Post on 25-Dec-2015
Lecture 2
THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENTTHEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT
Cognitive Development, Psychosocial Development and Moral Development
Purpose
Understanding of the students’ development on the Physical , cognition , and social-emotional development
Main Contents Piaget’s View of Cognitive Development VYGOTSKY’s View of Cognitive
Development Erikson’s view of personal and social
development Kohlberg’s stages of Moral Reasoning
Part 1
Issues of Development
Piaget’s View of Cognitive Development
A Definition of Development Creative Thinking (get into groups) Think about terms of Changing and
Development. As human beings, what kinds of
changing you can see and what you can’t see?
Are they all means the development during the lifetime?
1.understanding: The term DEVELOPMENT in its most
general psychological sense refers to certain changes that occur in human beings between conception and death.
The term is not applied to all changes, but rather to those that appear in orderly way and remain for a reasonably long period of time.
2 kinds of develpment Physical development, deal with the
changes in the body; Personal development, means the changes
in an individual’s personality; Social development refers to changes in
the way an individual relates to others; Cognitive development refers to changes
in thinking
General Principles of Development
People develop at different rates.
Development is relatively orderly.
Development takes place gradually.
PiagetPiaget’’s Theory of Cognitive Developments Theory of Cognitive Development
Brief Introduction Some very important concepts in
his cognitive theory How Cognitive Development Occurs Four stages of Cognitive
development Educational Implications of Piaget’s
Theory
Brief IntroductionBrief Introduction Jean Piaget, born in Switzerland in 1896, is
the most influential developmental psychologist in the history of psychology
important conceptsimportant concepts SCHEMES (图式) ASSIMILATION (同化 ) ACCOMMODATION (顺应) EQUILIBRATION( 平衡 )
How Cognitive Development How Cognitive Development Occurs?Occurs?
Cognitive Development is gradual , orderly, changes by which mental process become more complex and sophisticated.
The essential development of cognition is the establishment of new schemes.
Assimilation and accommodation are both processing of the ways of cognitive development.
The equilibration is the symbol of a new stage of the cognitive development.
Stages of Cognitive developmentStages of Cognitive development Remember: Piaget divided the cognitive development of
children and adolescents into four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
All children pass through these stages in this order and that no child can skip a stage
Different children may pass through the stages at some what different rates
Stage 1 sensorimotor(0-2) Reflexes Object permanence
Object permanence
Object permanenceObject permanence
Lock of understanding of the principles of conservation
Stage 2 Pre-operational (2-7) Lock of understanding of the principles of
conservation Irreversible ( 不可逆的 )Thinking Ego centric (自我中心的) Thinking
Some Piagetian Conservation Tasks
Stage 3 Concrete Operational (7-11)Stage 3 Concrete Operational (7-11) Acquire the concept of reversibility.
Respond to inferred( 推理的 )reality Seriation Classification Objective Thinking( 客观化思维 )
Respond to inferred reality Flavell (1986) demonstrated this concept
by showing children a red car and then, while they were still watching, covering it with a filter that made it appear black. When asked what color the car was, 3-year-olds responded "black," and 6-year-olds responded "red." The older, concrete operational child is able to respond to inferred reality, seeing things in the context of other meanings; preschoolers see what they see, with little ability to infer the meaning behind what they see.
SeriationSeriation (P37-3)lining up sticks from smallest to
largest. transitivity
Classification Classification depends on a student's abilities
to focus on a single characteristic of objects in a set and group the objects according to that characteristic
Given 12 objects of assorted ( 混合的 )colors and shapes, the concrete-operational student can invariably pick out the ones that are round.
Stage 4 Formal Operational (11 - adulthood)Stage 4 Formal Operational (11 - adulthood) Children's thinking begins to develop into the
form that is characteristic of adults Hypothetical conditions
the ability to reason about situations and conditions that have not been experienced.
Four stages of Cognitive developmentFour stages of Cognitive development
Creative Thinking:(Working in groups:)
How can we put the Piaget’s theory into our educational practice?
5. Educational Implications of Piaget5. Educational Implications of Piaget’’s s TheoryTheory
Page 43 Understanding Students' Thinking Matching Strategies to Abilities Constructing Knowledge
Vygotsky’s View of Cognitive Development
Brief Introduction Key ideas (Social-cultural
theory ) Difference to Piaget’s view Application in Education
Part 2
Brief Introduction
Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist who, though a contemporary of Piaget, died in 1934, only 38 when he died of tuberculosis, but he had produced over 100 books and articles……
Key ideas (Social-cultural
theory ) he proposed that intellectual development can
be understood only in terms of the historical and cultural contexts children experience
In contrast to Piaget, Vygotaky proposed that cognitive development is strongly linked to input from others.
he believed that development depends on the sign systems that individuals grow up with
ZPD (THE ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT )
SCAFFOLDING
For example
A six-year-old has lost a toy and asks her father for help. The father asks her where she last saw the toy; the child says : “I can't remember." He asks a series of questions: Did you have it in your room? Outside? Next door? To each question, the child answers, no.' When he says "in the car?" she says "1 think so" and goes to retrieve the toy.
Difference to Piaget’s view
Creative Thinking:
What are the differences What are the differences between Piagtet’s and Vygotsky’s between Piagtet’s and Vygotsky’s theores of Egocentric and Private theores of Egocentric and Private SpeechSpeech??
Application in Education
Brainstorming:
How to put V’s theory in Educational Practice?
Application in Education
zone of proximal development scaffolding (Vedio 49min)
Self Learning
Part 3 How Did Erikson View Personal and Social Development?
the basic ideas of Erikson’s Personal and Social Development
The stages of Personal and Social Development
Implications of Erikson’s theory
the basic ideas of Erikson’s Personal and Social Development
Erikson’s hypothesized that people pass eight psychological stage in their lifetime.
At each stage, there are crises or critical issues to be resolved.
Most people resolve each psycholoscial crisis satisfactorily and put it behand them to take on new challenges, some people may not completely resolve these crises and must continue to deal with them later in life.
The stages of Personal and Social Development
Stage approximate ages Psychological crises 1 birth to 18months Trust vis. misturst 2 18m to 3years Autonomy vs. doubt
3 3 to 6 years Initiative vs. guilt 4 6 to 12 years Industry vs. inferiority 5 12 to 18 years Identity vs. role confusion 6 Young adulthood Intimacy vs. isolation 7 Middle adulthood Generativity vs. self-absorption 8 Late adulthood Integrity vs. despair
Self Learning
Part 4 Kohlberg’s stages of Moral
Resoning the basic ideas of Kohlberg’s
stages of Moral Resoning The stages of Moral Resoning Implications of Kohlberg’s theory
The end of Lecture 2The end of Lecture 2