Post on 02-Apr-2015
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Infinitiv Trecut Participiu trecut Traducere
to abide abode abode a astepta, a sta, a locui
to arise arose arisen a se ridica
to awake awoke awoke a se trezi
to be was, were been a fi
to bear bore born a se naste
to beat beat beaten a bate
to become became become a deveni
to begin began begun a icepe
to behold beheld beheld a zari, a vedea
to bend bent bent a idoi
to beseech besought besought a implora
to bear bore born a se naste
to bet bet bet a paria
to bid bade bidden a oferi, a licita
to bind bound bound a lega
to bite bit bitten a musca
to bleed bled bled a sangera
to bless blest blest a binecuvanta
to blow blew blown a sufla
to break broke broken a sparge
to breed bred bred a creste
to bring brought brought a aduce
to broadcast broadcast broadcast a transmite prin radio
to burn burnt (burned) burnt (burned) a arde
to burst burst burst a izbucni
to buy bought bought a cumpara
to can could been able to a putea, a fi posibil
to cast cast cast a arunca
to catch caught caught a prinde
to choose chose chosen a alege
to cleave cleft cleft a despica
to cling clung clung a se lipi
to come came come a veni
to cost cost cost a costa
to creep crept crept a se tara
to cut cut cut a taia
to deal dealt dealt a se ocupa, a trata afaceri
to dig dug dug a sapa
to do did done a face
to draw drew drawn a desena
to dream dreamt (dreamed) dreamt (dreamed) a visa
to drink drank drunk a bea
to drive drove driven a conduce masina
to dwell dwelt dwelt a locui, a ramane, a insista
to eat ate eaten a manca
to fall fell fallen a cadea
to feed fed fed a hrani
to feel felt felt a simti
to fight fought fought a lupta
to find found found a gasi
to fly flew flown a zbura
to forbid forbade forbidden a interzice
to forecast forecast forecast a prevedea
to foresee foresaw foreseen a prevedea
to foretell foretold foretold a prezice
to forget forgot forgotten a uita
to forgive forgave forgiven a ierta
to forgo forwent forgone a renunta la, a da uitarii
forsake forsook forsaken a parasi
to freeze froze frozen a igheta
to get got got a primi
to give gave given a da
to go went gone a merge
to grind ground ground a macina
to grow grew grown a creste
to hang hung (hanged) hung (hanged) a spanzura
to have had had a avea
to hear heard heard a auzi
to hide hid hidden a ascunde
to hit hit hit a lovi
to hold held held a tine
to hurt hurt hurt a rani
to keep kept kept a pastra
to kneel knelt knelt a igenunchia
to knit knit knit a tricota
to know knew known a sti, a cunoaste
to lay laid laid a aseza
to lead led led a conduce
to lean leant leant a se sprijini de
to learn learnt (learned) learnt (learned) a ivata
to leave left left a lasa, a parasi
to lend lent lent a împrumuta (cuiva)
to let let let a permite
to lie lay lain a fi culcat
to light lit lit a aprinde
to lose lost lost a pierde
to make made made a face
to mean meant meant a isemna
to meet met met a italni
to misgive misgave misgiven a inspira neicredere
to mislead misled misled a induce i eroare
to mistake mistook mistaken a itelege gresit
to outdo outdid outdone a itrece
to overcome overcame overcome a ivinge
to overdo overdid overdone a face exces
to pay paid paid a plati
to put put put a pune
to read read read a citi
to rend rent rent a sfasia, a rupe
to ride rode ridden a calari
to ring rang rung a suna
to rise rose risen a se ridica
to run ran run a alerga
to say said said a spune
to see saw seen a vedea
to seek sought sought a cauta
to sell sold sold a vinde
to send sent sent a trimite
to set set set a fixa, a regla
to sew sewed sewn (sewed) a coase
to shake shook shaken a scutura, a clatina
to shave shaved shaven a se barbieri
to shed shed shed a varsa (lacrimi)
to shine shone shone a straluci
to shoe shod shod a icalta, a potcovi
to shoot shot shot a împusca
to show showed shown a arata
to shrink shrank shrunk a se strange
to shut shut shut a ichide
to sing sang sung a canta
to sink sank sunk a se scufunda
to sit sat sat a sta (pe scaun)
to slay slew slain a ucide
to sleep slept slept a dormi
to slide slid slid a aluneca
to sling slung slung a azvarli
to slit slit slit a crapa, a despica
to smell smelt (smelled) smelt (smelled) a mirosi
to smite smote smitten a lovi
to sow sowed sown a semana
to speak spoke spoken a vorbi
to speed sped sped a accelera, a goni
