Post on 12-Jun-2018
LowCost HydrogenfromEthanol: A DistributedProduction System
Presented at the
BioDerived Liquids to Hydrogen Distributed ReformingWorking Group KickOff Meeting
Hilton Garden Inn – BWI
Baltimore, Maryland
Tuesday, October 24, 2006
By C. E. (Sandy) Thomas, Ph.D., PresidentH2Gen Innovations, Inc.Alexandria, Virginia
www.h2gen.com
Topics
• H2Gen DOE Program
• Why convert ethanol to hydrogen?
• Hydrogen ICE Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• Renewable Hydrogen Comparisons
• 100Year Vehicle Simulation: Hydrogen vs. Gasoline
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DOE Program
Task 1 : Demonstrate $3/kg DOE cost target with HGM10,000
Task 2: Develop hydrogenfromethanol reforming capability
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2
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The H Gen HGM2000
Natural Gas
Water Hydrogen
Low Cost
Small Footprint
Highly pure product 2.1m
53 Nm /h
2000 scf/h
113 kg/day
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0
1
2
3
4
5
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Natural Gas = $4.5/MBTU; Electricity =5 cents/kWh H2Gen: HGM Cost Scaling size and quantity.XLS; Tab 'HGM$';Y87 - 1 / 12 / 2006
HGM-2000 HGM-10,000 HGM-26,450
H2 Capacity (tonnes/day)
H2 Cost ($/kg)
H2 Cost ($/kg)
& Capacity (tonnes/day)
Compressed Hydrogen Cost Projections
DOE Cost Target
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US Natural Gas Prices
H2Gen: NG-Price.XLS; Tab 'ng-price' AB99- 10 / 22 / 2006
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2
4
6
8
10
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14
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18
Jan
-95
Jan
-96
Jan
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Jan
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Jan
-99
Jan
-00
Jan
-01
Jan
-02
Jan
-03
Jan
-04
Jan
-05
Jan
-06
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
CityGate
Utility
Wellhead
Natural Gas Prices
($/MBTU-HHV)
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0
5
Jan-
94
Jan-
95
Jan-
96
Jan-
97
Jan-
98
Jan-
99
Jan-
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Jan-
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04
Jan-
05
Jan-
06
H2Gen: NG-Price.XLS; Tab 'Henry Hub' K46- 10 / 22 / 2006
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Natural Gas Prices
($/MBTU-HHV)
Natural Gas Price: Henry Hub
Hurricane
Katrina
0
2
4
6
8
j
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AEO Energy Price Projections
H2Gen: NG-Price.XLS; Tab 'ng-price' CC35- 1 / 9 / 2006
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12
14
16
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1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Year
Energy Costs ($/MBTU-HHV)
Industrial
Electricity
Industrial
Natural Gas
AEO 2006 Pro ections
Natural Gas Price Impact onH2 Cost
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
4 6 8 10 12
Natural Gas Price ($/MBTU-HHV)
HGM-2000
HGM-10,000
HGM-26,450
Compressed Hydrogen Cost
($/kg)
11
H2Gen: HGM Cost Scaling size and quantity.XLS; Tab 'Input Data';M36 - 1 / 9 / 2006
Ethanol Plan
• Obtained samples from various points in ethanol still
• Begin lab scale longterm reformer tests
• Iterate
• Scale up to HGM2000 if justified
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Renewable Ethanol to Hydrogen
Natural Gas Fuel H2 H2
H2 H2
H2 H2
H2 H2
Processor Compressor Storage Dispenser Vehicle Pipeline
Ethanol Fuel H2
H2 H2
H2 H2
H2 H2
H2 Processor Compressor Storage Dispenser Vehicle
Truck
H2Gen:Ethanol vehicles.XLS; Tab 'Flow Diagrams';P 20 11/14 /2004
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0
5
0
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Renewable Prices vs. Natural Gas Prices
H2Gen: PV.XLS; Tab ' PV vs NG; N47- 10 / 17 / 2006
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15
20
25
30
35
40
45
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Natural Gas Price ($/MBTU) Industrial NG
Price = $9/MBTU
(Electricity = 3 cents/kWh)
Wind
Solar Thermal
Current Photovoltaics
Phoenix
Electricity Price
(cents/kWh)
Washington, D.C.
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H2 ICE HEV-(Series Hybrid Shown)
Hydrogen is suppliedto the internalcombustion engine +generator
BatteryBank
ICE
GensetRegenerative
braking
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Ford Model U A direct hydrogen ICE hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)
2.3-liter supercharged 4-cylinder ICE
Range: 300 miles
H2: 7 kg @ 10,000 psi
Fuel Economy: 45 mpgge
H2RV – hydrogen hybrid research vehicle
Bill Ford, Jr.: “I believe that hydrogen-powered internal combustion engines are the bridge between today’s gasoline hybrids and tomorrow’s fuel cell vehicles.”
