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LogicalReasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SECTIONI
AnalyticalReasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SECTIONII
LogicalReasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SECTIONIII
ReadingComprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SECTIONIV
WritingSampleMaterials
1 112
1. Backyardgardenerswhowanttoincreasetheyieldsoftheirpotatoplantsshouldtrygrowingstingingnettlesalongsidetheplants,sincestingingnettlesattractinsectsthatkillawidearrayofinsectpeststhatdamagepotatoplants.Itistruethatstingingnettlesalsoattractaphids,andthatmanyspeciesofaphidsareharmfultopotatoplants,butthatfactinnowaycontradictsthisrecommendation,because_______.
Whichoneofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletestheargument?
(A) stingingnettlesrequirelittlecareandthusareeasytocultivate
(B) sometypesofaphidsareattractedtostingingnettleplantsbutdonotdamagethem
(C) thetypesofaphidsthatstingingnettlesattractdonotdamagepotatoplants
(D) insectpeststypicallycauselessdamagetopotatoplantsthanotherharmfulorganismsdo
(E) mostaphidspeciesthatareharmfultopotatoplantscausegreaterharmtootherediblefoodplants
2. Jocko,achimpanzee,wasoncegivenalargebunchofbananasbyazookeeperafterthemoredominantmembersofthechimpanzeestroophadwanderedoff.Inhisexcitement,Jockoutteredsomeloudfoodbarks.Theotherchimpanzeesreturnedandtookthebananasaway.Thenextday,Jockowasagainfoundaloneandwasgivenasinglebanana.Thistime,however,hekeptsilent.ThezookeeperconcludedthatJockossilencewasastratagemtokeeptheotherchimpanzeesfromhisfood.
Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslycallsintoquestionthezookeepersconclusion?
(A) Chimpanzeesutterfoodbarksonlywhentheirfavoritefoodsareavailable.
(B) Chimpanzeesutterfoodbarksonlywhentheyencounterasizablequantityoffood.
(C) Chimpanzeesfrequentlytakefoodfromotherchimpanzeesmerelytoassertdominance.
(D) Evenwhentheyarealone,chimpanzeesoftenmakenoisesthatappeartobesignalstootherchimpanzees.
(E) Bananasareafoodforwhichallofthechimpanzeesatthezooshowadecidedpreference.
3. Arecentsurveyquizzedjournalismstudentsaboutthesortsofstoriestheythemselveswishedtoread.Asignificantmajoritysaidtheywantedtoseestoriesdealingwithseriousgovernmentalandpoliticalissuesandhadlittletoleranceforthepresentpopularityofstoriescoveringlifestyletrendsandcelebritygossip.Thisindicatesthattodaystrendsinpublishingarebasedonfalseassumptionsabouttheinterestsofthepublic.
Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelydescribesaflawintheargumentsreasoning?
(A) Ittakeswhatismorelikelytobetheeffectofaphenomenontobeitscause.
(B) Itregardstheproductionofaneffectasincontrovertibleevidenceofanintentiontoproducethateffect.
(C) Itreliesontheopinionsofagroupunlikelytoberepresentativeofthegroupatissueintheconclusion.
(D) Itemployslanguagethatunfairlyrepresentsthosewhoarelikelytorejecttheargumentsconclusion.
(E) Ittreatsahypothesisasfacteventhoughitisadmittedlyunsupported.
GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
SECTIONI
Time35minutes
25Questions
Directions: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For somequestions,more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; thatis, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are bycommonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer,blackenthecorrespondingspaceonyouranswersheet.
1 11 3 4. Electricbugzappers,whichworkbyattractinginsectsto
light,areaveryeffectivemeansofriddinganareaofflyinginsects.Despitethis,mostpestcontrolexpertsnowadviseagainsttheiruse,recommendinginsteadsuchremediesasinsect-eatingbirdsorinsecticidesprays.
Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoaccountforthepestcontrolexpertsrecommendation?
(A) Insect-eatingbirdswilltakeupresidenceinanyinsect-richareaiftheyareprovidedwithnestingboxes,food,andwater.
(B) Bugzappersarelesseffectiveagainstmosquitoes,whichareamongthemoreharmfulinsects,thantheyareagainstotherharmfulinsects.
(C) Bugzappersusemoreelectricitybutprovidelesslightthandomoststandardoutdoorlightsources.
(D) Bugzapperskillmanymorebeneficialinsectsandfewerharmfulinsectsthandoinsect-eatingbirdsandinsecticidesprays.
(E) Developersofcertainnewinsecticidespraysclaimthattheirproductscontainnochemicalsthatareharmfultohumans,birds,orpets.
5. Gardener:ThedesignofJapanesegardensshoulddisplayharmonywithnature.Hence,rockschosenforplacementinsuchgardensshouldvarywidelyinappearance,sincerocksfoundinnaturealsovarywidelyinappearance.
Thegardenersargumentdependsonassumingwhichoneofthefollowing?
(A) TheselectionofrocksforplacementinaJapanesegardenshouldreflecteverykeyvalueembodiedinthedesignofJapanesegardens.
(B) IntheselectionofrocksforJapanesegardens,imitationofnaturehelpstoachieveharmonywithnature.
(C) TheonlycriterionforselectingrocksforplacementinaJapanesegardenistheexpressionofharmonywithnature.
(D) Expressingharmonywithnatureandbeingnaturalarethesamething.
(E) EachcomponentofagenuineJapanesegardenisvaried.
6. Smallexperimentalvacuumtubescanoperateinheatthatmakessemiconductorcomponentsfail.Anycomponentwhoseresistancetoheatisgreaterthanthatofsemiconductorswouldbepreferableforuseindigitalcircuits,butonlyifthatcomponentwerealsocomparabletosemiconductorsinallothersignificantrespects,suchasmaximumcurrentcapacity.However,vacuumtubesmaximumcurrentcapacityispresentlynotcomparabletothatofsemiconductors.
Ifthestatementsabovearetrue,whichoneofthefollowingmustalsobetrue?
(A) Vacuumtubesarenotnowpreferabletosemiconductorsforuseindigitalcircuits.
(B) Oncevacuumtubesandsemiconductorshavecomparablemaximumcurrentcapacity,vacuumtubeswillbeusedinsomedigitalcircuits.
(C) Theonlyreasonthatvacuumtubesarenotnowusedindigitalcircuitsisthatvacuumtubesmaximumcurrentcapacityistoolow.
(D) Semiconductorswillalwaysbepreferabletovacuumtubesforuseinmanyapplicationsotherthandigitalcircuits.
(E) Resistancetoheatistheonlyadvantagethatvacuumtubeshaveoversemiconductors.
7. ThecauseoftheepidemicthatdevastatedAthensin430B.C.canfinallybeidentified.Accountsoftheepidemicmentionthehiccupsexperiencedbymanyvictims,asymptomofnoknowndiseaseexceptthatcausedbytherecentlydiscoveredEbolavirus.Moreover,othersymptomsofthediseasecausedbytheEbolavirusarementionedintheaccountsoftheAthenianepidemic.
Eachofthefollowing,iftrue,weakenstheargumentEXCEPT:
(A) VictimsoftheEbolavirusexperiencemanysymptomsthatdonotappearinanyoftheaccountsoftheAthenianepidemic.
(B) NotallofthosewhoarevictimsoftheEbolavirusareafflictedwithhiccups.
(C) TheEbolavirusshostanimalsdidnotliveinAthensatthetimeoftheAthenianepidemic.
(D) TheEbolavirusismuchmorecontagiousthanthediseasethatcausedtheAthenianepidemicwasreportedtohavebeen.
(E) TheepidemicsknowntohavebeencausedbytheEbolavirusareusuallyshorter-livedthanwastheAthenianepidemic.
GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
1 114 8. Lettertotheeditor:Yourarticlewasunjustifiedin
criticizingenvironmentalistsforclaimingthatmorewolvesonVancouverIslandarekilledbyhuntersthanareborneachyear.YoustatedthatthisclaimwasdisprovenbyrecentstudiesthatindicatethatthetotalnumberofwolvesonVancouverIslandhasremainedroughlyconstantfor20years.Butyoufailedtoaccountforthefactthat,fearingtheextinctionofthiswolfpopulation,environmentalistshavebeenintroducingnewwolvesintotheVancouverIslandwolfpopulationfor20years.
Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelyexpressestheconclusionoftheargumentinthelettertotheeditor?
(A) EnvironmentalistshavebeensuccessfullymaintainingthewolfpopulationonVancouverIslandfor20years.
(B) AsmanywolvesonVancouverIslandarekilledbyhuntersasareborneachyear.
(C) ThepopulationofwolvesonVancouverIslandshouldbemaintainedbyeitherreducingthenumberkilledbyhunterseachyearorintroducingnewwolvesintothepopulation.
(D) TherecentstudiesindicatingthatthetotalnumberofwolvesonVancouverIslandhasremainedroughlyconstantfor20yearswereflawed.
(E) ThestabilityinthesizeoftheVancouverIslandwolfpopulationdoesnotwarrantthearticlescriticismoftheenvironmentalistsclaim.
9. Computerscientist:Forseveraldecades,thenumberoftransistorsonnewcomputermicrochips,andhencethemicrochipscomputingspeed,hasdoubledaboutevery18months.However,fromthemid-1990sintothenextdecade,eachsuchdoublinginamicrochipscomputingspeedwasaccompaniedbyadoublinginthecostofproducingthatmicrochip.
Whichoneofthefollowingcanbeproperlyinferredfromthecomputerscientistsstatements?
(A) Theonlyeffectivewaytodoublethecomputingspeedofcomputermicrochipsistoincreasethenumberoftransistorspermicrochip.
(B) Fromthemid-1990sintothenextdecade,therewaslittleifanyincreaseintheretailcostofcomputersasaresultoftheincreasednumberoftransistorsonmicrochips.
(C) Forthelastseveraldecades,computerengineershavefocusedonincreasingthecomputingspeedofcomputermicrochipswithoutmakinganyattempttocontrolthecostofproducingthem.
(D) Fromthemid-1990sintothenextdecade,adoublinginthecostoffabricatingnewcomputermicrochipsaccompaniedeachdoublinginthenumberoftransistorsonthosemicrochips.
(E) Itisunlikelythatengineerswilleverbeabletoincreasethecomputingspeedofmicrochipswithoutalsoincreasingthecostofproducingthem.
GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
1 11 510. Ms.Sandstromsnewspapercolumndescribingastrange
naturalphenomenonontheMendelsfarmledmanypeopletotrespassonandextensivelydamagetheirproperty.Thus,Ms.Sandstromshouldpayforthisdamageif,astheMendelsclaim,shecouldhavereasonablyexpectedthatthecolumnwouldleadpeopletodamagetheMendelsfarm.
Theargumentsconclusioncanbeproperlyinferredifwhichoneofthefollowingisassumed?
(A) Oneshouldpayforanydamagethatonesactionleadsotherpeopletocauseifonecouldhavereasonablyexpectedthattheactionwouldleadotherpeopletocausedamage.
(B) Oneshouldpayfordamagethatonesactionleadsotherpeopletocauseonlyif,priortotheaction,oneexpectedthattheactionwouldleadotherpeopletocausethatdamage.
(C) ItisunlikelythatthepeoplewhotrespassedonandcausedthedamagetotheMendelspropertywouldthemselvespayforthedamagetheycaused.
(D) Ms.SandstromknewthathercolumncouldincitetrespassingthatcouldresultindamagetotheMendelsfarm.
(E) TheMendelsbelievethatMs.Sandstromisabletoformreasonableexpectationsabouttheconsequencesofheractions.
11. Meyerwasfoundbyhisemployertohavecommittedscientificfraudbyfalsifyingdata.TheUniversityofWilliamstown,fromwhichMeyerheldaPhD,validatedthisfindingandsubsequentlyinvestigatedwhetherhehadfalsifieddatainhisdoctoralthesis,findingnoevidencethathehad.ButtheuniversitydecidedtorevokeMeyersPhDanyway.
WhichoneofthefollowinguniversitypoliciesmostjustifiesthedecisiontorevokeMeyersPhD?
(A) AnyonewhoholdsaPhDfromtheUniversityofWilliamstownandisfoundtohavecommittedacademicfraudinthecourseofpursuingthatPhDwillhavethePhDrevoked.
(B) NoPhDprogramattheUniversityofWilliamstownwilladmitanyapplicantwhohasbeendeterminedtohavecommittedanysortofacademicfraud.
(C) AnyUniversityofWilliamstownstudentwhoisfoundtohavesubmittedfalsifieddataasacademicworkwillbedismissedfromtheuniversity.
(D) AnyonewhoholdsaPhDfromtheUniversityofWilliamstownandisfoundtohavecommittedscientificfraudwillhavethePhDrevoked.
