog outputs on cable and

satellite set top boxes:

76.1903 Interfaces

A covered entity shall not attach or embed data or information with audiovisual content, or

otherwise apply to, associate with, or allow such data to persist in or remain associated

with such content, so as to prevent its output through any analog or digital output

authorized or permitted under license, law or regulation governing such covered product.

In 2008 the MPAA petitioned the FCC on VOD

On May 7th 2010 the MPAA was issued a waiver

STC 2011

HDCP

• HDCP is not a DRM• HDCP Encrypts and Protects content as it is transmitted as a Digital Data Stream

• Hardware vs Software• We see some BluRay & Mac Laptops that require HDCP connection 24/7…regardless

of software

STC 2011

HDCP

• What are the customers expectations?• Do they care about keys?

• Quick Switching?

• Seamless Switching?

• Compliant/Non-compliant?

• Can we deliver on any of these?

STC 2011

Design Strategies

• Try It and Test It First

• Mix it Up Brands or Stay with One Name

• It looks good on paper…but

Your Classroom..Today

Making Digital AV

Signals WorkRoy A. Hermanson Jr., CTS-I/D

Regional Applications Specialist