Post on 15-Jan-2016
Macroeconomic and Industry Analysis
Bodie, Kane and MarcusEssentials of Investments 9th Global Edition
12
12.1 GLOBAL ECONOMY• National Economic Environment
• Crucial determinant of industry performance
• Exchange Rate• Rate at which domestic currency can be converted into foreign currency
TABLE 12.1 ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
2011 Stock Market Return (%)
In Local Currency In U.S. Dollars Forecasted Growth in GDP, 2012 (%)
Brazil -22.9 -28.9 3.5
Britain -3.9 -4.2 0.2
Canada -9.1 -10.9 2.0
China -22.7 -19.1 8.2
France -16.1 -19.2 -0.3
Germany -11.6 -14.9 0.1
Greece -53.2 -54.9 -7.5
India -22.6 -34.6 7.8
Italy -24.0 -26.9 -1.1
Japan -16.3 -11.6 1.7
Mexico -3.0 -12.9 3.1
Russia -15.4 -19.0 3.7
Singapore -15.0 -15.5 4.0
South Korea -9.0 -10.1 3.8
Thailand 0.3 -3.9 3.1
U.S. 1.6 1.6 2.0
Source: The Economist, January 7, 2012
FIGURE 12.1 CHANGE IN REAL EXCHANGE RATE
Canada
Japan
Euro
U.K.
-35% -30% -25% -20% -15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10%
-28.9%
2.7%
-13.4%
4.3%
U.S. dollar versus major currencies, 1999-2010
FIGURE 12.2 S&P 500 INDEX VERSUS EARNINGS PER SHARE
19
55
19
59
19
63
19
67
19
71
19
75
19
79
19
83
19
87
19
91
19
95
19
99
20
03
20
07
20
11
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
S&P 500 EPS x 12
EPS x 18 EPS x 25
12.2 THE DOMESTIC MACROECONOMY
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Market value of goods and services produced over
period of time Unemployment Rate
Ratio of number of unemployed to total labor force Inflation
Rate at which general level of prices for goods and services is rising
12.2 THE DOMESTIC MACROECONOMY
Interest Rates High interest rates reduce present value of future cash
flows Budget Deficit
Government spending in excess of government revenues
Sentiment Consumer optimism/pessimism are determinants of
economic performance
12.3 INTEREST RATES Fundamental Factors of Interest Rates
Supply of funds from savers Demand for funds from borrowers Government’s net supply/demand for funds, modified
by Federal Reserve Expected rate of inflation
FIGURE 12.3 DETERMINATION OF EQUILIBRIUM REAL RATE OF INTEREST
12.4 DEMAND AND SUPPLY SHOCKS Demand Shock
Event that affects demand for goods and services in economy
Supply Shock Event that influences production capacity and costs in
economy
12.4 DEMAND AND SUPPLY SHOCKS
The price of imported oil fell dramatically in late 2008. What sort of macroeconomic
shock would this be considered?
12.5 GOVERNMENT POLICY Fiscal Policy
Use of government spending and taxing for stabilizing economy
Monetary Policy Actions taken by the central bank to influence money
supply or interest rates Supply-Side Policies
Address productive capacity of economy, goal is to induce workers/owners to produce goods
12.6 BUSINESS CYCLES Business Cycles
Recurring cycles of recession and recovery Peak
Transition from end of expansion to start of contraction Trough
Transition point between recession and recovery
12.6 BUSINESS CYCLES Cyclical Industries
Industries with above-average sensitivity to state of economy
Defensive Industries Industries with below-average sensitivity to state of
economy
FIGURE 12.4 CYCLICAL INDICATORS
FIGURE 12.4 CYCLICAL INDICATORS
12.6 BUSINESS CYCLES Leading Economic Indicators
Economic series that tend to rise or fall in advance of rest of economy
Stock-market-price indexMoney supplyManufacturers’ orders
TABLE 12.2 INDEXES OF ECONOMIC INDICATORS
FIGURE 12.5 INDEXES OF LEADING, COINCIDENT, AND LAGGING FACTORS
12.7 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS Defining an Industry
NAICS codes in the US
Classification of firms into industry groups using numerical codes to identify industries
KSE sectors
FIGURE 12.7 RETURN ON EQUITY, 2011
Money center banksHeavy construction
Electric utilitiesAuto manufacturers
TruckingBiotech
Food productsAsset managementBusiness software
Telecom servicesHome improvement
PharmaceuticalsAerospace/defense
Health care plansIntegrated oil & gas
Chemical productsIndustrial metals
Application softwareRestaurants
Computer systems