to spell spelt (spelled) spelt (spelled) a pronunta litera cu litera
to spend spent spent a petrece, a cheltui
to spill spilt spilt a varsa
to spin spun spun a toarce, a se roti
to spit spat spat a scuipa
to split split split a despica
to spoil spoilt spoilt a strica
to spread spread spread a itinde
to spring sprang sprung a sari, a tasni
to stand stood stodd a sta i picioare
to steal stole stolen a fura
to stick stuck stuck a ifige, a se lipi
to sting stung stung a itepa
to stink stank stunk a mirosi urat
to strike struck struck a lovi
to string strung strung a isira, a icorda
to strive strove striven a se stradui
to swear swore sworn a jura
to sweep swept swept a matura
to swim swam swum a inota
to swing swung swung a se legana
to take took taken a lua
to teach taught taught a ivata, a preda
to tear tore torn a rupe, a sfasia
to tell told told a spune
to think thought thought a gandi, a crede
to throw threw thrown a arunca
to thrust thrust thrust a îmbranci
to tread trod trodden a calca
to underlie underlay underlain a sustine
to understand understood understood a itelge
to upset upset upset a supara
to wake woke woken a se trezi
to wear wore worn a purta
to weave wove woven a tese
to wet wet wet a uda
to win won won a castiga
to wind wound wound a se rasuci
to wring wrung wrung a frange, a smulge
to write wrote written a scrie
Form of Passive
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)
Example: A letter was written.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is
dropped)
Tense Subject Verb Object
Simple Present Active: Ritawrites a letter.
Passive: A letter is written by Rita.
Simple Past Active: Rita wrote a letter.
Passive: A letter was written by Rita.
Present Perfect Active: Rita has written a letter.
Passive: A letter has been written by Rita.
Future I Active: Rita will write a letter.
Passive: A letter will be written by Rita.
Hilfsverben Active: Rita can write a letter.
Passive: A letter can be written by Rita.
Tense Subject Verb Object
Present Progressive Active: Ritais writing a letter.
Passive: A letter is being written by Rita.
Past Progressive Active: Rita was writing a letter.
Passive: A letter was being written by Rita.
Past Perfect Active: Rita had written a letter.
Passive: A letter had been written by Rita.
Future II Active: Rita will have written a letter.
Passive: A letter will have been written by Rita.
Conditional I Active: Rita would write a letter.
Passive: A letter would be written by Rita.
Conditional II Active: Rita would have written a letter.
Passive: A letter would have been written by Rita.
Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2
Active: Ritawrote a letter to me.
Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita.
Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.
Infinitive or -ing?
Sometimes we need to decide whether to use a verb in its:
-ing form (doing, singing)
or
infinitive form (to do, to sing).
For example, only one of the following sentences is correct. Which one?
I dislike working late. (???) I dislike to work late. (???)
When to use the infinitive
The infinitive form is used after certain verbs:- forget, help, learn, teach, train- choose, expect, hope, need, offer, want, would like- agree, encourage, pretend, promise, recommend- allow, can/can't afford, decide, manage, mean, refuse
I forgot to close the window. Mary needs to leave early. Why are they encouraged to learn English? We can't afford to take a long holiday.
The infinitive form is always used after adjectives, for example:- disappointed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved, sad, surprised
I was happy to help them. She will be delighted to see you.
This includes too + adjective:
The water was too cold to swim in. Is your coffee too hot to drink?
The infinitive form is used after adjective + enough:
He was strong enough to lift it. She is rich enough to buy two.
When to use -ing
The -ing form is used when the word is the subject of a sentence or clause:
Swimming is good exercise. Doctors say that smoking is bad for you.
The -ing form is used after a preposition:
I look forward to meeting you. They left without saying "Goodbye."
The -ing form is used after certain verbs:- avoid, dislike, enjoy, finish, give up, mind/not mind, practise
I dislike getting up early. Would you mind opening the window?
