LipidsWhat do you mean I’m fat!?

Lipids – chains of Carbon, Hydrogen, and some Oxygen that is insoluble in water. (doesn’t dissolve)

Lipids can be used to:

-Store energy (some fats store energy)- make up components of cell membranes

Lipids are fats & oils made up of fatty acids

I. There are 3 types of Fatty Acids:

1. Saturated fatty acids

2. Phospholipids

3. Unsaturated fat (includes polyunsaturated)

First, what exactly is a Fatty Acid?

A chain of Carbon atoms “saturated” with Hydrogen atoms.

-It has a “head” or Caboxyl group (COOH-)

-It has a “tail” or the Carbon chain

The “head” end loves water and is given the name HYDROPHILLIC

The “tail” end is scared of water and is given the name HYDROPHOBIC

You will see why this is so important when we talk about Phospholipids.

1.Saturated Fatty Acids

- found in butter, lard, and grease from cooked meats

- Is solid at room temperature

Saturated Fatty Acids

-because the fatty acid has 3 fatty acid chains, it is called a TRIGLYCERIDEBad fats

- the 3 fatty acid chains are joined together by a glycerol molecule. The Carbons are joined together by a single bond.

2. Phospholipids

A lipid with 2 fatty acid chains attached to the glycerol head is called a

PHOSPHOLIPID (because it also has phosphorous in it)

Hydrophilic “head”

Hydrophobic “tails”

This is like the “shorthand way to draw it

Cell membranes are composed of 2 layers of Phospholipids. This is what makes our

cells almost waterproof.

Outer Layer

Inner Layer

Water outside Cell

Water inside Cell

3. Unsaturated Fatty Acids

-found in plant oils (olive oil, corn oil, some fish oils)

-are liquid at room temperature

-Is almost the same as a saturated fatty acid, BUT! *Some of the carbons have double bonds

-This causes a “kink” in the carbon chain and makes the molecule bend.

If the Unsaturated fatty acid has only 1 double bond in the chain, it is called: Unsaturated

If the Unsaturated fatty acid has more than 1 double bond in the chain, it is called: Polyunsaturated

Remember, the fatty acid chains are held together by a glycerol molecule.

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

Use your flow chart for this…

LIPIDS

Monomer: = Fatty acid & Glycerol

Polymer: = Does not form Polymers

Macromolecule: = Fats, Phospholipids

Function: = Stored Energy, used for cell membrane

NUCLEIC ACIDS

There are two types of Nucleic Acid

DNA & RNA

DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid – is needed for all cell activity including cell division

It is your genetic information

RNA – Ribonucleic Acid – transfers information that is essential in manufacturing proteins

Nucleic acids are composed of:Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Phosphorous.The “monomers” of Nucleic acids are called: “Nucleotides”

A DNA nucleotide is made up of 3 things…

We’ll go into greater detail later in the year

3. A Nitrogen group

2. A Sugar (5 Carbon ring) Deoxyribose (DNA)

1. A Phosphate group

RNA is very similar to DNA is that it is composed of nucleotides:

Ribose Ribose sugarsugar

The main difference is the sugar Ribose.

DNA is double stranded which means it has 2 nucleotides connected by their nitrogen bases.

U

U

RNA is single stranded which means it has nucleotides on one side only.

Use your flow chart for this…

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Monomer: = Nucleotide

Polymer: = DNA, RNA

Macromolecule: = DNA, RNA

Function: = Encodes genes, Gene expression

PROTEINS

Proteins are polymers with monomers called: AMINO ACIDS (sometimes called Peptide)

Composed of:Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Our body makes proteins, and we also eat the protein made by other animals like steak, chicken, pork and other meats.

So a chain of Amino Acids make up a protein.

Proteins can:-Control the rate of reactions

(Ex. Enzymes)- Regulate cell processes-Forms bones and muscles

(Ex. Actin & Myosin)-Transport substances in and out of cells

(Ex: Hemoglobin)

- Help fight diseases

The AMINO ACIDS are the secrets to a Protein

-Proteins are just chains of amino acids put together.

- there are only 20 different Amino Acids

-When proteins are bonded together, it is called a Peptide Bond

*AMINO ACID*A Amino Acid consists of 4 parts

Amino group

NH2

DRAW THIS!!!

Carboxyl group

COOH-

A Hydrogen

A Variable group

What the heck is a Variable group?

The Variable group is the difference for each amino acid (kind of like a fingerprint)

If all the Amino Acids were the same…how come we have 20 different types?

- The amino group covalently joins with the COOH group.

- This allows you to make long chains of amino acids easily.

- The function of each protein depends on specific sequence of amino acids.

-When proteins are bonded together, it is called a Peptide Bond

-Two Amino acids bonded together, it is called a Dipeptide

Parts of certain proteins fold over to form specific structures.

1. A long chain of amino acids makes up the Primary Structure

2. Portions of particular sequence of proteins coil (Alpha Helix), while others fold into (Beta pleated sheets) structures joined by hydrogen bonds. This is known as the Secondary Structure.

3. Interactions between the alpha helix and the beta pleated sheets (hydrogen bonds) cause the protein to form a tight 3-D structure called a Tertiary Structure

At this stage some proteins are complete.

4. Some proteins have other folded amino acid chains, (sub-unit proteins) join with the tertiary to form even a larger protein called a Quaternary Protein Structure.

Protein Denaturation- a change in pH, salt [ ], temperature, or other alterations that cause a protein to unravel and lose conformation

Biologically inactive

Use your flow chart for this…

PROTEINS

Monomer: = Amino Acids

Polymer: = Small proteins

Macromolecule: = Globular protein, Structural

proteinsFunction: = control rate of reaction

regulate cell processesform structurestransport substances through the cell