(E) TheUniversityofWilliamstownwillnothireanyonewhoisunderinvestigationforscientificfraud.
12. Aerobicsinstructor:Comparedtomanyformsofexercise,kickboxingaerobicsishighlyrisky.Overextendingwhenkickingoftenleadstohip,knee,orlower-backinjuries.Suchoverextensionisverylikelytooccurwhenbeginnerstrytomatchthehighkicksofmoreskilledpractitioners.
Whichoneofthefollowingismoststronglysupportedbytheaerobicsinstructorsstatements?
(A) Skilledpractitionersofkickboxingaerobicsareunlikelytoexperienceinjuriesfromoverextendingwhilekicking.
(B) Toreducetheriskofinjuries,beginnersatkickboxingaerobicsshouldavoidtryingtomatchthehighkicksofmoreskilledpractitioners.
(C) Beginnersatkickboxingaerobicswillnotexperienceinjuriesiftheyavoidtryingtomatchthehighkicksofmoreskilledpractitioners.
(D) Kickboxingaerobicsismoreriskythanformsofaerobicexercisethatdonotinvolvehighkicks.
(E) Mostbeginnersatkickboxingaerobicsexperienceinjuriesfromtryingtomatchthehighkicksofmoreskilledpractitioners.
13. Alargecompanyhasbeenconvictedofengaginginmonopolisticpractices.Thepenaltyimposedonthecompanywillprobablyhavelittleifanyeffectonitsbehavior.Still,thetrialwasworthwhile,sinceitprovidedusefulinformationaboutthecompanyspractices.Afterall,thisinformationhasemboldenedthecompanysdirectcompetitors,alertedpotentialrivals,andforcedthecompanytorestrainitsunfairbehaviortowardcustomersandcompetitors.
Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelyexpressestheoverallconclusiondrawnintheargument?
(A) Evenifthecompanyhadnotbeenconvictedofengaginginmonopolisticpractices,thetrialprobablywouldhavehadsomeeffectonthecompanysbehavior.
(B) Thelightshedonthecompanyspracticesbythetrialhasemboldeneditscompetitors,alertedpotentialrivals,andforcedthecompanytorestrainitsunfairbehavior.
(C) Thepenaltyimposedonthecompanywilllikelyhavelittleornoeffectonitsbehavior.
(D) Thecompanystrialonchargesofengaginginmonopolisticpracticeswasworthwhile.
(E) Thepenaltyimposedonthecompanyinthetrialshouldhavebeenlarger.
GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
1 11614. Waller:Iftherewerereallysuchathingasextrasensory
perception,itwouldgenerallybeacceptedbythepublicsinceanyonewithextrasensorypowerswouldbeabletoconvincethegeneralpublicofitsexistencebyclearlydemonstratingthosepowers.Indeed,anyonewhowasrecognizedtohavesuchpowerswouldachievewealthandrenown.
Chin:Itsimpossibletodemonstrateanythingtothesatisfactionofallskeptics.Solongastheculturaleliteremainsclosed-mindedtothepossibilityofextrasensoryperception,thepopularmediareports,andthuspublicopinion,willalwaysbebiasedinfavorofsuchskeptics.
WallersandChinsstatementscommitthemtodisagreeingonwhether
(A) extrasensoryperceptionisarealphenomenon(B) extrasensoryperception,ifitwereareal
phenomenon,couldbedemonstratedtothesatisfactionofallskeptics
(C) skepticsaboutextrasensoryperceptionhaveaweakcase
(D) thefailureofthegeneralpublictobelieveinextrasensoryperceptionisgoodevidenceagainstitsexistence
(E) thegeneralpublicbelievesthatextrasensoryperceptionisarealphenomenon
15. Counselor:Hagerlesincerelyapologizedtothephysicianforlyingtoher.SoHagerleowesmeasincereapologyaswell,becauseHagerletoldthesamelietobothofus.
Whichoneofthefollowingprinciples,ifvalid,mosthelpstojustifythecounselorsreasoning?
(A) Itisgoodtoapologizeforhavingdonesomethingwrongtoapersonifoneiscapableofdoingsosincerely.
(B) Ifsomeonetellsthesamelietotwodifferentpeople,thenneitherofthoseliedtoisowedanapologyunlessbothare.
(C) Someoneisowedasincereapologyforhavingbeenliedtobyapersonifsomeoneelsehasalreadyreceivedasincereapologyforthesameliefromthatsameperson.
(D) Ifoneiscapableofsincerelyapologizingtosomeoneforlyingtothem,thenoneowesthatpersonsuchanapology.
(E) Apersonshouldnotapologizetosomeonefortellingalieunlessheorshecansincerelyapologizetoallotherstowhomtheliewastold.
16. AsurveyofaddresschangesfiledwithpostofficesanddriverslicensebureausoverthelasttenyearshasestablishedthathouseholdsmovingoutofthecityofWestonoutnumberedhouseholdsmovingintothecitytwotoone.Therefore,wecanexpectthatnextyearscensus,whichcountsallresidentsregardlessofage,willshowthatthepopulationofWestonhasdeclinedsincethelastcensustenyearsago.
Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpsstrengthentheargument?
(A) Withinthepastdecademanypeoplebothmovedintothecityandalsomovedoutofit.
(B) OverthepastcenturyanycensusofWestonshowingapopulationlosswasfollowedtenyearslaterbyacensusshowingapopulationgain.
(C) ManypeoplemovingintoWestonfailedtonotifyeitherthepostofficeorthedriverslicensebureauthattheyhadmovedtothecity.
(D) MostadultsmovingoutofWestonwereparentswhohadchildrenlivingwiththem,whereasmostadultsremaininginormovingintothecitywereolderpeoplewholivedalone.
(E) MostpeoplemovingoutofWestonwereyoungadultswhowerehopingtobeginacareerelsewhere,whereasmostadultsremaininginormovingintothecityhadlong-standingjobsinthecity.
17. Psychologist:Peopletendtomakecertaincognitiveerrorswhentheypredicthowagiveneventwouldaffecttheirfuturehappiness.Butpeopleshouldnotnecessarilytrytoridthemselvesofthistendency.Afterall,inavisualcontext,linesthatareactuallyparalleloftenappeartopeopleasiftheyconverge.Ifasurgeonofferedtorestructureyoureyesandvisualcortexsothatparallellineswouldnolongereverappeartoconverge,itwouldnotbereasonabletotakethesurgeonupontheoffer.
Thepsychologistsargumentdoeswhichoneofthefollowing?
(A) attemptstorefuteaclaimthataparticulareventisinevitablebyestablishingthepossibilityofanalternativeevent
(B) attemptstoundermineatheorybycallingintoquestionanassumptiononwhichthetheoryisbased
(C) arguesthatanactionmightnotbeappropriatebysuggestingthatacorrespondingactioninananalogoussituationisnotappropriate
(D) arguesthattwosituationsaresimilarbyestablishingthatthesameactionwouldbereasonableineachsituation
(E) attemptstoestablishageneralizationandthenusesthatgeneralizationtoargueagainstaparticularaction
GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
1 11 718. Principle:Evenifanartauctionhouseidentifiesthe
descriptionsinitscatalogasopinions,itisguiltyofmisrepresentationifsuchadescriptionisadeliberateattempttomisleadbidders.
Application:AlthoughHealys,anartauctionhouse,statesthatalldescriptionsinitscatalogareopinions,Healyswasguiltyofmisrepresentationwhenitscatalogdescribedavaseasdatingfromthemid-eighteenthcenturywhenitwasactuallyamodernreproduction.
Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mostjustifiestheaboveapplicationoftheprinciple?
(A) Anauthenticworkofartfromthemid-eighteenthcenturywillusuallysellforatleasttentimesmorethanamodernreproductionofasimilarworkfromthatperiod.
(B) Althoughpotterythatissimilartothevaseiscurrentlyextremelypopularamongartcollectors,noneofthecollectorswhoareknowledgeableaboutsuchpotterywerewillingtobidonthevase.
(C) ThestatedpolicyofHealysistodescribeworksinitscatalogsonlyintermsoftheirreadilyperceptiblequalitiesandnottoincludeanyinformationabouttheirage.
(D) SomeHealysstaffmembersbelievethattheauctionhousescatalogshouldnotcontainanydescriptionsthathavenotbeencertifiedtobetruebyindependentexperts.
(E) Withoutconsultinganyonewithexpertiseinauthenticatingvases,Healysdescribedthevaseasdatingfromthemid-eighteenthcenturymerelyinordertoincreaseitsauctionprice.
19. Anthropologist:ItwasformerlybelievedthatprehistoricHomo sapiensancestorsofcontemporaryhumansinterbredwithNeanderthals,butDNAtestingofaNeanderthalsremainsindicatesthatthisisnotthecase.TheDNAofcontemporaryhumansissignificantlydifferentfromthatoftheNeanderthal.
Whichoneofthefollowingisanassumptionrequiredbytheanthropologistsargument?
(A) AtleastsomeNeanderthalslivedatthesametimeandinthesameplacesasprehistoricHomo sapiens ancestorsofcontemporaryhumans.
(B) DNAtestingofremainsissignificantlylessreliablethanDNAtestingofsamplesfromlivingspecies.
(C) TheDNAofprehistoricHomosapiensancestorsofcontemporaryhumanswasnotsignificantlymoresimilartothatofNeanderthalsthanistheDNAofcontemporaryhumans.
(D) NeanderthalsandprehistoricHomosapiensancestorsofcontemporaryhumanswerecompletelyisolatedfromeachothergeographically.
(E) AnysimilarityintheDNAoftwospeciesmustbetheresultofinterbreeding.
20. Councilmember:Theprofitsofdowntownbusinesseswillincreaseifmoreconsumersliveinthedowntownarea,andadecreaseinthecostoflivinginthedowntownareawillguaranteethatthenumberofconsumerslivingtherewillincrease.However,theprofitsofdowntownbusinesseswillnotincreaseunlessdowntowntrafficcongestiondecreases.
Ifallthecouncilmembersstatementsaretrue,whichoneofthefollowingmustbetrue?
(A) Ifdowntowntrafficcongestiondecreases,thenumberofconsumerslivinginthedowntownareawillincrease.
(B) Ifthecostoflivinginthedowntownareadecreases,theprofitsofdowntownbusinesseswillincrease.
(C) Ifdowntowntrafficcongestiondecreases,thecostoflivinginthedowntownareawillincrease.
(D) Ifdowntowntrafficcongestiondecreases,thecostoflivinginthedowntownareawilldecrease.
(E) Iftheprofitsofdowntownbusinessesincrease,thenumberofconsumerslivinginthedowntownareawillincrease.
GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
1 11821. OntheDiscountPhoneline,anydomesticlong-distance
callstartingbetween9A.M.and5P.M.costs15centsaminute,andanyotherdomesticlong-distancecallcosts10centsaminute.Soanydomesticlong-distancecallontheDiscountPhonelinethatdoesnotcost10centsaminutecosts15centsaminute.
Thepatternofreasoninginwhichoneofthefollowingargumentsismostsimilartothatintheargumentabove?
(A) Ifauniversityclassinvolvesextensivelabwork,theclasswillbeconductedinalaboratory;otherwise,itwillbeconductedinanormalclassroom.Thus,ifauniversityclassdoesnotinvolveextensivelabwork,itwillnotbeconductedinalaboratory.
(B) Ifauniversityclassinvolvesextensivelabwork,theclasswillbeconductedinalaboratory;otherwise,itwillbeconductedinanormalclassroom.Thus,ifauniversityclassisnotconductedinanormalclassroom,itwillinvolveextensivelabwork.
(C) Ifauniversityclassinvolvesextensivelabwork,theclasswillbeconductedinalaboratory;otherwise,itwillbeconductedinanormalclassroom.Thus,ifauniversityclassisconductedinanormalclassroom,itwillnotbeconductedinalaboratory.
(D) Ifauniversityclassinvolvesextensivelabwork,theclasswillbeconductedinalaboratory;otherwise,itwillbeconductedinanormalclassroom.Thus,ifauniversityclassinvolvesextensivelabwork,itwillnotbeconductedinanormalclassroom.
(E) Ifauniversityclassinvolvesextensivelabwork,theclasswillbeconductedinalaboratory;otherwise,itwillbeconductedinanormalclassroom.Thus,ifauniversityclassisnotconductedinanormalclassroom,itwillbeconductedinalaboratory.
22. Onechildpushedanotherchildfrombehind,injuringthesecondchild.Thefirstchildclearlyunderstandsthedifferencebetweenrightandwrong,sowhatwasdonewaswrongifitwasintendedtoinjurethesecondchild.
Whichoneofthefollowingprinciples,ifvalid,mosthelpstojustifythereasoningintheargument?