Hydrogen ICE Hybridvs. Fuel Cell Vehicle
• Hydrogen Hybrid is much lower cost today– ($50,000 vs. $500,000 to $1,000,000 or more)
• Hydrogen Hybrid depends on 100+ year old ICE technology – (Fuel cell vehicle durability still lacking)
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H2Gen:Ethanol vehicles.XLS; Tab 'Charts';H 75 10/22 /2006
Assumptions: gasoline = $2.5/gal; Ethanol = $1.5/gal; PV =20c/kWh for 7 hrs/day; Wind = 5 c/kWh for 8.4 hrs/day
Gasoline HEV fuel economy = 1.45 X ICEV; H2 HEV = 1.71 X ICEV; FCV = 2.4 X ICEV
Annual capital recovery (NRC) = 0.16; Capacity factor = 0.9; Natural gas =$ 8.98/MBTU; Electricity = 7 cents/kWh
10 20 30 40 50 60
Gasoline ICEV
Gasoline ICE HEV
H2 (NG) ICE HEV
H2 (NG) FCV
H2 Ethanol ICE HEV
H2 Wind ICE HEV
H2 PV ICE HEV
H2 Ethanol FCV
H2 Wind FCV
H2 PV FCV
Fuel Cost (cents/mile)
Fuel Costs per Mile
Renewable Hydrogen Options
Greenhouse Gas EmissionsGreenhouse Gases 100-yr At mospheric Residence Time; GHG M ult iplier Fact ors:
(grams/mile of CO2-equivalent) CH4 = 22; N2O = 355; CO = 2; NM HC = 5; NOx = 3.7
ICEV = Int ernal Combust ion Engine V ehicle ; FCV = Fuel Cell Vehicle
Marginal US SM R = St eam M et hane Ref ormer; AIV (Aluminum Int ensive Vehicle)-Sable Glider 1.25 X
EPA Combined Driving Cycle800
Grid Mix SMR Natural SR Ethanol
700 Gas
California Marginal Grid Mix
Biomass (45% TO 50%
(60% TO 85% Reduction)
Reduction) 600
500
400
300
200
100
0 Gasoline ICEV Electrolytic H2 SMR-Liquid H2 SMR-Compressed Ethanol H2 FCV PV-Wind H2 FCV
FCV FCV H2 FCV H2Gen: PE.XLS; Tab 'Gr aphs'; AQ406 9/ 14 / 2004
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0
0
20 H2Gen:Ethanol vehicles.XLS; Tab 'GHG vs Fuel Cost';K 51 4/4 /2006
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
10 20 30 40 50 60
Fuel Cost (cents/mile)
H2 (Grid Electrolyzer) HEV H2 (Grid Electrolyzer) FCV Gasoline ICEV Gasoline-ICE HEV Gasoline Plug-In ICE HEV H2 (NG-HGM) ICE HEV H2 (NG-HGM) FCV H2 (Corn Ethanol-HGM) ICE HEV H2 (Corn Ethanol-HGM) FCV H2 (Bio-Ethanol-HGM) ICE HEV H2 (Bio-Ethanol-HGM) FCV H2 (Wind-Electrolyzer) ICE HEV H2 (Wind-Electrolyzer) FCV H2 (PV-Electrolyzer) ICE HEV H2 (PV-Electrolyzer) FCV
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
(g/mile)
GHGs vs. Fuel Cost
H2PVElectrolysis (20 c/kWh for 7 hr/day)
Gasoline:$2.50/gal.
HEV
H2GridElectrolysis (6 c/kWh for 24 hr/day)
H2 ICE HEV
H2 FCV
H2 HEV
ICEV
H2WindElectrolysis (5 c/kWh for 8.4 hr/day [35%])
H2 FCV
PHEV = Plugin hybrid; 40% on electricity at 8 cents/kWh.
H2 = hydrogen; HEV = hybrid electric vehicle; FCV = fuel cell vehicle; ICEV = internal combustion engine vehicle; PV = photovoltaic (solar cells)
PHEV
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0 5
100
200
300
400
500
600
10 15 20 25
Fuel Cost (cents/mile)
Gasoline ICEV
Gasoline-ICE HEV
H2 (NG-HGM) ICE HEV
H2 (NG-HGM) FCV
Gasoline Plug-In ICE HEV
H2 (Corn Ethanol-HGM) ICE HEV
H2 (Corn Ethanol-HGM) FCV
H2 (Bio-Ethanol-HGM) ICE HEV
H2 (Bio-Ethanol-HGM) FCV
H2 (Wind-Electrolyzer) ICE HEV
H2 (Wind-Electrolyzer) FCV
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
(g/mile)
GHG vs. Fuel Cost (Scale change)
Gasoline
ICEV
HEV
H2Natural Gas ICE HEV
H2FCV
H2Corn Ethanol ICE HEV
H2Cellulosic Ethanol ICE HEV
H2WindElectrolysis (5 c/kWh for 8.4 hr/day [35%])
Electricity = 8 cents/kWh; PHEV electricity 40% H2Gen:Ethanol vehicles.XLS; Tab 'GHG vs Fuel Cost';AC 51 4/5 /2006
Corn Ethanol = $1.5/gallon Cellulosic Ethanol = $0.75/gallon Natural Gas =$8.98/MBTU Gasoline =$2.5/gallon
Note: these charts are based on the NRC/NAS capital recovery assumptions (16% annual capital recovery & 90% capacity factor)
PHEV
Vehicle Options Considered for 100year Computer Simulation
• Conventional Gasoline ICEVs
• Gasoline ICE HEVs (Prius, Insight, etc.)