Some verbs can be followed by the -ing form or the infinitive without a big change in meaning: begin, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, propose, start.
It started to rain. It started raining. I like to play tennis. I like playing tennis.
Verb combination (Infinitive vs -ing form)
A. -ing and infinitive (1): verb + -ing form or infinitive
1. Verbs followed by -ing form
avoid consider delay deny
dislike enjoy finish can’t help
involve justify like (=enjoy) look forward to
mind miss postpone practice
risk suggest can’t stand carry on
put off
We delayed launching the product because of technical problems.
I look forward to meeting you next week. I don’t mind staying late. I really enjoy travelling abroad
Note. In the expression look forward to, the word to is a preposition. Prepositions (e.g., in, on, at, with, from, etc.) are always followed by the -ing form rather than infinitive.
2. Expressions bellow are followed by the -ing form
It’s a waste of time/money ... There’s no point (in) ... It’s no use ... It’s (not) worth ...
It's not worth repairing the camera. It would be cheaper to buy a new one.
3. Verb followed by to + infinitive
afford agree arrange attempt claim
decide demand deserve expect fail
guarantee hesitate hope learn manage
neglect offer plan prepare pretend
promise refuse seem tend threaten
train want would like
He has arranged to meet the visitors at the factory
We were very unhappy with service they had provided. We refused to pay them. The company is taking on a lot of new staff. They plan to extend their researches in a new area. He was angry about the way company had treated him. They threatened to stop his project.
4. Passive forms
There are passive forms of the -ing form and the infinitive. The passive form of the -ing form is made with being + past participle (e.g., being done):
Everyone likes being congratulated when they have worked hard.The passive infinitive is formed by to be + past participle (e.g., to be done):She expects to be promoted soon.
B. -ing and infinitive (2): verbs and objects
5. Verb + object + infinitive
There are a number of verbs that can take a direct object and to + infinitive. common examples are:
advise allow ask enable encourage force
invite order persuade remind tell warn
The lawer advised me to read the contract carefully. The negotiators persuaded the union to accept the pay deal.
The court ordered the company to pay compensation. The fall in demand forced us to cut production They invited me to speak at the conference.
6. Reporting what people say
Many of the words listed above can be used to report what people say
"Could you come back later?" he asked me. He asked me to come back later.The verb warn is usually used with not to do:He said, "Don't put all your money in one company" He warned me not to put all my money in one company.
7. Make and let
The verbs make and let are followed by an object and the bare infinitive (e.g., go, work,see)
We use make to talk about something we have to do (but don’t want to do)
She wanted to go home, but her boss made her stay until the work was finished.
We use let when we talk about being given permission for something.
My boss let me have the afternoon off to go to my sister’s wedding. The verb help can be followed by an infinitive with or without to
Could you help me (to) put these boxes in the van.7. Verbs of perception
The verb of perception (see, watch, notice, hear, listen, feel) are followed by bare infinitive or by -ing form (present participle).
If we want to say that we heard or saw the whole action from beginning to end, we usually use bare infinitive
I saw him sign the cheque. If we want to say that only saw or heard part of the action, we use -
ing form
I saw the consultant waiting in reception. (I saw consultant. He was waiting in reception.)
C. -ing and infinitive (3): changes in meaning
8. Verb + -ing or infinitive?
Some verbs can be followed by either -ing form or the infinitive and the meaning of the verb changes. Here are some common examples:
I remember sending them the cheque. I sent and I can remember now that did it.
I remembered to send them the cheque. I remembered, and then I sent it.
I will never forget meeting the President. I met him, and he impressed me.
I won’t forget to give her your message. I have made a note of it, and I will give it to her when I see her.
We have stopped dealing with that firm. We used to deal with them, but we don't deal with them any more.
At 12.00 we stopped to have a break We stopped for a break.
I regret saying that I was not interested in the work.
I said I was not interested in the work, and I now think that was a bad mistake.
I regret to say that we will not be able to give you a contract.
I am sorry that I have to say this.
If the printer doesn’t work, try turning everything off and then starting again.
Do this and see what happens.
I will try to negotiate a better deal. I will make an effort to do this.
This advertisement needs redesigning. This advertisement needs to be redesigned.
We need to increase productivity It’s necessary to increase productivity.