(A) Anactionthatisintendedtoharmanotherpersoniswrongonlyifthepersonwhoperformedtheactionunderstandsthedifferencebetweenrightandwrong.
(B) Itiswrongforapersonwhounderstandsthedifferencebetweenrightandwrongtointentionallyharmanotherperson.
(C) Anyactthatiswrongisdonewiththeintentionofcausingharm.
(D) Anactthatharmsanotherpersoniswrongifthepersonwhodiditunderstandsthedifferencebetweenrightandwronganddidnotthinkaboutwhethertheactwouldinjuretheotherperson.
(E) Apersonwhodoesnotunderstandthedifferencebetweenrightandwrongdoesnotbearanyresponsibilityforharminganotherperson.
23. Researcher:Eachsubjectinthisexperimentownsonecar,andwasaskedtoestimatewhatproportionofallautomobilesregisteredinthenationarethesamemakeasthesubjectscar.Theestimateofnearlyeverysubjecthasbeensignificantlyhigherthantheactualnationalstatisticforthemakeofthatsubjectscar.Ihypothesizethatcertainmakesofcararemorecommoninsomeregionsofthenationthaninotherregions;obviously,thatwouldleadmanypeopletooverestimatehowcommontheirmakeofcarisnationally.Thatispreciselytheresultfoundinthisexperiment,socertainmakesofcarmustindeedbemorecommoninsomeareasofthenationthaninothers.
Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelyexpressesareasoningflawintheresearchersargument?
(A) Theargumentfailstoestimatethelikelihoodthatmostsubjectsintheexperimentdidnotknowtheactualstatisticsabouthowcommontheirmakeofcarisnationwide.
(B) Theargumenttreatsaresultthatsupportsahypothesisasaresultthatprovesahypothesis.
(C) Theargumentfailstotakeintoaccountthepossibilitythatthesubjectpoolmaycomefromawidevarietyofgeographicalregions.
(D) Theargumentattemptstodrawitsmainconclusionfromasetofpremisesthataremutuallycontradictory.
(E) Theargumentappliesastatisticalgeneralizationtoaparticularcasetowhichitwasnotintendedtoapply.
GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
1 11 924. Inuniversitytowns,policeissuefarmoreparking
citationsduringtheschoolyearthantheydoduringthetimeswhenthestudentsareoutoftown.Therefore,weknowthatmostparkingcitationsinuniversitytownsareissuedtostudents.
Whichoneofthefollowingismostsimilarinitsflawedreasoningtotheflawedreasoningintheargumentabove?
(A) Weknowthatchildrenbuymostofthesnacksatcinemas,becausepopcornsalesincreaseastheproportionofchildmoviegoerstoadultmoviegoersincreases.
(B) Weknowthatthishouseplantgetsmoreofthesunlightfromthewindow,becauseitisgreenerthanthathouseplant.
(C) Weknowthatmostpeoplewhogotoauniversityarestudiousbecausemostofthosepeoplestudywhiletheyattendtheuniversity.
(D) Weknowthatconsumersbuymorefruitduringthesummerthantheybuyduringthewinter,becausetherearefarmorevarietiesoffruitavailableinthesummerthaninthewinter.
(E) Weknowthatmostofthesnacksparentsbuygotootherpeopleschildren,becausewhenotherpeopleschildrencometovisit,parentsgiveoutmoresnacksthanusual.
25. Counselor:Thosewhobelievethatcriticismshouldbegentleratherthanharshshouldconsiderthefollowing:changerequiresamotive,andcriticismthatisunpleasantprovidesamotive.Sinceharshcriticismisunpleasant,harshcriticismprovidesamotive.Therefore,onlyharshcriticismwillcausethepersoncriticizedtochange.
Thereasoninginthecounselorsargumentismostvulnerabletocriticismonthegroundsthattheargument
(A) infersthatsomethingthatissufficienttoprovideamotiveisnecessarytoprovideamotive
(B) failstoaddressthepossibilitythatinsomecasestheprimarygoalofcriticismissomethingotherthanbringingaboutchangeinthepersonbeingcriticized
(C) takesforgrantedthateveryonewhoismotivatedtochangewillchange
(D) confusesamotivefordoingsomethingwithamotiveforavoidingsomething
(E) takestherefutationofanargumenttobesufficienttoshowthattheargumentsconclusionisfalse
S T O PIFYOUFINISHBEFORETIMEISCALLED,YOUMAYCHECKYOURWORKONTHISSECTIONONLY.
DONOTWORKONANYOTHERSECTIONINTHETEST.
2 22210
Questions15
EachofsevencandidatesforthepositionofjudgeHamadi,Jefferson,Kurtz,Li,McDonnell,Ortiz,andPerkinswillbeappointedtoanopenpositionononeoftwocourtstheappellatecourtorthetrialcourt.Therearethreeopenpositionsontheappellatecourtandsixopenpositionsonthetrialcourt,butnotallofthemwillbefilledatthistime.Thejudicialappointmentswillconformtothefollowingconditions:
Limustbeappointedtotheappellatecourt.Kurtzmustbeappointedtothetrialcourt.HamadicannotbeappointedtothesamecourtasPerkins.
1. Whichoneofthefollowingisanacceptablesetofappointmentsofcandidatestocourts?
(A) appellate:Hamadi,Ortiz trial:Jefferson,Kurtz,Li,McDonnell,Perkins(B) appellate:Hamadi,Li,Perkins trial:Jefferson,Kurtz,McDonnell,Ortiz(C) appellate:Kurtz,Li,Perkins trial:Hamadi,Jefferson,McDonnell,Ortiz(D) appellate:Li,McDonnell,Ortiz trial:Hamadi,Jefferson,Kurtz,Perkins(E) appellate:Li,Perkins trial:Hamadi,Jefferson,Kurtz,McDonnell,Ortiz
2. WhichoneofthefollowingCANNOTbetrue?
(A) HamadiandMcDonnellarebothappointedtotheappellatecourt.
(B) McDonnellandOrtizarebothappointedtotheappellatecourt.
(C) OrtizandPerkinsarebothappointedtotheappellatecourt.
(D) HamadiandJeffersonarebothappointedtothetrialcourt.
(E) OrtizandPerkinsarebothappointedtothetrialcourt.
3. WhichoneofthefollowingCANNOTbetrue?
(A) JeffersonandMcDonnellarebothappointedtotheappellatecourt.
(B) JeffersonandMcDonnellarebothappointedtothetrialcourt.
(C) McDonnellandOrtizarebothappointedtothetrialcourt.
(D) McDonnellandPerkinsarebothappointedtotheappellatecourt.
(E) McDonnellandPerkinsarebothappointedtothetrialcourt.
4. IfOrtizisappointedtotheappellatecourt,whichoneofthefollowingmustbetrue?
(A) Hamadiisappointedtotheappellatecourt.(B) Jeffersonisappointedtotheappellatecourt.(C) Jeffersonisappointedtothetrialcourt.(D) Perkinsisappointedtotheappellatecourt.(E) Perkinsisappointedtothetrialcourt.
5. Whichoneofthefollowing,ifsubstitutedfortheconditionthatHamadicannotbeappointedtothesamecourtasPerkins,wouldhavethesameeffectontheappointmentsofthesevencandidates?
(A) HamadiandPerkinscannotbothbeappointedtotheappellatecourt.
(B) IfHamadiisnotappointedtothetrialcourt,thenPerkinsmustbe.
(C) IfPerkinsisappointedtothesamecourtasJefferson,thenHamadicannotbe.
(D) IfHamadiisappointedtothesamecourtasLi,thenPerkinsmustbeappointedtothesamecourtasKurtz.
(E) NothreeofHamadi,Kurtz,Li,andPerkinscanbeappointedtothesamecourtaseachother.
GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
SECTIONII
Time35minutes
23Questions
Directions: Each group of questions in this section is based on a set of conditions. In answering some of the questions, itmay beuseful to draw a rough diagram. Choose the response that most accurately and completely answers each question and blackenthecorrespondingspaceonyouranswersheet.
2 222 11Questions610
ExactlysixmembersofaskydivingteamLarue,Ohba,Pei,Trevio,Weiss,andZacnyeachdiveexactlyonce,oneatatime,fromaplane,consistentwiththefollowingconditions:
TreviodivesfromtheplaneatsometimebeforeWeissdoes.
Laruedivesfromtheplaneeitherfirstorlast.NeitherWeissnorZacnydivesfromtheplanelast.PeidivesfromtheplaneatsometimeaftereitherOhbaorLaruebutnotboth.
6. Whichoneofthefollowingcouldbeanaccuratelistofthemembersintheorderinwhichtheydivefromtheplane,fromfirsttolast?
(A) Larue,Trevio,Ohba,Zacny,Pei,Weiss(B) Larue,Trevio,Pei,Zacny,Weiss,Ohba(C) Weiss,Ohba,Trevio,Zacny,Pei,Larue(D) Trevio,Weiss,Pei,Ohba,Zacny,Larue(E) Trevio,Weiss,Zacny,Larue,Pei,Ohba
7. Whichoneofthefollowingmustbetrue?
(A) AtleasttwoofthemembersdivefromtheplaneafterLarue.
(B) AtleasttwoofthemembersdivefromtheplaneafterOhba.
(C) AtleasttwoofthemembersdivefromtheplaneafterPei.
(D) AtleasttwoofthemembersdivefromtheplaneafterTrevio.
(E) AtleasttwoofthemembersdivefromtheplaneafterWeiss.
8. IfLaruedivesfromtheplanelast,theneachofthefollowingcouldbetrueEXCEPT:
(A) Treviodivesfromtheplanefourth.(B) Weissdivesfromtheplanefourth.(C) Ohbadivesfromtheplanefifth.(D) Peidivesfromtheplanefifth.(E) Zacnydivesfromtheplanefifth.
9. IfZacnydivesfromtheplaneimmediatelyafterWeiss,thenwhichoneofthefollowingmustbefalse?
(A) Laruedivesfromtheplanefirst.(B) Treviodivesfromtheplanethird.(C) Zacnydivesfromtheplanethird.(D) Peidivesfromtheplanefourth.(E) Zacnydivesfromtheplanefourth.
10. IfTreviodivesfromtheplaneimmediatelyafterLarue,theneachofthefollowingcouldbetrueEXCEPT:
(A) Ohbadivesfromtheplanethird.(B) Weissdivesfromtheplanethird.(C) Zacnydivesfromtheplanethird.(D) Peidivesfromtheplanefourth.(E) Weissdivesfromtheplanefourth.
GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
2 22212Questions1117
Acompanyssixvehiclesahatchback,alimousine,apickup,aroadster,asedan,andavanareservicedduringacertainweekMondaythroughSaturdayonevehicleperday.Thefollowingconditionsmustapply:
Atleastoneofthevehiclesisservicedlaterintheweekthanthehatchback.
Theroadsterisservicedlaterintheweekthanthevanandearlierintheweekthanthehatchback.
Eitherthepickupandthevanareservicedonconsecutivedays,orthepickupandthesedanareservicedonconsecutivedays,butnotboth.
Thesedanisservicedearlierintheweekthanthepickuporearlierintheweekthanthelimousine,butnotboth.
11. Whichoneofthefollowingcouldbetheorderinwhichthevehiclesareserviced,fromMondaythroughSaturday?
(A) thehatchback,thepickup,thesedan,thelimousine,thevan,theroadster
(B) thepickup,thesedan,thevan,theroadster,thehatchback,thelimousine
(C) thepickup,thevan,thesedan,theroadster,thelimousine,thehatchback
(D) thevan,theroadster,thepickup,thehatchback,thesedan,thelimousine
(E) thevan,thesedan,thepickup,theroadster,thehatchback,thelimousine
12. WhichoneofthefollowingCANNOTbethevehicleservicedonThursday?
(A) thehatchback(B) thelimousine(C) thepickup(D) thesedan(E) thevan
13. IfneitherthepickupnorthelimousineisservicedonMonday,thenwhichoneofthefollowingmustbetrue?
(A) Thehatchbackandthelimousineareservicedonconsecutivedays.
(B) Thehatchbackandthesedanareservicedonconsecutivedays.
(C) ThevanisservicedonMonday.(D) ThelimousineisservicedonSaturday.(E) ThepickupisservicedonSaturday.
14. IfthelimousineisnotservicedonSaturday,theneachofthefollowingcouldbetrueEXCEPT:
(A) ThelimousineisservicedonMonday.(B) TheroadsterisservicedonTuesday.(C) ThehatchbackisservicedonWednesday.(D) TheroadsterisservicedonWednesday.(E) ThesedanisservicedonWednesday.