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
6.77.07.1
7.98.58.79.0
10.311.4
14.115.615.8
17.117.2
18.119.6
24.624.9
29.636.4
FIGURE 12.7 RETURN ON EQUITY, KSE
FIGURE 12.8 INDUSTRY STOCK PRICE PERFORMANCE, 2011
Money center banks
Heavy construction
Electric utilities
Auto manufacturers
Trucking
Biotech
Food products
Asset management
Business software
Telecom services
Home improvement
Pharmaceuticals
Aerospace/defense
Health care plans
Integrated oil & gas
Chemical products
Industrial metals
Application software
Restaurants
Computer systems
-40.0 -30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
-25.3
-17.1
13.1
-33.2
-7.7
5.5
11.3
-20.1
-8.6
-9.1
12.9
14.7
5.5
10.5
13.4
-4.6
-21.2
-8.6
27.8
16.3
Rate of return (%)
FIGURE 12.8 INDUSTRY STOCK PRICE PERFORMANCE, 2011
KSE
Oil & Gas
Basic Materials
Industrials
Consumer Goods
Health Care
Consumer Services
Telecommunications
Banks
Insurance
Real Estate
Financial Services
Technology
Parallel
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
Sector Return % 2012
FIGURE 12.9 ROE OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE FIRMS
Microsoft
SAP
Intuit
Oracle
CA (Computer Assoc)
Adobe
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
44.2
26.0
25.7
24.3
15.5
15.2
ROE (%)
TABLE 12.5 EXAMPLES OF NAICS INDUSTRY CODES
FIGURE 12.10 INDUSTRY CYCLICALITY1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%Grocery
Jewelry
An
nu
al
sa
les g
row
th (
%)
12.7 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS Sensitivity to the Business Cycle
Sensitivity of salesNecessary product or luxury?Low sensitivity to income
Operating leverageFinancial leverage
12.7 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
FIGURE 12.11 STYLIZED DEPICTION OF BUSINESS CYCLE
12.7 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS Sector Rotation
Shifting portfolio into industry sectors expected to outperform others based on macroeconomic forecastsNear peak, invest in natural resource extraction and processing firms
After peak, defensive industries often better performers
In trough, capital goods industries often better performers
In expansion, cyclical industries often better
FIGURE 12.12 SECTOR ROTATION
12.7 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
12.7 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS Industry Life Cycles: Stages Firms Pass Through to
Maturity Start-up stage: Often characterized by new
technology/product Consolidation stage: Industry leaders begin to emerge Maturity stage: Product has reached potential for use
by consumers Relative decline: May grow less than rest of economy
or shrink
FIGURE 12.13 INDUSTRY LIFE CYCLE
FIGURE 12.13 INDUSTRY LIFE CYCLE
At what stage in the life cycle of an industry is investment most
attractive and lucrative?
PETER LYNCH’S INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION
Stage Characteristic
Slow Growers Cash cow
Stalwarts Cash cows with a bit higher growth (e.g. Coca-Cola)
Fast Growers High growth rates
Cyclicals Moves with the economy
Turnarounds In bankruptcy or heading to it and can reover
Asset Play Valuable assets not reflect in the stock price
12.7 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS Industry Structure and Performance
Threat of entry: New entrants to industry pressure price/profits
Rivalry between existing competitors: Market share competition pressures price/profits
Pressure from substitute products: Firms in related industries can threaten market share
12.7 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS Industry Structure and Performance
Bargaining power of buyers
Large-scale buyers have considerable bargaining power
Bargaining power of suppliers
Large-scale suppliers have considerable bargaining power
MY PROBLEMS
Basic4 effect of policy on business conditions (1)
Intermediate (6 problems)17 industry sensitivity (3)19 industry sensitivity (3)21 industry life cycle (4)24 effect of policy on business conditions (1)
CFA Problems (2 problems)2 industry life cycle (4)4 industry life cycle (4)
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