Post on 22-Feb-2016
description
LT RBR:Long Term Radiation Belt Remediation
Joshua DavisASTE 527
Space Concepts Studio
LT RBR:RBR means removing the trapped electrons and ions from the near Earth environment for the benefit of manned and unmanned spacecraft.
Radiation Environment’s Impact on Manned Spaceflight
A majority of the radiation Astronauts receive on orbit is attributed to the trapped radiation particles in the inner Van Allen belt.
Time on orbit is limited by an Astronaut’s total radiation exposure, limiting the ability to study long term micro-gravity effects on Humans.
Temporary and permanent eye damage.
Increased risk of cancers as well as heart, digestive, and respiratory diseases.
The daily dosage of radiation on the ISS is equal to 8 chest X-rays per day.
Career exposure cannot exceed 3 percent risk of exposure-induced death (REID) at a 95% confidence level.
NASA Career Exposure Limits Male Female
25 Years Old 52 rem 37 rem
55 Years Old 147 rem 112 rem
Average annual exposure on the Earth’s surface is .125 rem/year, on board ISS during solar maximum is .1 rem/day
Solar array power decrease due to radiation damage
Single event effects in microelectronics: bit flips, fatal latch-ups
Spacecraft components become radioactive
False stars in star tracker CCDs before after
Surface degradation from radiation
Electronics degrade due to total radiation dose
Solar array arc discharge
Cryogenic systems experience notable charged particle heating
Electromagnetic pulse from vehicle discharge
Induced Voltage
Time
Energetic Particle & Plasma Hazards
Energetic Particle & Plasma Hazards
Arc Discharging
Energetic Particle & Plasma Hazards
Solar Panel Power Decrease
Energetic Particle & Plasma Hazards
Bit Flips/Single Event Upsets
Particle Motion in Earth’s Magnetic Field
Radiation Belts are Highly Dynamic
Radiation Belts are Highly DynamicVideo reconstructing belts with SAMPEX data from Oct 18, 2003 to Jan 1, 2004
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwNNh4c9bR0
Oct 25 Oct 27
Oct 30 Nov 3
Natural Remediation
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Solar or Nuclear Events
How RBR Works:Change the particle’s pitch cone angle such that its velocity vector is pointed roughly parallel to the magnetic field lines.
VLF:Very Low Frequency Radio Waves
Ground Based
Space Based
Experimental Data for Ground Based VLF RBR
Increase in loss-cone electron flux during VLF operation
Ambient flux conditions
AFRL DSX to test Space Based VLF RBR
“The overall primary objective of DSX is to resolve critical feasibility issues of injecting VLF waves into the magnetosphere to determine how efficiently, how effectively, and to what degree of efficacy this can be accomplished. The goal is to assess the particle distribution, perturbations, and scattering effects on the particles as a result of the VLF waves produced by nature and by man-made systems on the ground and in space.”
Starfish Prime – High Altitude Nuclear Explosion
Crippled 1/3 of operational satellites and disabled 7 satellites in the months that followed due to the particles injected into the radiation belts, some of which persisted for 5 years.
“It has been suggested that even a “small” HANE (~10–20 kilotons) occurring at altitudes of 125–300 km would raise peak radiation fluxes in the inner radiation belt by 3–4 orders of magnitude, and lead to the loss of 90% of all low-Earth-orbit satellites within a month [Dupont, 2004].”
“the manned space program would need to be placed on hold for a year or more”
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Rapid Response Remediation
Solar or Nuclear Event
Occurs
Particles Remain
Event Ends
Rapid Remediation Occurs
Ionospheric Distortion Begins Ionospheric Distortion Subsides
Issues with RBR
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Ionogram (with Turbulence)
Frequency (MHz)
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ht
Radio Communication Fade vs. Solar Cycle – Thule
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0.7
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2.3
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Enhanced Remediation vs. Natural Remediation
Long Term Radiation Belt Remediation
Conclusion and Future Work for LT RBR
VLF ground based architecture study for geographic locations of interest
Feasibility study of Long Term operation of VLF stations (power, cost, effectiveness)
References
• Odenwald, Sten. "What Are Space Radiation Effects?" NASA. <http://radbelts.gsfc.nasa.gov/outreach/effects.html>.
• Hess, Wilmot N. "Energetic Particles in the Inner Van Allen Belt." Space Science Reviews 1.2 (1962). <http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00240580>
• Hoyt, Robert P., and Forward, Robert L. "Radiation Remediation." Tethers Unlimited. <http://www.tethers.com/HiVOLT.html>.
References Cont.
• Gamble, Rory. Et al. "Radiation Belt Electron Precipitation by Man-made VLF Transmissions." Journal of Geophysical Research 113 (2008): American Geophysical Union, 21 Oct. 2008. <http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2008/2008JA013369.shtml>.
• Rodger, Craig J. "The Atmospheric Implications of Radiation Belt Remediation." Annales Geophysicae 24 (2006). European Geosciences Union. <http://www.ann-geophys.net/24/2025/2006/angeo-24-2025-2006.pdf>.
References Cont.• Basu, Santimay, and MacKenzie, E. “Ionospheric constraints
on VHF/UHF communications links during solar maximum and minimum periods” Radio Science 23 (1988): American Geophysical Union, 17 Jan. 1988. <http://www.agu.org/journals/rs/v023/i003/RS023i003p00363/RS023i003p00363.pdf>.
• Scherbath, Mark. Et al. "AFRL's Demonstration and Science Experiments (DSX) mission", Proc. SPIE 7438, Solar Physics and Space Weather Instrumentation III, 74380B (September 23, 2009); doi:10.1117/12.824898; <http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.824898>
Backup Slides
Why does the Earth have a Radiation Belt?
A Radiation Belt ismore stylish thanRadiation Suspenders!
Tethers Unlimited : HiVOLT
Neutral Particle InjectionIon-Cyclotron Turbulence Generation
Natural Remediation - AnalogyWater is poured into the top of the bucket and exits through a porous plug at the bottom of the bucket.
If the rate of water being poured into the system increases, the water level rises until the pressure causes an equilibrium condition
If there is no water, there is still a bucket.
The radiation belts work in a similar fashion, the more particles coming into the system, the more particles come out of the system.
However, particles in the belts can become stuck for months or years, so equilibrium takes a very long time to reach after an event.
Just as with the bucket, if there are no particles in the radiation belt, the protective magnetosphere is unaffected
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Ionogram
Frequency (MHz)
Heig
ht
Increasing Density
Radio Communication %Fade vs. Solar Cycle – Ascension Island