15. Ifthesedanisservicedearlierintheweekthanthepickup,thenwhichoneofthefollowingcouldbetrue?
(A) ThelimousineisservicedonWednesday.(B) ThesedanisservicedonWednesday.(C) ThevanisservicedonWednesday.(D) ThehatchbackisservicedonFriday.(E) ThelimousineisservicedonSaturday.
16. IfthelimousineisservicedonSaturday,thenwhichoneofthefollowingmustbetrue?
(A) Thepickupisservicedearlierintheweekthantheroadster.
(B) Thepickupisservicedearlierintheweekthanthesedan.
(C) Thesedanisservicedearlierintheweekthantheroadster.
(D) Thehatchbackandthelimousineareservicedonconsecutivedays.
(E) Theroadsterandthehatchbackareservicedonconsecutivedays.
17. WhichoneofthefollowingcouldbethelistofthevehiclesservicedonTuesday,Wednesday,andFriday,listedinthatorder?
(A) thepickup,thehatchback,thelimousine(B) thepickup,theroadster,thehatchback(C) thesedan,thelimousine,thehatchback(D) thevan,thelimousine,thehatchback(E) thevan,theroadster,thelimousine
GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
2 222 13Questions1823
Astreetentertainerhassixboxesstackedoneontopoftheotherandnumberedconsecutively1through6,fromthelowestboxuptothehighest.Eachboxcontainsasingleball,andeachballisoneofthreecolorsgreen,red,orwhite.Onlookersaretoguessthecolorofeachballineachbox,giventhatthefollowingconditionshold:
Therearemoreredballsthanwhiteballs.Thereisaboxcontainingagreenballthatislowerinthestackthananyboxthatcontainsaredball.
Thereisawhiteballinaboxthatisimmediatelybelowaboxthatcontainsagreenball.
18. Ifthereareexactlytwowhiteballs,thenwhichoneofthefollowingboxescouldcontainagreenball?
(A) box1(B) box3(C) box4(D) box5(E) box6
19. Iftherearegreenballsinboxes5and6,thenwhichoneofthefollowingcouldbetrue?
(A) Thereareredballsinboxes1and4.(B) Thereareredballsinboxes2and4.(C) Thereisawhiteballinbox1.(D) Thereisawhiteballinbox2.(E) Thereisawhiteballinbox3.
20. Theballinwhichoneofthefollowingboxesmustbethesamecolorasatleastoneoftheotherballs?
(A) box2(B) box3(C) box4(D) box5(E) box6
21. Whichoneofthefollowingmustbetrue?
(A) Thereisagreenballinaboxthatislowerthanbox4.
(B) Thereisagreenballinaboxthatishigherthanbox4.
(C) Thereisaredballinaboxthatislowerthanbox4.
(D) Thereisaredballinaboxthatishigherthanbox4.
(E) Thereisawhiteballinaboxthatislowerthanbox4.
22. Ifthereareredballsinboxes2and3,thenwhichoneofthefollowingcouldbetrue?
(A) Thereisaredballinbox1.(B) Thereisawhiteballinbox1.(C) Thereisagreenballinbox4.(D) Thereisaredballinbox5.(E) Thereisawhiteballinbox6.
23. Ifboxes2,3,and4allcontainballsthatarethesamecoloraseachother,thenwhichoneofthefollowingmustbetrue?
(A) Exactlytwooftheboxescontainagreenball.(B) Exactlythreeoftheboxescontainagreenball.(C) Exactlythreeoftheboxescontainaredball.(D) Exactlyoneoftheboxescontainsawhiteball.(E) Exactlytwooftheboxescontainawhiteball.
S T O PIFYOUFINISHBEFORETIMEISCALLED,YOUMAYCHECKYOURWORKONTHISSECTIONONLY.
DONOTWORKONANYOTHERSECTIONINTHETEST.
3 333 314
1. Commentator:InlastweekswreckinvolvingoneofAcmeEnginesolderlocomotives,theengineerlostcontrolofthetrainwhenhiskneeaccidentallystruckafuelshut-downswitch.Acmeclaimsitisnotliablebecauseitneverrealizedthattheknee-levelswitcheswereasafetyhazard.Whenaskedwhyitrelocatedknee-levelswitchesinitsnewerlocomotives,Acmesaidengineershadcomplainedthattheyweresimplyinconvenient.However,itisunlikelythatAcmewouldhavespentthe$500,000ittooktorelocateswitchesinthenewerlocomotivesmerelybecauseofinconvenience.Thus,AcmeEnginesshouldbeheldliableforlastweekswreck.
ThepointthatAcmeEnginesspent$500,000relocatingknee-levelswitchesinitsnewerlocomotivesisofferedinthecommentatorsargumentas
(A) proofthattheengineerisnotatallresponsibleforthetrainwreck
(B) areasonforbelievingthatthewreckwouldhaveoccurredevenifAcmeEngineshadremodeledtheirolderlocomotives
(C) anexplanationofwhythetrainwreckoccurred(D) evidencethatknee-levelswitchesarenotin
facthazardous(E) anindicationthatAcmeEngineshadbeen
awareofthepotentialdangersofknee-levelswitchesbeforethewreckoccurred
2. Artist:Almosteveryoneinthiscountryreallywantstobeanartisteventhoughtheymayhavetoworkotherjobstopaytherent.Afterall,justabouteveryoneIknowhopestosomedaybeabletomakealivingasapainter,musician,orpoeteveniftheycurrentlyworkasdishwashersordiscountstoreclerks.
Thereasoningintheartistsargumentisflawedinthattheargument
(A) containsapremisethatpresupposesthetruthoftheconclusion
(B) presumesthatwhatistrueofeachpersoninacountryisalsotrueofthecountryspopulationasawhole
(C) defendsaviewsolelyonthegroundsthattheviewiswidelyheld
(D) basesitsconclusiononasamplethatisunlikelytoaccuratelyrepresentpeopleinthecountryasawhole
(E) failstomakeaneededdistinctionbetweenwantingtobeanartistandmakingalivingasanartist
3. Theqwertykeyboardbecamethestandardkeyboardwiththeinventionofthetypewriterandremainsthestandardfortypingdevicestoday.IfanalternativeknownastheDvorakkeyboardweretodaysstandard,typistswouldtypesignificantlyfaster.Nevertheless,itisnotpracticaltoswitchtotheDvorakkeyboardbecausethecosttosocietyofswitching,intermsoftime,money,andfrustration,wouldbegreaterthanthebenefitsthatwouldbeultimatelygainedfromfastertyping.
Theexampleabovebestillustrateswhichoneofthefollowingpropositions?
(A) Oftenitisnotworthwhiletomovetoaprocessthatimprovesspeedifitcomesattheexpenseofaccuracy.
(B) Peopleusuallysettleonastandardbecausethatstandardismoreefficientthananyalternatives.
(C) Peopleoftenremainwithanentrenchedstandardratherthanmovetoamoreefficientalternativesimplybecausetheydislikechange.
(D) Theemotionalcostassociatedwithchangeisafactorthatsometimesoutweighsfinancialconsiderations.
(E) Thefactthatastandardisalreadyinwideusecanbeacrucialfactorinmakingitamorepracticalchoicethananalternative.
GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
SECTIONIII
Time35minutes
26Questions
Directions: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For somequestions,more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; thatis, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are bycommonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer,blackenthecorrespondingspaceonyouranswersheet.
3 333 3 15 4. Sam:Mountainlions,aprotectedspecies,arepreying
onbighornsheep,anotherprotectedspecies.Wemustletnaturetakeitscourseandhopethebighornssurvive.
Meli:Nonsense.Wemustdowhatwecantoensurethesurvivalofthebighorn,evenifthatmeanslimitingthemountainlionpopulation.
WhichoneofthefollowingisapointofdisagreementbetweenMeliandSam?
(A) Humansshouldnotintervenetoprotectbighornsheepfrommountainlions.
(B) Thepreservationofaspeciesasawholeismoreimportantthanthelossofafewindividuals.
(C) Thepreservationofapredatoryspeciesiseasiertoensurethanthepreservationofthespeciespreyedupon.
(D) Anymeasurestolimitthemountainlionpopulationwouldlikelypushthespeciestoextinction.
(E) Ifthepopulationofmountainlionsisnotlimited,thebighornsheepspecieswillnotsurvive.
5. Parent:Pushingveryyoungchildrenintorigorousstudyinanefforttomakeournationmorecompetitivedoesmoreharmthangood.Curriculafortheseyoungstudentsmustaddresstheirspecialdevelopmentalneeds,andwhilerigorousworkinsecondaryschoolmakessense,thesameapproachintheearlyyearsofprimaryschoolproducesonlyshort-termgainsandmaycauseyoungchildrentoburnoutonschoolwork.Usingveryyoungstudentsaspawnsintheracetomakethenationeconomicallycompetitiveisunfairandmayultimatelyworkagainstus.
Whichoneofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromtheparentsstatements?
(A) Forournationtobecompetitive,oursecondaryschoolcurriculummustincludemorerigorousstudythanitnowdoes.
(B) Thedevelopmentalneedsofsecondaryschoolstudentsarenotnowbeingaddressedinourhighschools.
(C) Ourcountrycanbecompetitiveonlyifthedevelopmentalneedsofallourstudentscanbemet.
(D) Acurriculumofrigorousstudydoesnotadequatelyaddressthedevelopmentalneedsofprimaryschoolstudents.
(E) Unlessournationencouragesmorerigorousstudyintheearlyyearsofprimaryschool,wecannotbeeconomicallycompetitive.
6. Atransitcompanysbusdriversareevaluatedbysupervisorsridingwitheachdriver.Driverscomplainthatthisaffectstheirperformance,butbecausethesupervisorspresenceaffectseverydriversperformance,thosedriversperformingbestwithasupervisoraboardwilllikelyalsobethebestdriversundernormalconditions.
Whichoneofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentdepends?
(A) Thereisnoeffectivewayofevaluatingthebusdriversperformancewithouthavingsupervisorsridewiththem.
(B) Thesupervisorsareexcellentjudgesofabusdriversperformance.
(C) Formostbusdrivers,thepresenceofasupervisormakestheirperformanceslightlyworsethanitotherwisewouldbe.
(D) Thebusdriversareeachaffectedinroughlythesamewayandtothesameextentbythepresenceofthesupervisor.
(E) Thebusdriversthemselvesareabletodeliveraccurateassessmentsoftheirdrivingperformance.
7. Economicgrowthacceleratesbusinessdemandforthedevelopmentofnewtechnologies.Businessessupplyingthesenewtechnologiesarerelativelyfew,whilethosewishingtobuythemaremany.Yetanaccelerationoftechnologicalchangecancausesuppliersaswellasbuyersofnewtechnologiestofail.
Whichoneofthefollowingismoststronglysupportedbytheinformationabove?
(A) Businessessupplyingnewtechnologiesaremorelikelytoprosperintimesofacceleratedtechnologicalchangethanotherbusinesses.
(B) Businessesthatsupplynewtechnologiesmaynotalwaysbenefitfromeconomicgrowth.
(C) Thedevelopmentofnewtechnologiesmayaccelerateeconomicgrowthingeneral.
(D) Businessesthatadoptnewtechnologiesaremostlikelytoprosperinaperiodofgeneraleconomicgrowth.
(E) Economicgrowthincreasesbusinessfailures.
GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
3 333 316 8. Energyanalyst:Duringthisrecord-breakingheatwave,
airconditionerusehasoverloadedtheregionselectricalpowergrid,resultinginfrequentpowerblackoutsthroughouttheregion.Forthisreason,residentshavebeenaskedtocutbackvoluntarilyonairconditioneruseintheirhomes.Butevenifthisrequestisheeded,blackoutswillprobablyoccurunlesstheheatwaveabates.
Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoresolvetheapparentdiscrepancyintheinformationabove?
(A) Air-conditioningisnottheonlysignificantdrainontheelectricalsysteminthearea.
(B) Mostair-conditioningintheregionisusedtocoolbusinessesandfactories.
(C) Mostair-conditioningsystemscouldbemademoreenergyefficientbyimplementingsimpledesignmodifications.
(D) Residentsoftheregionarenotlikelytoreducetheirairconditionerusevoluntarilyduringparticularlyhotweather.
(E) Theheatwaveisexpectedtoabateinthenearfuture.
9. Long-termandshort-termrelaxationtrainingaretwocommonformsoftreatmentforindividualsexperiencingproblematiclevelsofanxiety.Yetstudiesshowthatonaverage,regardlessofwhichformoftreatmentonereceives,symptomsofanxietydecreasetoanormallevelwithintheshort-term-trainingtimeperiod.Thus,formostpeoplethegenerallymoreexpensivelong-termtrainingisunwarranted.
Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mostweakenstheargument?
(A) Adecreaseinsymptomsofanxietyoftenoccursevenwithnotreatmentorinterventionbyamentalhealthprofessional.
