Post on 30-May-2018
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What is Life Made of?
Physical and Chemical sciences alone
may not completely explain the nature of
life, but they at least provide the essential
framework for such an explanation.
All students of life science must have a
fundamental understanding of organic
chemistry and biochemistry.
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Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is the study of Carbon
compounds.
Organic compounds are compoundscomposed primarily of a Carbon skeleton.
All living things are composed of organic
compounds.
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Polymers ands Monomers
Each of these types of molecules are
polymers that are assembled from single
units called monomers.
Each type of macromolecule is an
assemblage of a different type of
monomer.
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Monomers
Macromolecule
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Monomer
Monosaccharide
Not always polymers;
Hydrocarbon chains
Amino acids
Nucleotides
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How do monomers form
polymers? In condensation reactions (also called
dehydration synthesis), a molecule of
water is removed from two monomers as
they are connected together.
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Hydrolysis
In a reaction opposite to condensation, a
water molecule can be added (along with
the use of an enzyme) to split a polymer in
two.
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are made of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, always in a
ratio of 1:2:1.
Carbohydrates are the key source of
energy used by living things.
The building blocks of carbohydrates are
sugars, such as glucose and fructose.
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Carbohydrates
What do the roots
mono-, di-, oligo-, and
poly mean?
Each of these rootscan be added to the
word saccharide to
describe the type of
carbohydrate youhave.
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How do two monosaccharides combine
to make a polysaccharide?
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Polysaccharides
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Lipids
Lipids are molecules that consist of long
hydrocarbon chains. Attaching the three
chains together is usually a glycerol
molecule. Lipids are NONpolar.
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Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fat
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Proteins
Proteins are building blocks of structures
called amino acids. Proteins are what
your DNA codes to make (we will talk
about this in great detail in a month or so).
A peptide bond forms between amino
acids by dehydration synthesis.
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Levels of Protein Structure
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Protein Structure
Level
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Description
The amino acidsequence
Helices and Sheets
Disulfide bridges
Multiple polypeptidesconnect
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Life, Cells, and
ThermodynamicsBiochemistry = Chemistry of life
Combination of Chemistry and biologyThe study of structure and interactions of molecules
and atoms; Also the biology structure andinteractions of cells and organisms
Uses physical and chemical principles to explainbiology at the molecular level
Requires sophisticated instruments for dissect spectrophotometer, chromatography
Reveals the workings of natural worldUnderstanding the diseases and mechanisms
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Important Compounds and
Functional Groups
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Cellular Architecture
Cellular components
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Common cellular organization: Organelle Membrane - Cell Tissue Organ -
Organism
Components of life: Amino acid (a.a.),Carbohydrate, Nucleic acid, Fatty acid
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Prokaryote and Eukaryote
Nuclear
Membrane
Structure
With nucleusNo nucleus
Extracellular
matrix;
Cytoskeleton to
maintain structure
Peptidoglycan
50: 50 lipid:
protein.
45%:55%
lipid:protein.
Enzymeembedded
EukaryoteProkaryote
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60S and 40S =
80S
50S and 30S =
70S
Ribosome
Presence of
organelles
Absence of
organelles
Organelles
Larger size,
more than
10000
components
3000 to 6000
components
Extra
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Prokaryote and Eukaryote
Prokaryote and eukaryote cell structure from Wikipedia
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Archaea
Extremophiles - Halophiles and
thermophiles
Extremozymes Taq polymerase
Prokaryote and eukaryote cell structure from Wikipedia
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Biological Structure and
Interactions
Van der Waals interactions
Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds Hydrophobic interactions
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References
Wikipedia
Biochemistry The Molecular of Basis of
Life 3rd Edition. Trudy McKee and James
R. McKee, McGraw-Hill.
Principles of Biochemistry. 3rd Edition.
Voet et al. Pratt. Wiley.