• Gasoline PlugIn HEVs
• Hydrogen ICE HEVs
• Hydrogen FCVs
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Renewable Hydrogen Fraction
H2Gen: H2ICE HEV.XLS; Tab 'Annual Sales';DU 27 4/13 /2004
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
Gasoline SI HEV
H2 HEV
H2 FCV
Renewable H2
Market Share of New Car Sales
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Greenhouse Gases (US)
0.0E+00
5.0E+08
1.0E+09
1.5E+09
2.0E+09
2.5E+09
3.0E+09
3.5E+09
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
US Greenhouse Gas Emissions(metric tonnes CO2-equivalent/year)
Baseline ICEV
Gasoline ICE HEV
(& Plug-In Hybrid)
H2 ICE HEV
H2 FCV
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Oil Consumption (US)
H2Gen:H2 ICE HEV Global.XLS; Tab 'Charts';V 32 10/13 /2005
-
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
US Gasoline Consumption(Billion Barrels/year)
H2 FCV
H2 ICE HEV
Gasoline ICE HEV
Baseline ICEV
Gasoline/Plug-In ICE HEVwith 40% Grid Energy
Hydrogen Infrastructure Costs (US)(Distributed Hydrogen Generators at Fueling Stations)
Annual Hydrogen Infrastructure Investments
($US Millions)
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
Average = $5.8B/yr H2Gen: H2 ICE HEV.XLS; Tab 'Annual Sales';BF 26 4/11 /2004
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Infrastructure CostsAnnual US Fuel Infrastructure Capital Expenditures ($US Millions)
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
CurGrent Oil & asoline
Expenditures in US
Projected Hydrogen
InOnSit
frastructure e Costs
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
H2Gen: H2 ICE HEV.XLS; Tab 'Annual Sales';GJ 123 5/21 /2006 27
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VOC CO NOx CO2
Damage Costs of Pollution: ($/metric tonne) 2,660 2,990 5,300 25
Crude Oil Price $40/bbl H2Gen: H2 ICE HEV.XLS; Tab 'Annual Sales';EE 26 9/14 /2004
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
500,000
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
Annual Costs & Savings
($US Millions/year)
Hydrogen InfrastructureInvestments
Oil Import Savings Pollution Savings
Hydrogen HEV Scenario
Total Societal Savings
H2 Costs & Societal Savings
H2
0
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Costs & Societal Savings (scale change)
Crude Oil Price $40/bbl H2Gen: H2 ICE HEV.XLS; Tab 'Annual Sales';EU 27 9/14 /2004
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Annual Costs & Savings ($US Millions/year)
Hydrogen Infrastructure
Investments
Oil Import Savings
Pollution Savings
Hydrogen HEV Scenario
Total Societal Savings
0 5
é
30
H2Gen: H2 ICE HEV.XLS; Tab 'Annual Sales';EU 26 10/18 /2006
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
100
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
Fuel Tax Required to Pay for H2 Infrastructure (cents/gallon)
How would we pay for it?
Existing US State & Federal Highway Taxes
Highway Taxes Required to Pay for H2 Infrastructure
Existing Qu bec & Federal Highway Taxes
0
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DOE Hydrogen Program Spending Compared to Prior Projects
H2Gen: H2 ICE HEV.XLS; Tab 'Cost';J 21 10/18 /2006
100
200
300
400
Iraq War to date
Federal Highway System
Appollo Moon
Program
100 X DOE Hydrogen Program
US$ Billions
DOE annual hydrogen program $ = 1.45 days of Iraq War $
Transition Strategy
Tomorrow:
Hydrogen ICE Hybrid Electric
Vehicles
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles
Hydrogen Made from Natural Gas
Renewable Hydrogen
Today:
Hydroelectric, Ethanol, Wind, Solar Thermal, PV,
Geothermal, Biomass, MSW, Landfill gas 32
Why not use ethanol directly in ICEVs?(Instead of converting to hydrogen for FCVs)
• Substantially reduced criteria pollutants
• 45% lower greenhouse gases HGM efficiency =75% X FCV 2.4X efficiency = 1.8 longer range/gallon of ethanol
• Direct ethanol in ICEVs & H2 from ethanol are not mutually exclusive
• When many vehicles run on hydrogen, ethanol is preferred feedstock over natural gas
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Conclusions
• Hydrogen will cost less than $1.50/gallon of gasoline (on a rangeequivalent basis)
• Gasoline Hybrids are a deadend street(with respect to GHG & Oil reductions)
• Hydrogen from ethanol is the leastcostly renewable hydrogen option
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