Post on 25-Jun-2015
DesignSustainability
Representation Techniques
Nicola Morelli
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A blueprint is the definitive drawing of an object/architecture, containing all the indications for producers to reproduce the object according to the designers’ intentions
Blueprinting PSS
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Codification
Codification
Decodification
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Technical codification
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• If the customer is co-creating the value, s/he has to be supported by an adequate communication system
• We cannot suppose the customer to be familiar with the most common technical language used in blueprints
Customer’s involvement
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codification
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Different levels of codification
Representations communicate contents with different levels of
abstraction and codification
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• While there are standard techniques for technical representation of objects in different levels of detail, there are no standard representation techniques for blueprinting PSS
• Blueprints for PSS should reach different kinds of people, from “hard” technicians (e.g. engineers) to final users
• Blueprints should communicate different things (conditions, instructions, components) according to the “receiver”– Traditional “hard” technician will understand
highly codified representations– Final users are not supposed to be familiar with
any form of communications, although their role in a PSS may be fundamental
Blueprinting PSS
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• Time• Logical links/interactions• Sequence of events• Spaces and their qualities• Movements between spaces• Actors performing an action• Visible and invisible processes• Front office/back office• Objects/components• Interaction of objects/components in
the system
Blueprinting = representing
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• What?– Entity/system– Objective/subjective
• What for?– Analysis/design– Sketch/define
• Whom for?– Technical/user
Representing what? Why? Who for?
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Different views
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The front view
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System maps (colloquial)
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System maps (colloquial)
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System maps
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Generating system maps
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Functions and capabilities
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Interaction and time
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Blueprinting: existing methods
Source Shostack 1982
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Blueprinting: existing methods
Source Shostack 1982
TimeLogical links/interactionsSequence of eventsSpaces and their qualitiesMovements between spacesActors performing an actionVisible and invisible processesFront office/back officeObjects/componentsInteraction of objects/components in the system
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Blueprinting: existing methods
Source Ramaswami 1996
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Blueprinting: existing methods
Source Ramaswami 1996
TimeLogical links/interactionsSequence of eventsSpaces and their qualitiesMovements between spacesActors performing an actionVisible and invisible processesFront office/back officeObjects/componentsInteraction of objects/components in the system
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Use case graphic representation
Space and facilities maintenance
Billing system
John enters
The recep.ist welcomes John
The recep.ist informs John
The rec.ist introduces John to the room assistant
John logs in
John Works on his CV
The billing person processes the bill
John goes to pay the bill
John’s membership card is updated
John walks away
Entrance/reception
Working environment
John pays the bill
Processes implying physical movement
Processes performed by the user
The system verifies John’s identity and
gives him access to the software
John saves hi work
John logs out
The system saves John’s work in his directory
The system saves John’s settings
Human and/or automated operations
The accounting system registers the payment
The room assistant runs the software to clean up the computer
System back up
The system gets ready for the next user
Technical Maintenance and upgrade
Automated operation
Front office
Back office
Processes performed by the service operator
John is guided to the workstation
Vir
tual en
vir
on
men
t
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Use case graphic representation
TimeLogical links/interactionsSequence of eventsSpaces and their qualitiesMovements between spacesActors performing an actionVisible and invisible processesFront office/back officeObjects/componentsInteraction of objects/components in the system
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Existing methods: pert chart
A japanese restaurant (Nicola Morelli)
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Example: a Japanese take-away
(Nicola Morelli)
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Colloquial language
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Use Cases/storyboards
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Video Sketching
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Scenario building and sketching
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• Scenarios facilitate convergences of different views by stimulating strategic conversation between actors with different views
Representation as a tool