9. Like and would like
When the verb like means enjoy, it’s followed by the -ing form. However, the expression would like (want to) is followed by the infinitive.
I like going abroad on marketing trips. (I enjoy this.) I would like to go more often.(I want to go more often.)We can also use prefer and would prefer in the same way.I prefer working at home to working at the office. (I enjoy this more.)
10. to + -ing or infinitive?
The word to can be part of infinitive (I want to see you). However, in the following examples, to is a preposition, so it is followed by the -ing form:
look forward to object to, an objection to be used to, get used to
react to, a reaction to in addition to respond to, a respond to
Mixed examples
There is nothing wrong with the photocopier. It just needs servicing. We need to look at this proposal very carefully before we make a decision. I’ll make a note in my diary so that I will remember to send you information you need. I am not sure if I have met Mr. Martino, but I remember hearing his name.
LECŢIA 18
VERBE CARE PRIMESC INFINITIVE SAU FORMA IN -ING
A. Forma – verbele care urmează altor verbe au una dintre formele: INFINITIV + to sauforma în -ING (vezi şi Lectia 15/16). Verbele se împart în patru categorii principale:1. verbe care pot fi urmate numai de INFINITIV + to:We agreed to meet at noon.
2. verbe care pot fi urmate numai de forma in -ING:You risk being late.
3. verbe care pot fi urmate fie de un INFINITIV + to fie de forma in -ING fără aînregistra o modificare de sens:I see Harry has started to play golf again. (= în general)I see Harry has started playing golf again. (= în general sau numai înmomentul de faţă)
4. verbe care pot fi urmate fie de INFINITIV + to fie de forma in -ING dar cu oschimbare majoră de sens:I forgot to go to the bank yesterday. (= Nu m-am dus.)I have forgotten going to the bank yesterday. (= Nu-mi amintesc să fifost.)
B. Utilizare.1. INFINITIVUL + to se foloseste de obicei după:affordagreeappear arrangeaskattemptdecideexpectfailhelphopelearn manageofferplanpreparepretendseem promisetendthreatenwantwishI can’t afford to buy a new car now.I fail to see the point you are making.We can’t promise you to be there by 8 o’clock.
ATENŢIE: forma negativă este not to + INFINITIV.The boy promised not to misbehave ever again.
• ask, decide, explain, know, remember, forget, understand urmate de cuvinteinterogative: how, what, when, which, where, whether etc:I don’t know how to get to the cathedral from here.
We haven’t decided which restaurant to go tonight.• ask, enable, force, get, invite, order, persuade, remind, teach, tell, warn +complement:We invited the Browns to dinner on Saturday night.Can you ask them to leave, please?• make în propoziţii pasive:
meanrefuse
When I was at school, I was made to wear a uniform.Due to the heavy fog, the plane was made to divert to Gatwick airport.
2. forma în -ING este de obicei folosită după:admitavoidconsiderdelaydeny dislikeenjoykeep onfeel likeimaginegive upfinish involve fancymindmisspostponepracticeriskstand (= bear)suggestmentionrecallregretHe admitted stealing the jewels.Have you considered moving abroad?I suggest starting from the beginning.
ATENŢIE: forma negativă este not + -ING.I enjoy not having to work.NOTA: după admit, deny, regret, suggest se poate folosi şi that.Sam denied that he had shot his wife. SAU: Sam denied shooting his wife.
•după verbe complexe: carry on, end up, give up, go round, keep on, put off, setabout:You carry on talking while I eat my lunch.
Frank is always trying hard to give up smoking.
3. se pot folosi atât INFINITIVUL + to cât şi forma in -ING fără diferenţe de sensdupă verbele: begin, continue, hate, like, love, prefer, start:I began to play chess three years ago. SAU: I began playing chess threeyears ago.Mike loves to drive fast cars. SAU: Mike loves driving fast cars.
4. INFINITIVUL + to sau forma în -ING au sensuri diferite după: remember,forget, try, stop, go on, regret:Have you forgotten posting that letter? (= Ai trimis-o dar nu-ţi aminteşti.)DAR: Have you forgotten to post that letter? (= Nu ai trimis-o?)I stopped smoking cigarettes because they were bad for me. (= Nu maifumez.) DAR: I stopped to smoke a cigarette. (= M-am oprit şi am fumat oţigară.)
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