(B) Short-termrelaxationtrainingconductedbyamoreexperiencedpractitionercanbemoreexpensivethanlong-termtrainingconductedbyalessexperiencedpractitioner.
(C) Recipientsoflong-termtrainingaremuchlesslikelythanrecipientsofshort-termtrainingtohaverecurrencesofproblematiclevelsofanxiety.
(D) Thefactthatanindividualthinksthatatreatmentwillreducehisorheranxietytends,inandofitself,toreducetheindividualsanxiety.
(E) Short-termrelaxationtraininginvolvestheteachingofawidervarietyofanxiety-combatingrelaxationtechniquesthandoeslong-termtraining.
10. Editorial:Manycriticsofconsumerisminsistthatadvertisingpersuadespeoplethattheyneedcertainconsumergoodswhentheymerelydesirethem.However,thisaccusationrestsonafuzzydistinction,thatbetweenwantsandneeds.Inlife,itisoftenimpossibletodeterminewhethersomethingismerelydesirableorwhetheritisessentialtooneshappiness.
Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelyexpressestheconclusiondrawnintheeditorialsargument?
(A) Theclaimthatadvertisingpersuadespeoplethattheyneedthingsthattheymerelywantrestsonafuzzydistinction.
(B) Manycriticsofconsumerisminsistthatadvertisingattemptstoblurpeoplesabilitytodistinguishbetweenwantsandneeds.
(C) Thereisnothingwrongwithadvertisingthattriestopersuadepeoplethattheyneedcertainconsumergoods.
(D) Manycriticsofconsumerismfailtorealizethatcertainthingsareessentialtohumanhappiness.
(E) Criticsofconsumerismoftenusefuzzydistinctionstosupporttheirclaims.
11. Peoplewhobrowsethewebformedicalinformationoftencannotdiscriminatebetweenscientificallyvalidinformationandquackery.Muchofthequackeryisparticularlyappealingtoreaderswithnomedicalbackgroundbecauseitisusuallywrittenmoreclearlythanscientificpapers.Thus,peoplewhorelyonthewebwhenattemptingtodiagnosetheirmedicalconditionsarelikelytodothemselvesmoreharmthangood.
Whichoneofthefollowingisanassumptiontheargumentrequires?
(A) Peoplewhobrowsethewebformedicalinformationtypicallydosoinanattempttodiagnosetheirmedicalconditions.
(B) Peoplewhoattempttodiagnosetheirmedicalconditionsarelikelytodothemselvesmoreharmthangoodunlesstheyrelyexclusivelyonscientificallyvalidinformation.
(C) Peoplewhohavesufficientmedicalknowledgetodiscriminatebetweenscientificallyvalidinformationandquackerywilldothemselvesnoharmiftheyrelyonthewebwhenattemptingtodiagnosetheirmedicalconditions.
(D) Manypeoplewhobrowsethewebassumethatinformationisnotscientificallyvalidunlessitisclearlywritten.
(E) Peopleattemptingtodiagnosetheirmedicalconditionswilldothemselvesmoreharmthangoodonlyiftheyrelyonquackeryinsteadofscientificallyvalidinformation.
GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
3 333 3 1712. Whenadultstossballstoveryyoungchildrenthey
generallytrytotossthemasslowlyaspossibletocompensateforthechildrensdevelopingcoordination.Butrecentstudiesshowthatdespitetheirdevelopingcoordination,childrenactuallyhaveaneasiertimecatchingballsthatarethrownatafasterspeed.
Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoexplainwhyveryyoungchildrenfinditeasiertocatchballsthatarethrownatafasterspeed?
(A) Ballsthrownatafasterspeed,unlikeballsthrownataslowerspeed,triggerregionsinthebrainthatcontrolthetrackingofobjectsforself-defense.
(B) Ballsthataretossedmoreslowlytendtohaveahigherarcthatmakesitlesslikelythattheballwillbeobscuredbythebodyoftheadulttossingit.
(C) Adultsgenerallyfinditeasiertocatchballsthatarethrownslowlythanballsthatarethrownatafasterspeed.
(D) Childrenareabletotossballsbacktotheadultswithmoreaccuracywhentheythrowfastthanwhentheythrowtheballbackmoreslowly.
(E) Thereisalimittohowfasttheballscanbetossedtothechildrenbeforethechildrenstarttohavemoredifficultyincatchingthem.
13. Likeageneticprofile,afunctionalmagnetic-resonanceimage(fMRI)ofthebraincancontaininformationthatapatientwishestokeepprivate.AnfMRIofabrainalsocontainsenoughinformationaboutapatientsskulltocreatearecognizableimageofthatpatientsface.Ageneticprofilecanbelinkedtoapatientonlybyreferringtolabelsorrecords.
Thestatementsabove,iftrue,moststronglysupportwhichoneofthefollowing?
(A) ItisnotimportantthatmedicalprovidersapplylabelstofMRIsofpatientsbrains.
(B) AnfMRIhasthepotentialtocompromisepatientprivacyincircumstancesinwhichageneticprofilewouldnot.
(C) Inmostcasespatientscannotbereasonablysurethattheinformationinageneticprofilewillbekeptprivate.
(D) MostoftheinformationcontainedinanfMRIofapersonsbrainisalsocontainedinthatpersonsgeneticprofile.
(E) PatientsaremoreconcernedaboutthreatstoprivacyposedbyfMRIsthantheyareaboutthoseposedbygeneticprofiles.
14. Councilmember:Irecommendthattheabandonedshoefactorybeusedasamunicipalemergencyshelter.Somecouncilmembersassertthatthecourthousewouldbeabettersheltersite,buttheyhaveprovidednoevidenceofthis.Thus,theshoefactorywouldbeabettersheltersite.
Aquestionabletechniqueusedinthecouncilmembersargumentisthatof
(A) assertingthatalackofevidenceagainstaviewisproofthattheviewiscorrect
(B) acceptingaclaimsimplybecauseadvocatesofanopposingclaimhavenotadequatelydefendedtheirview
(C) attackingtheproponentsofthecourthouseratherthanaddressingtheirargument
(D) attemptingtopersuadeitsaudiencebyappealingtotheirfear
(E) attackinganargumentthatisnotheldbyanyactualcouncilmember
15. ItwasmisleadingforJamestotelltheCoreCurriculumCommitteethatthechairoftheAnthropologyDepartmenthadendorsedhisproposal.ThechairoftheAnthropologyDepartmenthadtoldJamesthathisproposalhadherendorsement,butonlyifthedraftproposalshesawincludedalltherecommendationsJameswouldultimatelymaketotheCoreCurriculumCommittee.
Theargumentreliesonwhichoneofthefollowingassumptions?
(A) IfthechairoftheAnthropologyDepartmentdidnotendorseJamessproposedrecommendations,theCoreCurriculumCommitteewouldbeunlikelytoimplementthem.
(B) ThechairoftheAnthropologyDepartmentwouldhavebeenopposedtoanyrecommendationsJamesproposedtotheCoreCurriculumCommitteeotherthanthoseshehadseen.
(C) JamesthoughtthattheCoreCurriculumCommitteewouldimplementtheproposedrecommendationsonlyiftheybelievedthattherecommendationshadbeenendorsedbythechairoftheAnthropologyDepartment.
(D) JamesthoughtthatthechairoftheAnthropologyDepartmentwouldhaveendorsedalloftherecommendationsthatheproposedtotheCoreCurriculumCommittee.
(E) ThedraftproposalthatthechairoftheAnthropologyDepartmenthadseendidnotincludealloftherecommendationsinJamessproposaltotheCoreCurriculumCommittee.
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3 333 31816. TravaillierCorporationhasrecentlyhiredemployees
withexperienceinthebustourindustry,anditsexecutiveshavealsobeennegotiatingwithcharterbuscompaniesthatsubcontractwithbustourcompanies.ButTravaillierhastraditionallyfocusedonservingconsumerswhotravelprimarilybyair,andmarketingsurveysshowthatTravaillierstraditionalconsumershavenotchangedtheirvacationpreferences.Therefore,Travailliermustbeattemptingtoenlargeitsconsumerbasebyattractingnewcustomers.
Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakentheargument?
(A) Inthepast,Travaillierhasfounditverydifficulttochangeitscustomersvacationpreferences.
(B) SeveraltravelcompaniesotherthanTravaillierhaverecentlytriedandfailedtoexpandintothebustourbusiness.
(C) AtleastoneofTravailliersnewemployeesnotonlyhasexperienceinthebustourindustrybuthasalsodesignedairtravelvacationpackages.
(D) SomeofTravaillierscompetitorshaveincreasedprofitsbyconcentratingtheirattentionontheircustomerswhospendthemostonvacations.
(E) TheindustryconsultantsemployedbyTravailliertypicallyrecommendthatcompaniesexpandbyintroducingtheircurrentcustomerstonewproductsandservices.
17. Educator:Traditionalclassroomeducationisineffectivebecauseeducationinsuchanenvironmentisnottrulyasocialprocessandonlysocialprocessescandevelopstudentsinsights.Inthetraditionalclassroom,theteacheractsfromoutsidethegroupandinteractionbetweenteachersandstudentsisrigidandartificial.
Theeducatorsconclusionfollowslogicallyifwhichoneofthefollowingisassumed?
(A) Developmentofinsighttakesplaceonlyifgenuineeducationalsooccurs.
(B) Classroomeducationiseffectiveiftheinteractionbetweenteachersandstudentsisneitherrigidnorartificial.
(C) Allsocialprocessesinvolveinteractionthatisneitherrigidnorartificial.
(D) Educationisnoteffectiveunlessitleadstothedevelopmentofinsight.
(E) Theteacherdoesnotactfromoutsidethegroupinanontraditionalclassroom.
18. Theprobabilityofavoidingheartdiseaseisincreasedifoneavoidsfatinonesdiet.Furthermore,oneislesslikelytoeatfatifoneavoidseatingdairyfoods.Thustheprobabilityofmaintaininggoodhealthisincreasedbyavoidingdairyfoods.
Thereasoningintheargumentismostvulnerabletocriticismonwhichoneofthefollowinggrounds?
(A) Theargumentignoresthepossibilitythat,eventhoughapracticemayhavepotentiallynegativeconsequences,itseliminationmayalsohavenegativeconsequences.
(B) Theargumentfailstoconsiderthepossibilitythattherearemorewaysthanoneofdecreasingtheriskofacertaintypeofoccurrence.
(C) Theargumentpresumes,withoutprovidingjustification,thatfactorsthatcarryincreasedrisksofnegativeconsequencesoughttobeeliminated.
(D) Theargumentfailstoshowthattheevidenceappealedtoisrelevanttotheconclusionasserted.
(E) Theargumentfailstoconsiderthatwhatisprobablewillnotnecessarilyoccur.
19. Professor:Onecannotframeanaccurateconceptionofonesphysicalenvironmentonthebasisofasinglemomentaryperception,sinceeachsuchglimpseoccursfromonlyoneparticularperspective.Similarly,anyhistorybookgivesonlyadistortedviewofthepast,sinceitreflectsthebiasesandprejudicesofitsauthor.
Theprofessorsargumentproceedsby
(A) attemptingtoshowthatonepieceofreasoningisincorrectbycomparingitwithanother,presumablyflawed,pieceofreasoning
(B) developingacaseforoneparticularconclusionbyarguingthatifthatconclusionwerefalse,absurdconsequenceswouldfollow
(C) makingacasefortheconclusionofoneargumentbyshowingthatargumentsresemblancetoanother,presumablycogent,argument
(D) arguingthatbecausesomethinghasacertaingroupofcharacteristics,itmustalsohaveanother,closelyrelated,characteristic
(E) arguingthatatypeofhumancognitionisunreliableinoneinstancebecauseithasbeenshowntobeunreliableundersimilarcircumstances
GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
3 333 3 1920. Todate,mostoftheproposalsthathavebeenendorsed
bytheCitizensLeaguehavebeenpassedbythecitycouncil.Thus,anyfutureproposalthatisendorsedbytheCitizensLeaguewillprobablybepassedaswell.
Thepatternofreasoninginwhichoneofthefollowingargumentsismostsimilartothatintheargumentabove?
(A) MostoftheVasanigrantsthathavebeenawardedinpreviousyearshavegonetoacademicbiologists.Thus,ifmostoftheVasanigrantsawardednextyearareawardedtoacademics,mostofthesewillprobablybebiologists.
(B) Mostoftheindividualtreesgrowingonthecoastalislandsinthisareaaredeciduous.Therefore,mostofthetreespeciesontheseislandsareprobablydeciduousvarieties.
