Major Developmental Theorists

DEP2004

Major Theorists• Sigmund Freud – Psychosexual Stages • Erik Erickson – Psychosocial Stages • Ivan Pavlov – Classical Conditioning • B. F. Skinner – Operant Conditioning• Albert Bandura – Social Learning • Lev Vygotsky – Social Learning/Cognitive • Jean Piaget – Cognitive Development• Urie Bronfenbrenner – Ecological Systems• Elisabeth Kubler-Ross - 5 Stages of Grief

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development

Oral Stage

Birth to 18 months

• Oral fixation• Oral personality

Anal Stage

18 months to three years

• Anal Retentive• Anal Expulsive

Phallic Stage

Three to Six years

• Oedipus Complex• Electra Complex

Latency Stage

Six to Puberty

• Repression of sexual desires• Same sex peers

Genital Stage

Puberty on

• Reawakening sexual urges• Attention returns to opposite sex

peers

Id, Ego, Super Ego

Eric EricksonEight-Stage Theory of

Psycho-Social Development

2. Early Childhood: 18 Months to 3 Years

Autonomy vs. Shame

Basic Strengths: Self-control, Courage, and Will

-Learn to master skills for ourselves. -Learning finer motor development, toilet training. -Build self-esteem and autonomy, gain more control over our bodies and acquire new skills, learning right from wrong. -Can be very vulnerable-May feel great shame and doubt of our capabilities and suffer low self-esteem -Most significant relationships are with parents.

3. Play Age: 3 to 5 Years

Ego Development Outcome: Initiative vs. Guilt

Basic Strength: Purpose

-Experience a desire to copy adults around us -Take initiative in creating play situations, playing out roles in a trial universe-Experimenting with what we believe it means to be an adult-WHY?-become involved in the classic "Oedipal struggle" and resolve this struggle through "social role identification." -If frustrated over natural desires and goals, may easily experience guilt.-The most significant relationship is with the basic family.

4. School Age: 6 to 12 Years

Ego Development Outcome: Industry vs. Inferiority

Basic Strengths: Method and Competence

-Stage often called the Latency-Capable of learning, creating and accomplishing numerous new skills and knowledge, thus developing a sense of industry-Very social stage of development, if we experience unresolved feelings of inadequacy and inferiority among our peers - can have serious problems in terms of competence and self-esteem-Most significant relationship is with the school and neighborhood. -Parents no longer the complete authorities - although they are still important.

5. Adolescence: 12 to 18 Years

Ego Development Outcome: Identity vs. Role Confusion

Basic Strengths: Devotion and Fidelity

-Adolescence - life getting more complex - attempt to find our own identity, struggle with social interactions, and grapple with moral issues.-Discover who we are as individuals - now members of a wider society-If unsuccessful in navigating this stage, will experience role confusion and upheaval.-Establish a philosophy of life-May develop strong devotion to friends and causes.-Most significant relationships are with peer groups.

6. Young adulthood: 18 to 35

Ego Development Outcome: Intimacy and Solidarity vs. Isolation

Basic Strengths: Affiliation and Love

-Initial stage of adulthood - seek one or more companions and love. -Generally begin to start a family-If negotiating this stage is successful - experience intimacy on a deep level-If we don't find it easy to create satisfying relationships, our world can begin to shrink as, in defense, we can feel superior to others.-If not successful, isolation and distance from others may occur. -Significant relationships are with marital partners and friends.

7. Middle Adulthood: 35 to 55 or 65

Ego Development Outcome: Generativity vs. Self absorption or Stagnation

Basic Strengths: Production and Care

-Work most crucial-Occupied with creative and meaningful work/family. -Expect to "be in charge“-Strength comes through care of others and production of something that contributes to the betterment of society (generativity) - often fear inactivity and meaninglessness-Faced with major life changes - mid-life crisis – Need to find new meanings and purposes-Lack of success in this stage may lead to self-absorbtion and stagnation-Significant relationships within workplace, community and family.

Late Adulthood: 55 or 65 to Death

Ego Development Outcome: Integrity vs. Despair

Basic Strengths: Wisdom

Integrity-Look back on life with happiness and are content, feeling deep sense that life has meaning and made a contribution to life -Now have detached concern for whole of life, accepting death as completion of life.

Despair-May reach this stage and despair at experiences and perceived failures -may fear death as they struggle to find a purpose to life -"Was the trip worth it?" -Significant relationship is with all of mankind

Behaviorism

• studies observable behavior • also called learning theory• Conditioning - processes by which

responses become linked to particular stimuli and learning takes place.

Classical Conditioning

- Ivan Pavlovo Classical – what happens before

behavior/responseo Stimulus – Conditioned, Unconditioned–Must be paired, occur closely, repeated

o Response – Unconditioned, Conditioned (learned)

o Extinction

Operant Conditioning- B. F. Skinner• Reinforcement – pleasurable consequence –

encourages behavior–Positive reinforcement–Negative reinforcement

–Schedule of reinforcement• Fixed or variable ratio, fixed or variable interval• Punishment – unpleasurable consequence –

discourages/eliminates behavior

Theories of Human Development

Social Learning Theory • Social Learning Theory posits:

•Humans learn from one another–Observation–Imitation–Modeling

• Reciprocal Determinism

Social Learning Theory-Albert Bandura• Emphasizes the influence other people

have over a person’s behavior• Modeling - people learn by observing

other people then copying them.• Self-efficacy – how effective people think

they are

Necessary Conditions for Effective Modeling

• Attention• Retention• Reproduction• Motivation

Cognitive Theory

• Thoughts and expectations profoundly affect action.

• Focuses on changes in how people think over time.

• Lev Vygotsky• Jean Piaget

Cognitive Theory

- Lev Vygotsky • Guided participation• Zone of proximal development

Zone of Proximal Development

Stage Characterized By

Senso-rimotor

(Birth-2 yrs)

Differentiates self from objects Recognizes self as agent of action and begins to act intentionally: e.g. pulls a string to set mobile in motion or shakes a rattle to make a noise Achieves object permanence: realizes that things continue to exist even when no longer present to the sense

Jean Piaget - Stages of Cognitive Development

Pre-operational

(2-7 years)

Learns to use language and to represent objects by images and words. Thinking is still egocentric: has difficulty taking the viewpoint of others Egocentrism, centration and irreversibilityClassifies objects by a single feature: e.g. groups together all the red blocks regardless of shape or all the square blocks regardless of color

Concrete operational

(7-11 years)

Can think logically about objects and events Achieves conservation of number (age 6), mass (age 7), and weight (age 9)

Classifies objects according to several features and can order them in series along a single dimension such as size.

Formal operational

(11 years and up)

Can think logically about abstract propositions and test hypotheses systematically.

Becomes concerned with the hypothetical, the future, and ideological problems.

Theories of Human Development

Theories of Human Development

Systems Theory• Change in one part of a person, family, or society

affects every aspect of development

Ecological systems approach- Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917–2005)

• The person should be considered in all the contexts and interactions that constitute a life.

Ecological Systems Theory

Five Components of Bronfenbrenner’s System

• microsystems - person’s immediate surroundings

• exosystems - local institutions • macrosystems - larger social setting• chronosystem - literally, “time system”• Mesosystem - connections among the other

systems

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross5 Stages of Grief

DenialAnger

BargainingDepressionAcceptance