(C) Mostoftheeditorswhohaveworkedforthelocalnewspaperhavenotbeensympathetictolocalfarmers.Thus,ifthenewspaperhiressomeonewhoissympathetictolocalfarmers,theywillprobablynotbehiredasaneditor.
(D) Mostoftheentriesthatwerereceivedafterthedeadlineforlastyearsphotographycontestwererejectedbythejudgescommittee.Thus,thepeoplewhoseentrieswerereceivedafterthedeadlinelastyearwillprobablysendtheminwellbeforethedeadlinethisyear.
(E) Mostofthestoneartifactsthathavebeenfoundatthearchaeologicalsitehavebeendomestictools.Thus,ifthenextartifactfoundatthesiteismadeofstone,itwillprobablybeadomestictool.
21. Chemist:Themoleculesofacertainweed-killerarealwayspresentintwoforms,onethemirrorimageoftheother.Oneformofthemoleculekillsweeds,whiletheotherhasnoeffectonthem.Asaresult,theeffectivenessoftheweed-killerinagivensituationisheavilyinfluencedbywhichofthetwoformsismoreconcentratedinthesoil,whichinturnvarieswidelybecauselocalsoilconditionswillusuallyfavorthebreakdownofoneformortheother.Thus,muchofthedataontheeffectsofthisweed-killerareprobablymisleading.
Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,moststrengthensthechemistsargument?
(A) Ingeneral,ifthemoleculesofaweed-killerarealwayspresentintwoforms,thenitislikelythatweedsarekilledbyoneofthosetwoformsbutunaffectedbytheother.
(B) Almostallofthedataontheeffectsoftheweed-killeraredrawnfromlaboratorystudiesinwhichbothformsoftheweed-killersmoleculesareequallyconcentratedinthesoilandequallylikelytobreakdowninthatsoil.
(C) Ofthetwoformsoftheweed-killersmolecules,theonethatkillsweedsisfoundinmostlocalsoilconditionstobethemoreconcentratedform.
(D) Thedataontheeffectsoftheweed-killeraredrawnfromstudiesoftheweed-killerunderavarietyofsoilconditionssimilartothoseinwhichtheweed-killerisnormallyapplied.
(E) Dataontheweed-killerseffectsthatrelysolelyontheexaminationoftheeffectsofonlyoneofthetwoformsoftheweed-killersmoleculeswillalmostcertainlybemisleading.
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3 333 32022. Principle:ApoliceofficeriseligibleforaMayors
Commendationiftheofficerhasanexemplaryrecord,butnototherwise;anofficereligiblefortheawardwhodidsomethingthisyearthatexceededwhatcouldbereasonablyexpectedofapoliceofficershouldreceivetheawardiftheactsavedsomeoneslife.
Conclusion:OfficerFranklinshouldreceiveaMayorsCommendationbutOfficerPennshouldnot.
Fromwhichoneofthefollowingsetsoffactscantheconclusionbeproperlydrawnusingtheprinciple?
(A) Insavingachildfromdrowningthisyear,FranklinandPennbothriskedtheirlivesbeyondwhatcouldbereasonablyexpectedofapoliceofficer.FranklinhasanexemplaryrecordbutPenndoesnot.
(B) BothFranklinandPennhaveexemplaryrecords,andeachofficersavedachildfromdrowningearlierthisyear.However,indoingso,Franklinwentbeyondwhatcouldbereasonablyexpectedofapoliceofficer;Penndidnot.
(C) NeitherFranklinnorPennhasanexemplaryrecord.But,insavingthelifeofanaccidentvictim,Franklinwentbeyondwhatcouldbereasonablyexpectedofapoliceofficer.IntheonlycaseinwhichPennsavedsomeoneslifethisyear,Pennwasmerelydoingwhatcouldbereasonablyexpectedofanofficerunderthecircumstances.
(D) Atleastoncethisyear,Franklinhassavedapersonslifeinsuchawayastoexceedwhatcouldbereasonablyexpectedofapoliceofficer.Pennhasnotsavedanyoneslifethisyear.
(E) BothFranklinandPennhaveexemplaryrecords.OnseveraloccasionsthisyearFranklinhassavedpeopleslives,andonmanyoccasionsthisyearFranklinhasexceededwhatcouldbereasonablyexpectedofapoliceofficer.OnnooccasionsthisyearhasPennsavedapersonslifeorexceededwhatcouldbereasonablyexpectedofanofficer.
23. Essayist:Itismuchlessdifficulttoliveanenjoyablelifeifoneisabletomakelifestylechoicesthataccordwithonespersonalbeliefsandthenseethosechoicesacceptedbyothers.Itispossibleforpeopletofindthiskindofacceptancebychoosingfriendsandassociateswhosharemanyoftheirpersonalbeliefs.Thus,nooneshouldbedeniedthefreedomtochoosethepeoplewithwhomheorshewillassociate.
Whichoneofthefollowingprinciples,ifvalid,mosthelpstojustifytheessayistsargument?
(A) Nooneshouldbedeniedthefreedomtomakelifestylechoicesthataccordwithhisorherpersonalbeliefs.
(B) Oneshouldassociatewithatleastsomepeoplewhosharemanyofonespersonalbeliefs.
(C) Ifhavingagivenfreedomcouldmakeitlessdifficultforsomeonetoliveanenjoyablelife,thennooneshouldbedeniedthatfreedom.
(D) Noonewhoseenjoymentoflifedepends,atleastinpart,onfriendsandassociateswhosharemanyofthesamepersonalbeliefsshouldbedeliberatelypreventedfromhavingsuchfriendsandassociates.
(E) Onemaychooseforoneselfthepeoplewithwhomonewillassociate,ifdoingsocouldmakeiteasiertoliveanenjoyablelife.
24. Physician:Theriseinbloodpressurethatcommonlyaccompaniesagingoftenresultsfromacalciumdeficiency.ThisdeficiencyisfrequentlycausedbyadeficiencyintheactiveformofvitaminDneededinorderforthebodytoabsorbcalcium.Sincethecalciuminoneglassofmilkperdaycaneasilymakeupforanyunderlyingcalciumdeficiency,someolderpeoplecanlowertheirbloodpressurebydrinkingmilk.
Thephysiciansconclusionisproperlydrawnifwhichoneofthefollowingisassumed?
(A) Thereisinmilk,inaformthatolderpeoplecangenerallyutilize,enoughoftheactiveformofvitaminDandanyothersubstancesneededinorderforthebodytoabsorbthecalciuminthatmilk.
(B) Milkdoesnotcontainanysubstancethatislikelytocauseincreasedbloodpressureinolderpeople.
(C) OlderpeoplesdrinkingoneglassofmilkperdaydoesnotcontributetoadeficiencyintheactiveformofvitaminDneededinorderforthebodytoabsorbthecalciuminthatmilk.
(D) PeoplewhoconsumehighquantitiesofcalciumtogetherwiththeactiveformofvitaminDandanyothersubstancesneededinorderforthebodytoabsorbcalciumhavenormalbloodpressure.
(E) AnyonewhohasadeficiencyintheactiveformofvitaminDalsohasacalciumdeficiency.
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3 333 3 2125. Politicalphilosopher:Ajustsystemoftaxationwould
requireeachpersonscontributiontocorresponddirectlytotheamountthesocietyasawholecontributestoservethatpersonsinterests.Forpurposesoftaxation,wealthisthemostobjectivewaytodeterminehowwellthesocietyhasservedtheinterestofanyindividual.Therefore,eachpersonshouldbetaxedsolelyinproportiontoherorhisincome.
Theflawedreasoninginthepoliticalphilosophersargumentismostsimilartothatinwhichoneofthefollowing?
(A) Carsshouldbetaxedinproportiontothedangerthattheypose.Themostreliablemeasureofthisdangeristhespeedatwhichacarcantravel.Therefore,carsshouldbetaxedonlyinproportiontotheirabilitytoacceleratequickly.
(B) Peopleshouldbegrantedautonomyinproportiontotheirmaturity.Acertainpsychologicaltestwasdesignedtoprovideanobjectivemeasureofmaturity.Therefore,thosescoringabovehighschoollevelonthetestshouldbegrantedcompleteautonomy.
(C) Everyoneshouldpaytaxessolelyinproportiontothebenefitstheyreceivefromgovernment.Manygovernmentprogramsprovidesubsidiesforlargecorporations.Therefore,ajusttaxwouldrequirecorporationstopayagreatershareoftheirincomeintaxesthanindividualcitizenspay.
(D) Individualswhoconferlargematerialbenefitsuponsocietyshouldreceivehighincomes.Thosewithhighincomesshouldpaycorrespondinglyhightaxes.Therefore,weasasocietyshouldplacehightaxesonactivitiesthatconferlargebenefitsuponsociety.
(E) Justicerequiresthathealthcarebegiveninproportiontoeachindividualsneed.Therefore,weneedtoensurethatthemostseriouslyillhospitalpatientsaregiventhehighestpriorityforreceivingcare.
26. ArecentpollshowedthatalmosthalfofthecitysresidentsbelievethatMayorWalkerisguiltyofethicsviolations.Surprisingly,however,52percentofthosesurveyedjudgedWalkersperformanceasmayortobegoodorexcellent,whichisnolowerthanitwasbeforeanyoneaccusedhimofethicsviolations.
Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoexplainthesurprisingfactstatedabove?
(A) AlmostallofthepeoplewhobelievethatWalkerisguiltyofethicsviolationshadthought,evenbeforehewasaccusedofthoseviolations,thathisperformanceasmayorwaspoor.
(B) InthetimesinceWalkerwasaccusedofethicsviolations,therehasbeenanincreaseinthepercentageofcityresidentswhojudgetheperformanceofWalkerspoliticalopponentstobegoodorexcellent.
(C) AboutafifthofthosepolleddidnotknowthatWalkerhadbeenaccusedofethicsviolations.
(D) Walkeriscurrentlyupforreelection,andanticorruptiongroupsinthecityhaveexpressedsupportforWalkersopponent.
(E) Walkerhasdefendedhimselfagainsttheaccusationsbyarguingthattheallegedethicsviolationsweretheresultofhonestmistakesbyhisstaffmembers.
S T O PIFYOUFINISHBEFORETIMEISCALLED,YOUMAYCHECKYOURWORKONTHISSECTIONONLY.
DONOTWORKONANYOTHERSECTIONINTHETEST.
4 444 4422
InAlaska,traditionisapowerfullegalconcept,appearinginawidevarietyoflegalcontextsrelatingtonatural-resourceandpublic-landsactivities.BothstateandfederallawsintheUnitedStatesassignprivilegesandexemptionstoindividualsengagedintraditionalactivitiesusingotherwiseoff-limitslandandresources.Butinspiteofitsprevalenceinstatutorylaw,thetermtraditionisrarelydefined.Instead,thereseemstobeapresumptionthatitsmeaningisobvious.Failuretodefinetraditionclearlyinwrittenlawhasgivenrisetoproblematicandinconsistentlegalresults.
Oneofthemostprevalentideasassociatedwiththetermtraditioninthelawisthattraditionisbasedonlong-standingpractice,wherelong-standingrefersnotonlytothepassageoftimebutalsotothecontinuityandregularityofapractice.Buttworecentcourtcasesinvolvingindigenoususeofseaotterpeltsillustratetheproblemsthatcanariseintheapplicationofthissenseoftraditional.
ThehuntingofseaotterswasinitiallyprohibitedbytheFurSealTreatyof1910.TheMarineMammalProtectionAct(MMPA)of1972continuedtheprohibition,butitalsoincludedanAlaskaNativeexemption,whichallowedtakingsofprotectedanimalsforuseincreatingauthenticnativearticlesbymeansoftraditionalnativehandicrafts.TheU.S.FishandWildlifeService(FWS)subsequentlyissuedregulationsdefiningauthenticnativearticlesasthosecommonlyproducedbefore1972,whentheMMPAtookeffect.Notcoveredbytheexemption,accordingtotheFWS,wereitemsproducedfromseaotterpelts,becauseAlaskaNativeshadnotproducedsuchhandicraftswithinlivingmemory.
In1986,FWSagentsseizedarticlesofclothingmadefromseaotterpeltsfromMarinaKatelnikoff,anAleut.Shesued,butthedistrictcourtupheldtheFWSregulations.Thenin1991KatelnikoffjoinedasimilarsuitbroughtbyBoydDickinson,aTlingitfromwhomarticlesofclothingmadefromseaotterpeltshadalsobeenseized.AfterhearingtestimonyestablishingthatAlaskaNativeshadmademanyusesofseaottersbeforetheoccupationoftheterritorybyRussiainthelate1700s,thecourtreconsideredwhatconstitutedatraditionalitemunderthestatute.ThecourtnowheldthattheFWSsregulationswerebasedonastrainedinterpretationofthewordtraditional,andthatthereferencetolivingmemoryimposedanexcessivelyrestrictivetimeframe.Thecourtstated,ThefactthatAlaskannativeswereprevented,bycircumstancesbeyondtheircontrol,fromexercisingatraditionfora
givenperiodoftimedoesnotmeanthatithasbeenlostforeverorthatithasbecomeanylessatradition.Itdefiescommonsensetodefinetraditionalinsuchawaythatonlythosetraditionsthatwereexercisedduringacomparativelyshortperiodinhistorycouldqualifyastraditional.
1. Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelyexpressesthemainpointofthepassage?
(A) TwocasesinvolvingtheuseofseaotterpeltsbyAlaskaNativesillustratethedifficultiessurroundingtheapplicationofthelegalconceptoftraditioninAlaska.
(B) Twocourtdecisionshavechallengedthenotionthatforanactivitytobeconsideredtraditional,itmustbeshowntobealong-standingactivitythathasbeenregularlyandcontinuallypracticed.
(C) TwocourtcasesinvolvingtheuseofseaotterpeltsbyAlaskaNativesexemplifythewaveoflawsuitsthatarenowoccurringinresponsetochangesinnatural-resourceandpublic-landsregulations.
(D) DefinitionsofcertainlegaltermslongtakenforgrantedarebeingreviewedinlightofnewevidencethathascomefromhistoricalsourcesrelatingtoAlaskaNativeculture.
(E) AlaskanstatelawsandU.S.federallawsarebeingchallengedbyAlaskaNativesbecausethelawsarenotsufficientlysensitivetoindigenouspeoplesconcerns.
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SECTIONIV
Time35minutes
27Questions
Directions: Each set of questions in this section is based on a single passage or a pair of passages. The questions are to beanswered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage or pair of passages. For some of the questions, more than oneof the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; that is, the response thatmostaccuratelyandcompletelyanswersthequestion,andblackenthecorrespondingspaceonyouranswersheet.
4 444 44 23 2. Thecourtinthe1991casereferredtotheFWSs
interpretationofthetermtraditionalasstrained(line46)because,inthecourtsview,theinterpretation
(A) ignoredthewaysinwhichAlaskaNativeshavehistoricallyunderstoodthetermtraditional
(B) wasnotconsonantwithanydictionarydefinitionoftraditional
(C) wasinconsistentwithwhatthetermtraditionalisnormallyunderstoodtomean
(D) ledtheFWStousethewordtraditionaltodescribeapracticethatshouldnothavebeendescribedassuch
(E) failedtospecifywhichhandicraftsqualifiedtobedesignatedastraditional
3. Accordingtothepassage,thecourtsdecisioninthe1991casewasbasedonwhichoneofthefollowing?
(A) anarrowinterpretationofthetermlong-standing(B) acommon-senseinterpretationofthephrase
withinlivingmemory(C) strictadherencetotheintentofFWSregulations(D) anewinterpretationoftheFurSealTreatyof
1910(E) testimonyestablishingcertainhistoricalfacts
4. Thepassagemoststronglysuggeststhatthecourtinthe1986casebelievedthattraditionalshouldbedefinedinawaythat
(A) reflectsacompromisebetweenthecompetingconcernssurroundingtheissueathand
(B) emphasizesthecontinuityandregularityofpracticestowhichthetermisapplied
(C) reflectsthetermsusageineverydaydiscourse(D) encouragesthetermsapplicationtorecently
developed,aswellasage-old,activities(E) reflectstheconcernsofthepeopleengagingin
whattheyconsidertobetraditionalactivities
5. Whichoneofthefollowingismoststronglysuggestedbythepassage?
(A) Between1910and1972,AlaskaNativeswereprohibitedfromhuntingseaotters.
(B) TraditionalitemsmadefromseaotterpeltswerespecificallymentionedintheAlaskaNativeexemptionoftheMMPA.
(C) Inthelate1700s,RussianhunterspressuredtheRussiangovernmenttobarAlaskaNativesfromhuntingseaotters.
(D) By1972,theseaotterpopulationinAlaskahadreturnedtothelevelsatwhichithadbeenpriortothelate1700s.
(E) Priortothelate1700s,seaotterswerethemarineanimalmostoftenhuntedbyAlaskaNatives.
6. TheauthorsreferencetotheFurSealTreaty(line22)primarilyservesto
(A) establishtheearliestpointintimeatwhichfursealswereconsideredtobeonthebrinkofextinction
(B) indicatethatseveralanimalsinadditiontoseaotterswerecoveredbyvariousregulatoryexemptionsissuedovertheyears
(C) demonstratethatthereisawell-knownlegalprecedentforprohibitingthehuntingofprotectedanimals
(D) suggestthattheseaotterpopulationwasimperiledbyRussiansealhuntersandnotbyAlaskaNatives
(E) helpexplaintheevolutionofAlaskaNativeslegalrightswithrespecttohandicraftsdefinedastraditional
7. Therulinginthe1991casewouldbemostrelevantasaprecedentfordecidinginafuturecasethatwhichoneofthefollowingisatraditionalAlaskaNativehandicraft?
(A) Ahandicraftnolongerpracticedbutshownbyarchaeologicalevidencetohavebeencommonamongindigenouspeoplesseveralmillenniaago
(B) Ahandicraftthatcommonlyinvolvestakingthepeltsofmorethanonespeciesthathasbeendesignatedasendangered
(C) Ahandicraftthatwasoncecommonbutwasdiscontinuedwhenherdanimalsnecessaryforitspracticeabandonedtheirlocalhabitatduetoindustrialdevelopment
(D) Ahandicraftaboutwhichonlyaveryfewindigenouscraftspeoplewerehistoricallyinpossessionofanyknowledge
(E) AhandicraftaboutwhichyoungAlaskaNativesknowlittlebecause,whileitwasoncecommon,fewelderAlaskaNativesstillpracticeit
GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
4 444 4424TheliterarydevelopmentofKateChopin,author
ofThe Awakening(1899),tookherthroughseveralphasesofnineteenth-centurywomensfiction.Bornin1850,Chopingrewupwiththesentimentalnovelsthatformedthebulkofthefictionofthemidnineteenthcentury.Intheseworks,authorsemployedelevated,romanticlanguagetoportrayfemalecharacterswhosesoleconcernwastoestablishtheirsocialpositionsthroughcourtshipandmarriage.Later,whenshestartedwritingherownfiction,Chopintookashermodelstheworksofagroupofwomenwritersknownasthelocalcolorists.
After1865,whathadtraditionallybeenregardedaswomensculturebegantodissolveaswomenenteredhighereducation,theprofessions,andthepoliticalworldingreaternumbers.Thelocalcolorists,whopublishedstoriesaboutregionallifeinthe1870sand1880s,wereattractedtothenewworldsopeninguptowomen,andfeltfreetomovewithintheseworldsasartists.Likeanthropologists,thelocalcoloristsobservedcultureandcharacterwithalmostscientificdetachment.However,aswomensculturecontinuedtodisappear,thelocalcoloristsbegantomournitsdemisebyinvestingitsimageswithmythicsignificance.Intheirstories,thegardenbecameaparadisalsanctuary;thehousebecameanemblemoffemalenurturing;andtheartifactsofdomesticitybecamevirtualtotemicobjects.
Unlikethelocalcolorists,Chopindevotedherselftotellingstoriesofloneliness,isolation,andfrustration.Butsheusedtheconventionsofthelocalcoloriststosolveaspecificnarrativeproblem:howtodealwithextremepsychologicalstateswithoutresortingtotheexcessesofthesentimentalnovelsshereadasayouth.Byreportingnarrativeeventsasiftheywerepartofaregionslocalcolor,Chopincouldtellrathershockingorevenmelodramatictalesinanuninflectedmanner.
Chopindidnotsharethelocalcoloristsgrowingnostalgiaforthepast,however,andbythe1890sshewaslookingbeyondthemtothemoreambitiousmodelsofferedbyamovementknownastheNewWomen.Intheformaswellasthecontentoftheirwork,theNewWomenwriterspursuedfreedomandinnovation.Theymodifiedtheformofthesentimentalnoveltomakeroomforinterludesoffantasyandparable,especiallyepisodesinwhichwomendreamofanentirelydifferentworldthantheonetheyinhabit.Insteadofthecrisplyplottedshortstoriesthathadbeentheprimarygenreofthelocalcolorists,theNewWomenwritersexperimentedwithimpressionisticmethodsinanefforttoexplorehithertounrecordedaspectsoffemaleconsciousness.InThe Awakening,Chopinembracedthisimpressionisticapproachmorefullytoproduce39numberedsectionsofunevenlengthunifiedlessbytheirstyleorcontentthanbytheirsustainedfocusonfaithfullyrenderingtheworkingsoftheprotagonistsmind.
8. Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsmostaccuratelysummarizesthecontentofthepassage?
(A) AlthoughChopindrewagreatdealofthematerialforThe AwakeningfromtheconcernsoftheNewWomen,sheadaptedthem,usingthetechniquesofthelocalcolorists,torecapturetheatmosphereofthenovelsshehadreadinheryouth.
(B) Avoidingthesentimentalexcessesofnovelsshereadinheryouth,andinfluencedfirstbytheconventionsofthelocalcoloristsandthenbytheinnovativemethodsoftheNewWomen,ChopindevelopedtheliterarystylesheusedinThe Awakening.
(C) Withitsstylisticshifts,varietyofcontent,andattentiontotheinternalpsychologyofitscharacters,ChopinsThe Awakeningwasunlikeanyworkoffictionwrittenduringthenineteenthcentury.
(D) InThe Awakening,Chopinrebelledagainstthestylisticrestraintofthelocalcolorists,choosinginsteadtotellherstoryinelevated,romanticlanguagethatwouldmoreaccuratelyconveyherprotagonistslonelinessandfrustration.
(E) Becauseshefeltakinshipwiththesubjectmatterbutnotthestylisticconventionsofthelocalcolorists,ChopinturnedtotheNewWomenasmodelsforthestyleshewasstrugglingtodevelopinThe Awakening.
9. WithwhichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutthelocalcoloristswouldChopinhavebeenmostlikelytoagree?
(A) Theiridealizationofsettingsandobjectsformerlyassociatedwithwomensculturewasmisguided.
(B) Theirtendencytoobservecharacterdispassionatelycausedtheirfictiontohavelittleemotionalimpact.
(C) TheirchiefcontributiontoliteraturelayintheirstatusasinspirationfortheNewWomen.
(D) Theirfocusonregionallifepreventedthemfromaddressingthenewrealmsopeninguptowomen.
(E) Theirconventionspreventedthemfromportrayingextremepsychologicalstateswithscientificdetachment.
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4 444 44 2510. Accordingtothepassage,whichoneofthefollowing
conventionsdidChopinadoptfromothernineteenth-centurywomenwriters?
(A) elevated,romanticlanguage(B) mythicimagesofwomensculture(C) detachednarrativestance(D) strongplotlines(E) lonely,isolatedprotagonists
11. Asitisusedbytheauthorinline14ofthepassage,womensculturemostprobablyreferstoaculturethatwasexpressedprimarilythroughwomens
(A) domesticexperiences(B) regionalcustoms(C) artisticproductions(D) educationalachievements(E) politicalactivities
12. Theauthorofthepassagedescribesthesentimentalnovelsofthemidnineteenthcenturyinlines39primarilyinorderto
(A) arguethatChopinsstylerepresentsanattempttomimicthesenovels
(B) explainwhyChopinlaterrejectedtheworkofthelocalcolorists
(C) establishthebackgroundagainstwhichChopinsfictiondeveloped
(D) illustratetheexcessestowhichChopinbelievednostalgictendencieswouldlead
(E) provethatwomensliteraturewasalreadyflourishingbythetimeChopinbegantowrite
13. ThepassagesuggeststhatoneofthedifferencesbetweenThe AwakeningandtheworkoftheNewWomenwasthatThe Awakening
(A) attemptedtoexploreaspectsoffemaleconsciousness
(B) describedthedreamworldoffemalecharacters(C) employedimpressionismmoreconsistently
throughout(D) reliedmoreonfantasytosuggestpsychological
states(E) displayedgreaterunityofstyleandcontent
14. Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto
(A) educatereadersofThe AwakeningaboutaspectsofChopinslifethatarereflectedinthenovel
(B) discusstherelationshipbetweenChopinsartisticdevelopmentandchangesinnineteenth-centurywomensfiction
(C) tracetheevolutionofnineteenth-centurywomensfictionusingChopinasatypicalexample
(D) counteraclaimthatChopinsfictionwasinfluencedbyexternalsocialcircumstances
(E) weighthevalueofChopinsnovelsandstoriesagainstthoseofotherwritersofhertime
15. TheworkoftheNewWomen,asitischaracterizedinthepassage,givesthemostsupportforwhichoneofthefollowinggeneralizations?
(A) Worksoffictionwritteninapassionate,engagedstylearemoreapttoeffectchangesinsocialcustomsthanareworkswritteninascientific,detachedstyle.
(B) Evenwriterswhoadvocatesocialchangecanendupregrettingthechangeonceithasoccurred.
(C) Changesinsocialcustomsinevitablyleadtochangesinliterarytechniquesaswritersattempttomakesenseofthenewsocialrealities.
(D) Innovationsinfictionaltechniquegrowoutofwritersattemptstodescribeaspectsofrealitythathavebeenneglectedinpreviousworks.
(E) Writerscanmostaccuratelydepictextremepsychologicalstatesbyusinganuninflectedmanner.
GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
4 444 4426Untilthe1950s,mostscientistsbelievedthatthe
geologyoftheoceanfloorhadremainedessentiallyunchangedformanymillionsofyears.Butthisideabecameinsupportableasnewdiscoveriesweremade.First,scientistsnoticedthattheoceanfloorexhibitedoddmagneticvariations.Thoughunexpected,thiswasnotentirelysurprising,becauseitwasknownthatbasaltthevolcanicrockmakingupmuchoftheoceanfloorcontainsmagnetite,astronglymagneticmineralthatwasalreadyknowntolocallydistortcompassreadingsonland.Thisdistortionisduetothefactthatalthoughsomebasalthasso-callednormalpolaritythatis,themagnetiteinithasthesamepolarityastheearthspresentmagneticfieldotherbasalthasreversedpolarity,analignmentoppositethatofthepresentfield.Thisoccursbecauseinmagma(moltenrock),grainsofmagnetitebehavinglikelittlecompassneedlesalignthemselveswiththeearthsmagneticfield,whichhasreversedatvarioustimesthroughouthistory.Whenmagmacoolstoformsolidbasalt,thealignmentofthemagnetitegrainsislockedin,recordingtheearthspolarityatthetimeofcooling.
Asmoreoftheoceanfloorwasmapped,themagneticvariationsrevealedrecognizablepatterns,particularlyintheareaaroundtheothergreatoceanicdiscoveryofthe1950s:theglobalmid-oceanridge,animmensesubmarinemountainrangethatwindsitswayaroundtheearthmuchliketheseamsofabaseball.Alternatingstripesofrockwithdifferingpolaritiesarelaidoutinrowsoneithersideofthemid-oceanridge:onestripewithnormalpolarityandthenextwithreversedpolarity.Scientiststheorizedthatmid-oceanridgesmarkstructurallyweakzoneswheretheoceanfloorisbeingpulledapartalongtheridgecrest.Newmagmafromdeepwithintheearthriseseasilythroughtheseweakzonesandeventuallyeruptsalongthecrestoftheridgestocreatenewoceaniccrust.Overmillionsofyears,thisprocess,calledoceanfloorspreading,builtthemid-oceanridge.
Thistheorywassupportedbyseverallinesofevidence.First,atorneartheridgecrest,therocksareveryyoung,andtheybecomeprogressivelyolderawayfromthecrest.Further,theyoungestrocksallhavenormalpolarity.Finally,becausegeophysicistshadalreadydeterminedtheagesofcontinentalvolcanicrocksand,bymeasuringthemagneticorientationofthesesamerocks,hadassignedagestotheearthsrecentmagneticreversals,theywereabletocomparetheseknownagesofmagneticreversalswiththeoceanfloorsmagneticstripingpattern,enablingscientiststoshowthat,ifweassumethattheoceanfloormovedawayfromthespreadingcenteratarateofseveralcentimetersperyear,thereisaremarkablecorrelationbetweentheagesoftheearthsmagneticreversalsandthestripingpattern.
16. Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelyexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?
(A) Inthe1950s,scientistsrefinedtheirtheoriesconcerningtheprocessbywhichtheoceanfloorwasformedmanymillionsofyearsago.
(B) Thediscoveryofbasaltsmagneticpropertiesinthe1950sledscientiststoformulateanewtheorytoaccountforthemagneticstripingontheoceanfloor.
(C) Inthe1950s,twosignificantdiscoveriesledtothetransformationofscientificviewsaboutthegeologyoftheoceans.
(D) Localdistortionstocompassreadingsarecaused,scientistshavediscovered,bymagmathatrisesthroughweakzonesintheoceanfloortocreatenewoceaniccrust.
(E) Thediscoveryoftheoceanfloorsmagneticvariationsconvincedscientistsoftheneedtomaptheentireoceanfloor,whichinturnledtothediscoveryoftheglobalmid-oceanridge.
17. Theauthorcharacterizesthecorrelationmentionedinthelastsentenceofthepassageasremarkableinordertosuggestthatthecorrelation
(A) indicatesthatoceanfloorspreadingoccursatanextremelyslowrate
(B) explainstheexistenceoftheglobalmid-oceanridge
(C) demonstratesthattheearthsmagneticfieldisconsiderablystrongerthanpreviouslybelieved
(D) providesstrongconfirmationoftheoceanfloorspreadingtheory
(E) revealsthattheearthsmagneticreversalshaveoccurredatveryregularintervals
18. Accordingtothepassage,whichoneofthefollowingistrueofmagnetitegrains?
(A) Intheyoungestbasalt,theyarealignedwiththeearthscurrentpolarity.
(B) Inmagma,mostbutnotallofthemalignthemselveswiththeearthsmagneticfield.
(C) Theyarenotfoundinothertypesofrockbesidesbasalt.
(D) Theyareaboutthesizeoftypicalgrainsofsand.(E) Theyaretoosmalltobevisibletothenakedeye.
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4 444 44 2719. Ifthetimeintervalsbetweentheearthsmagneticfield
reversalsfluctuategreatly,then,basedonthepassage,whichoneofthefollowingismostlikelytobetrue?
(A) Compassreadingsaremostlikelytobedistortednearthepeaksofthemid-oceanridge.
(B) Itisthisfluctuationthatcausestheridgetowindaroundtheearthliketheseamsonabaseball.
(C) Someofthemagneticstripesofbasaltontheoceanflooraremuchwiderthanothers.
(D) Continentalrockisamorereliableindicatoroftheearthsmagneticfieldreversalsthanisoceanicrock.
(E) Withinanygivenmagneticstripeontheoceanfloor,theageofthebasaltdoesnotvary.
20. Whichoneofthefollowingwould,iftrue,mosthelptosupporttheoceanfloorspreadingtheory?
(A) Therearetypesofrockotherthanbasaltthatareknowntodistortcompassreadings.
(B) Theagesoftheearthsmagneticreversalshavebeenverifiedbymeansotherthanexaminingmagnetitegrainsinrock.
(C) Piecesofbasaltsimilartothetypefoundonthemid-oceanridgehavebeenfoundonthecontinents.
(D) Alongitslength,thepeakofthemid-oceanridgevariesgreatlyinheightabovetheoceanfloor.
(E) Basaltistheonlytypeofvolcanicrockfoundinportionsoftheoceanfloornearesttothecontinents.
21. Whichoneofthefollowingismoststronglysupportedbythepassage?
(A) Submarinebasaltfoundnearthecontinentsislikelytobesomeoftheoldestrockontheoceanfloor.
(B) Theolderasampleofbasaltis,themoretimesithasreverseditspolarity.
(C) Compassreadingsaremorelikelytobecomedistortedatseathanonland.
(D) Themagneticfieldssurroundingmagnetitegrainsgraduallyweakenovermillionsofyearsontheoceanfloor.
(E) Anyrockthatexhibitspresent-daymagneticpolaritywasformedafterthelatestreversaloftheearthsmagneticfield.
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4 444 4428PassageA
Centraltothehistoriansprofessionandscholarshiphasbeentheidealofobjectivity.Theassumptionsuponwhichthisidealrestsincludeacommitmenttotherealityofthepast,asharpseparationbetweenfactandvalue,andaboveall,adistinctionbetweenhistoryandfiction.
Accordingtothisideal,historicalfactsarepriortoandindependentofinterpretation:thevalueofaninterpretationshouldbejudgedbyhowwellitaccountsforthefacts;ifaninterpretationiscontradictedbyfacts,itshouldbeabandoned.Thefactthatsuccessivegenerationsofhistorianshaveascribeddifferentmeaningstopasteventsdoesnotmean,asrelativisthistoriansclaim,thattheeventsthemselveslackfixedorabsolutemeanings.
Objectivehistoriansseetheirroleasthatofaneutraljudge,onewhomustneverbecomeanadvocateor,worse,propagandist.Theirconclusionsshoulddisplaythejudicialqualitiesofbalanceandevenhandedness.Aswiththejudiciary,thesequalitiesrequireinsulationfrompoliticalconsiderations,andavoidanceofpartisanshiporbias.Thusobjectivehistoriansmustpurgethemselvesofexternalloyalties;theirprimaryallegianceistoobjectivehistoricaltruthandtocolleagueswhoshareacommitmenttoitsdiscovery.
PassageB
Theverypossibilityofhistoricalscholarshipasanenterprisedistinctfrompropagandarequiresofitspractitionersthatself-disciplinethatenablesthemtodosuchthingsasabandonwishfulthinking,assimilatebadnews,anddiscardpleasinginterpretationsthatfailelementarytestsofevidenceandlogic.
Yetobjectivity,forthehistorian,shouldnotbeconfusedwithneutrality.Objectivityisperfectlycompatiblewithstrongpoliticalcommitment.Theobjectivethinkerdoesnotvaluedetachmentasanendinitselfbutonlyasanindispensablemeansofachievingdeeperunderstanding.Inhistoricalscholarship,theidealofobjectivityismostcompellinglyembodiedinthepowerful argumentonethatrevealsbyitseverytwistandturnitsrespectfulappreciationofthealternativeargumentsitrejects.Suchatextattainspowerpreciselybecauseitsauthorhasmanagedtosuspendmomentarilyhisorherownperceptionssoastoanticipateandtakeintoaccountobjectionsandalternativeconstructionsnotthoseofstrawmen,butthosethattrulyissuefromtherivalsposition,understoodassensitivelyandstatedaseloquentlyastherivalcoulddesire.Tomountatellingattackonaposition,onemustfirstinhabitit.Thosesohabituatedtotheircustomaryintellectualabodethattheycannotevenexploreotherscanneverbepersuasivetoanyonebutfellowhabitus.
Suchargumentsareoftenmorefaithfultothecomplexityofhistoricalinterpretationmorefaithfuleventotheirreduciblepluralityofhumanperspectivesthantextsthatabjureposition-takingaltogether.ThepowerfulargumentisthehighestfruitofthekindofthinkingIwouldcallobjective,andinitneutrality
playsnopart.Authenticobjectivitybearsnoresemblancetothetelevisionnewscastersmechanicalgestureofallocatingthesamenumberofsecondstobothsidesofaquestion,editoriallysplittingthedifferencebetweenthem,irrespectiveoftheirperceivedmerits.
22. Bothpassagesareconcernedwithansweringwhichoneofthefollowingquestions?
(A) Whatarethemostseriousflawsfoundinrecenthistoricalscholarship?
(B) Whatmusthistoriansdoinordertoavoidbiasintheirscholarship?
(C) Howdidtheidealofobjectivityfirstdevelop?(D) Isthescholarshipproducedbyrelativist
historianssound?(E) Whydotheprevailinginterpretationsofpast
eventschangefromoneeratothenext?
23. Bothpassagesidentifywhichoneofthefollowingasarequirementforhistoricalresearch?
(A) thehistorianswillingnesstoborrowmethodsofanalysisfromotherdisciplineswhenevaluatingevidence
(B) thehistorianswillingnesstoemploymethodologiesfavoredbyproponentsofcompetingviewswhenevaluatingevidence
(C) thehistorianswillingnesstorelinquishfavoredinterpretationsinlightofthediscoveryoffactsinconsistentwiththem
(D) thehistorianswillingnesstoanswerindetailallpossibleobjectionsthatmightbemadeagainsthisorherinterpretation
(E) thehistorianswillingnesstoaccordrespectfulconsiderationtorivalinterpretations
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4 444 44 2924. TheauthorofpassageBandthekindofobjective
historiandescribedinpassageAwouldbemostlikelytodisagreeoverwhether
(A) detachmentaidsthehistorianinachievinganobjectiveviewofpastevents
(B) anobjectivehistoricalaccountcanincludeastrongpoliticalcommitment
(C) historianstodayarelessobjectivethantheywerepreviously
(D) propagandaisanessentialtoolofhistoricalscholarship
(E) historiansofdifferenterashavearrivedatdifferinginterpretationsofthesamehistoricalevents
25. Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelydescribesanattitudetowardobjectivitypresentin