Post on 21-Jun-2020
Lecture 17 ndash Aluminium and its alloys
Aluminium and its alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
Reference Text Section
Higgins RA amp Bolton 2010 Materials for Engineers and Technicians 5th ed Butterworth Heinemann
Ch 17
Additional Readings Section
Aluminium and its alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
Note This lecture closely follows text (Higgins Ch17)
Aluminium (Higgins 171)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 171
Aluminium is very reactive ndash strongly electropositive and readily
combines with all the non-metal (electronegative) ions
So it wasnrsquot produced until 1825 (Oersted) when it was more expensive
than gold
Not any more
Aluminium Wikipedia
Uses of aluminium
Engineering Materials and Processes
httpwwwalu-supportcomnewsdispphpID=129
READ HIGGINS 171
Demand for Aluminium was
driven by aircraft
Today it is widely spread
though most industries
Lightweight
Durable
Easy to form extrude diecast
Good finishes
High strength to weight
Worldwide Aluminium Production
Engineering Materials and Processes
Worldwide Aluminium
production
Aluminium needs electricity
It is actually easier to ship
the ore to the electrical
energy source rather than
bring the electricity to the
ore
The extraction of aluminium (Higgins 172)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 172
The modern electrolytic process turns bauxite (Al2O3) into aluminium
metal Unlike a blast furnace that removes oxygen (reduction) with
coke aluminium requires electricity to do this
All 91 megaJoules of the stuff per kg
So aluminium product suits countries
with ample hydroelectricity
(eg Norway)
httpenwikipediaorgwikiFileAluminumSlabJPG
The extraction of aluminium (VIDEO)
Engineering Materials and Processes
VIDEO
The making of aluminium [videorecording]
Advanced version Russell Geoff
1993 Video Education Australia DVD (30 min)
Explains the process of smelting aluminium using
the smelter at Portland smelter in Victoria as an
example
Detailed analysis of refining and smelting of
aluminium Covers production economic
environmental issues Excellent quality
DVD 669722RUSS
Properties of aluminium (Higgins 173)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 173
Conductivity (electrical and thermal)
Corrosion resistance
Ductility for forming extrudion
Low MP for diecasting
Highly machinable
Lightweight
Good finishes - anodising
High strength to weight
Lots of alloys and heat treatmentshttpwwwteknologiateollisuusfi
Aluminium alloys (Higgins 174)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 174
4 main classes of aluminium alloys
Wrought Cast
Non-heat Treatable
Heat Treatable
Traps to watch out forhellip
1 A common mistake is to call aluminium components ldquoalloyrdquo simply
because it starts with ldquoalrdquo Brass and even steel is ldquoalloyrdquo
2 In USA Aluminium is called Aluminum Same stuff different name
Aluminium alloys (Higgins 174)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 174
1741 Wrought alloys
1742 Cast alloys
READ HIGGINS 175
175 Wrought alloys which are not heat-treated
176 Cast alloys which are not heat-treated
Some common aluminium alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
httpwwwglobalmetalscomau
Aluminum alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
They are normally identified by a four figure system which originated in
the USA and is now universally accepted (with variations ndash usually extra
digits)
Note
Higgins is based on British
Standards (BS) from which
most Australian standards
are based
Where it is written
1473 5083
It simply means
BS 1473 and grade 5083
(eg table 171)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Figure 172 The
aluminium-silicon
thermal equilibrium
diagram The effects of
modification on both
the position of the
eutectic point and the
structure are also
shown
READ HIGGINS
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(i) 12 per cent silicon in aluminium -
unmodified as cast Since this alloy
contains more than the eutectic amount
(116 per cent) of silicon (see Figure 172)
primary silicon (angular crystals) are
present The eutectic is coarse and brittle
and consists of needles of silicon in a
matrix of a solid solution because the layers
of a in the eutectic have fused together to
form a continuous mass (the amount of
silicon being only 116 per cent of the
eutectic so that the layers of a would be
roughly ten times the thickness of those in
silicon)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(ii) The same alloy as (i) but modified by
the addition of 001 per cent sodium
This has the effect of displacing the
eutectic point to 14 per cent silicon so
that the structure now consists of
primary crystals of a (light) in a
background of extremely fine-grained
eutectic (dark) The alloy is now
stronger and tougher
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(iii) A duralumin- type alloy in the as
extruded condition (unetched) The
particles consist mainly of CuAl2 (see
Figure 174) elongated in the direction
of extrusion
Most of this CuAl2 would be absorbed
during subsequent solution treatment
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 174
Structural
changes
which take
place during
the heat-
treatment of
a duralumin-
type of alloy
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 175 The effects of time and temperature of precipitation treatment
on the strength of duralumin
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
CAREFULLY READ
1771 Heat-treatment
Age Hardening
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Cast alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 178)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Online Resources
Aluminium
Non Ferrous Metals
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
Aluminium and its alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
Reference Text Section
Higgins RA amp Bolton 2010 Materials for Engineers and Technicians 5th ed Butterworth Heinemann
Ch 17
Additional Readings Section
Aluminium and its alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
Note This lecture closely follows text (Higgins Ch17)
Aluminium (Higgins 171)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 171
Aluminium is very reactive ndash strongly electropositive and readily
combines with all the non-metal (electronegative) ions
So it wasnrsquot produced until 1825 (Oersted) when it was more expensive
than gold
Not any more
Aluminium Wikipedia
Uses of aluminium
Engineering Materials and Processes
httpwwwalu-supportcomnewsdispphpID=129
READ HIGGINS 171
Demand for Aluminium was
driven by aircraft
Today it is widely spread
though most industries
Lightweight
Durable
Easy to form extrude diecast
Good finishes
High strength to weight
Worldwide Aluminium Production
Engineering Materials and Processes
Worldwide Aluminium
production
Aluminium needs electricity
It is actually easier to ship
the ore to the electrical
energy source rather than
bring the electricity to the
ore
The extraction of aluminium (Higgins 172)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 172
The modern electrolytic process turns bauxite (Al2O3) into aluminium
metal Unlike a blast furnace that removes oxygen (reduction) with
coke aluminium requires electricity to do this
All 91 megaJoules of the stuff per kg
So aluminium product suits countries
with ample hydroelectricity
(eg Norway)
httpenwikipediaorgwikiFileAluminumSlabJPG
The extraction of aluminium (VIDEO)
Engineering Materials and Processes
VIDEO
The making of aluminium [videorecording]
Advanced version Russell Geoff
1993 Video Education Australia DVD (30 min)
Explains the process of smelting aluminium using
the smelter at Portland smelter in Victoria as an
example
Detailed analysis of refining and smelting of
aluminium Covers production economic
environmental issues Excellent quality
DVD 669722RUSS
Properties of aluminium (Higgins 173)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 173
Conductivity (electrical and thermal)
Corrosion resistance
Ductility for forming extrudion
Low MP for diecasting
Highly machinable
Lightweight
Good finishes - anodising
High strength to weight
Lots of alloys and heat treatmentshttpwwwteknologiateollisuusfi
Aluminium alloys (Higgins 174)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 174
4 main classes of aluminium alloys
Wrought Cast
Non-heat Treatable
Heat Treatable
Traps to watch out forhellip
1 A common mistake is to call aluminium components ldquoalloyrdquo simply
because it starts with ldquoalrdquo Brass and even steel is ldquoalloyrdquo
2 In USA Aluminium is called Aluminum Same stuff different name
Aluminium alloys (Higgins 174)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 174
1741 Wrought alloys
1742 Cast alloys
READ HIGGINS 175
175 Wrought alloys which are not heat-treated
176 Cast alloys which are not heat-treated
Some common aluminium alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
httpwwwglobalmetalscomau
Aluminum alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
They are normally identified by a four figure system which originated in
the USA and is now universally accepted (with variations ndash usually extra
digits)
Note
Higgins is based on British
Standards (BS) from which
most Australian standards
are based
Where it is written
1473 5083
It simply means
BS 1473 and grade 5083
(eg table 171)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Figure 172 The
aluminium-silicon
thermal equilibrium
diagram The effects of
modification on both
the position of the
eutectic point and the
structure are also
shown
READ HIGGINS
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(i) 12 per cent silicon in aluminium -
unmodified as cast Since this alloy
contains more than the eutectic amount
(116 per cent) of silicon (see Figure 172)
primary silicon (angular crystals) are
present The eutectic is coarse and brittle
and consists of needles of silicon in a
matrix of a solid solution because the layers
of a in the eutectic have fused together to
form a continuous mass (the amount of
silicon being only 116 per cent of the
eutectic so that the layers of a would be
roughly ten times the thickness of those in
silicon)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(ii) The same alloy as (i) but modified by
the addition of 001 per cent sodium
This has the effect of displacing the
eutectic point to 14 per cent silicon so
that the structure now consists of
primary crystals of a (light) in a
background of extremely fine-grained
eutectic (dark) The alloy is now
stronger and tougher
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(iii) A duralumin- type alloy in the as
extruded condition (unetched) The
particles consist mainly of CuAl2 (see
Figure 174) elongated in the direction
of extrusion
Most of this CuAl2 would be absorbed
during subsequent solution treatment
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 174
Structural
changes
which take
place during
the heat-
treatment of
a duralumin-
type of alloy
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 175 The effects of time and temperature of precipitation treatment
on the strength of duralumin
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
CAREFULLY READ
1771 Heat-treatment
Age Hardening
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Cast alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 178)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Online Resources
Aluminium
Non Ferrous Metals
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
Aluminium and its alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
Note This lecture closely follows text (Higgins Ch17)
Aluminium (Higgins 171)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 171
Aluminium is very reactive ndash strongly electropositive and readily
combines with all the non-metal (electronegative) ions
So it wasnrsquot produced until 1825 (Oersted) when it was more expensive
than gold
Not any more
Aluminium Wikipedia
Uses of aluminium
Engineering Materials and Processes
httpwwwalu-supportcomnewsdispphpID=129
READ HIGGINS 171
Demand for Aluminium was
driven by aircraft
Today it is widely spread
though most industries
Lightweight
Durable
Easy to form extrude diecast
Good finishes
High strength to weight
Worldwide Aluminium Production
Engineering Materials and Processes
Worldwide Aluminium
production
Aluminium needs electricity
It is actually easier to ship
the ore to the electrical
energy source rather than
bring the electricity to the
ore
The extraction of aluminium (Higgins 172)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 172
The modern electrolytic process turns bauxite (Al2O3) into aluminium
metal Unlike a blast furnace that removes oxygen (reduction) with
coke aluminium requires electricity to do this
All 91 megaJoules of the stuff per kg
So aluminium product suits countries
with ample hydroelectricity
(eg Norway)
httpenwikipediaorgwikiFileAluminumSlabJPG
The extraction of aluminium (VIDEO)
Engineering Materials and Processes
VIDEO
The making of aluminium [videorecording]
Advanced version Russell Geoff
1993 Video Education Australia DVD (30 min)
Explains the process of smelting aluminium using
the smelter at Portland smelter in Victoria as an
example
Detailed analysis of refining and smelting of
aluminium Covers production economic
environmental issues Excellent quality
DVD 669722RUSS
Properties of aluminium (Higgins 173)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 173
Conductivity (electrical and thermal)
Corrosion resistance
Ductility for forming extrudion
Low MP for diecasting
Highly machinable
Lightweight
Good finishes - anodising
High strength to weight
Lots of alloys and heat treatmentshttpwwwteknologiateollisuusfi
Aluminium alloys (Higgins 174)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 174
4 main classes of aluminium alloys
Wrought Cast
Non-heat Treatable
Heat Treatable
Traps to watch out forhellip
1 A common mistake is to call aluminium components ldquoalloyrdquo simply
because it starts with ldquoalrdquo Brass and even steel is ldquoalloyrdquo
2 In USA Aluminium is called Aluminum Same stuff different name
Aluminium alloys (Higgins 174)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 174
1741 Wrought alloys
1742 Cast alloys
READ HIGGINS 175
175 Wrought alloys which are not heat-treated
176 Cast alloys which are not heat-treated
Some common aluminium alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
httpwwwglobalmetalscomau
Aluminum alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
They are normally identified by a four figure system which originated in
the USA and is now universally accepted (with variations ndash usually extra
digits)
Note
Higgins is based on British
Standards (BS) from which
most Australian standards
are based
Where it is written
1473 5083
It simply means
BS 1473 and grade 5083
(eg table 171)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Figure 172 The
aluminium-silicon
thermal equilibrium
diagram The effects of
modification on both
the position of the
eutectic point and the
structure are also
shown
READ HIGGINS
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(i) 12 per cent silicon in aluminium -
unmodified as cast Since this alloy
contains more than the eutectic amount
(116 per cent) of silicon (see Figure 172)
primary silicon (angular crystals) are
present The eutectic is coarse and brittle
and consists of needles of silicon in a
matrix of a solid solution because the layers
of a in the eutectic have fused together to
form a continuous mass (the amount of
silicon being only 116 per cent of the
eutectic so that the layers of a would be
roughly ten times the thickness of those in
silicon)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(ii) The same alloy as (i) but modified by
the addition of 001 per cent sodium
This has the effect of displacing the
eutectic point to 14 per cent silicon so
that the structure now consists of
primary crystals of a (light) in a
background of extremely fine-grained
eutectic (dark) The alloy is now
stronger and tougher
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(iii) A duralumin- type alloy in the as
extruded condition (unetched) The
particles consist mainly of CuAl2 (see
Figure 174) elongated in the direction
of extrusion
Most of this CuAl2 would be absorbed
during subsequent solution treatment
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 174
Structural
changes
which take
place during
the heat-
treatment of
a duralumin-
type of alloy
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 175 The effects of time and temperature of precipitation treatment
on the strength of duralumin
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
CAREFULLY READ
1771 Heat-treatment
Age Hardening
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Cast alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 178)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Online Resources
Aluminium
Non Ferrous Metals
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
Aluminium (Higgins 171)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 171
Aluminium is very reactive ndash strongly electropositive and readily
combines with all the non-metal (electronegative) ions
So it wasnrsquot produced until 1825 (Oersted) when it was more expensive
than gold
Not any more
Aluminium Wikipedia
Uses of aluminium
Engineering Materials and Processes
httpwwwalu-supportcomnewsdispphpID=129
READ HIGGINS 171
Demand for Aluminium was
driven by aircraft
Today it is widely spread
though most industries
Lightweight
Durable
Easy to form extrude diecast
Good finishes
High strength to weight
Worldwide Aluminium Production
Engineering Materials and Processes
Worldwide Aluminium
production
Aluminium needs electricity
It is actually easier to ship
the ore to the electrical
energy source rather than
bring the electricity to the
ore
The extraction of aluminium (Higgins 172)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 172
The modern electrolytic process turns bauxite (Al2O3) into aluminium
metal Unlike a blast furnace that removes oxygen (reduction) with
coke aluminium requires electricity to do this
All 91 megaJoules of the stuff per kg
So aluminium product suits countries
with ample hydroelectricity
(eg Norway)
httpenwikipediaorgwikiFileAluminumSlabJPG
The extraction of aluminium (VIDEO)
Engineering Materials and Processes
VIDEO
The making of aluminium [videorecording]
Advanced version Russell Geoff
1993 Video Education Australia DVD (30 min)
Explains the process of smelting aluminium using
the smelter at Portland smelter in Victoria as an
example
Detailed analysis of refining and smelting of
aluminium Covers production economic
environmental issues Excellent quality
DVD 669722RUSS
Properties of aluminium (Higgins 173)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 173
Conductivity (electrical and thermal)
Corrosion resistance
Ductility for forming extrudion
Low MP for diecasting
Highly machinable
Lightweight
Good finishes - anodising
High strength to weight
Lots of alloys and heat treatmentshttpwwwteknologiateollisuusfi
Aluminium alloys (Higgins 174)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 174
4 main classes of aluminium alloys
Wrought Cast
Non-heat Treatable
Heat Treatable
Traps to watch out forhellip
1 A common mistake is to call aluminium components ldquoalloyrdquo simply
because it starts with ldquoalrdquo Brass and even steel is ldquoalloyrdquo
2 In USA Aluminium is called Aluminum Same stuff different name
Aluminium alloys (Higgins 174)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 174
1741 Wrought alloys
1742 Cast alloys
READ HIGGINS 175
175 Wrought alloys which are not heat-treated
176 Cast alloys which are not heat-treated
Some common aluminium alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
httpwwwglobalmetalscomau
Aluminum alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
They are normally identified by a four figure system which originated in
the USA and is now universally accepted (with variations ndash usually extra
digits)
Note
Higgins is based on British
Standards (BS) from which
most Australian standards
are based
Where it is written
1473 5083
It simply means
BS 1473 and grade 5083
(eg table 171)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Figure 172 The
aluminium-silicon
thermal equilibrium
diagram The effects of
modification on both
the position of the
eutectic point and the
structure are also
shown
READ HIGGINS
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(i) 12 per cent silicon in aluminium -
unmodified as cast Since this alloy
contains more than the eutectic amount
(116 per cent) of silicon (see Figure 172)
primary silicon (angular crystals) are
present The eutectic is coarse and brittle
and consists of needles of silicon in a
matrix of a solid solution because the layers
of a in the eutectic have fused together to
form a continuous mass (the amount of
silicon being only 116 per cent of the
eutectic so that the layers of a would be
roughly ten times the thickness of those in
silicon)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(ii) The same alloy as (i) but modified by
the addition of 001 per cent sodium
This has the effect of displacing the
eutectic point to 14 per cent silicon so
that the structure now consists of
primary crystals of a (light) in a
background of extremely fine-grained
eutectic (dark) The alloy is now
stronger and tougher
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(iii) A duralumin- type alloy in the as
extruded condition (unetched) The
particles consist mainly of CuAl2 (see
Figure 174) elongated in the direction
of extrusion
Most of this CuAl2 would be absorbed
during subsequent solution treatment
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 174
Structural
changes
which take
place during
the heat-
treatment of
a duralumin-
type of alloy
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 175 The effects of time and temperature of precipitation treatment
on the strength of duralumin
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
CAREFULLY READ
1771 Heat-treatment
Age Hardening
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Cast alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 178)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Online Resources
Aluminium
Non Ferrous Metals
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
Uses of aluminium
Engineering Materials and Processes
httpwwwalu-supportcomnewsdispphpID=129
READ HIGGINS 171
Demand for Aluminium was
driven by aircraft
Today it is widely spread
though most industries
Lightweight
Durable
Easy to form extrude diecast
Good finishes
High strength to weight
Worldwide Aluminium Production
Engineering Materials and Processes
Worldwide Aluminium
production
Aluminium needs electricity
It is actually easier to ship
the ore to the electrical
energy source rather than
bring the electricity to the
ore
The extraction of aluminium (Higgins 172)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 172
The modern electrolytic process turns bauxite (Al2O3) into aluminium
metal Unlike a blast furnace that removes oxygen (reduction) with
coke aluminium requires electricity to do this
All 91 megaJoules of the stuff per kg
So aluminium product suits countries
with ample hydroelectricity
(eg Norway)
httpenwikipediaorgwikiFileAluminumSlabJPG
The extraction of aluminium (VIDEO)
Engineering Materials and Processes
VIDEO
The making of aluminium [videorecording]
Advanced version Russell Geoff
1993 Video Education Australia DVD (30 min)
Explains the process of smelting aluminium using
the smelter at Portland smelter in Victoria as an
example
Detailed analysis of refining and smelting of
aluminium Covers production economic
environmental issues Excellent quality
DVD 669722RUSS
Properties of aluminium (Higgins 173)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 173
Conductivity (electrical and thermal)
Corrosion resistance
Ductility for forming extrudion
Low MP for diecasting
Highly machinable
Lightweight
Good finishes - anodising
High strength to weight
Lots of alloys and heat treatmentshttpwwwteknologiateollisuusfi
Aluminium alloys (Higgins 174)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 174
4 main classes of aluminium alloys
Wrought Cast
Non-heat Treatable
Heat Treatable
Traps to watch out forhellip
1 A common mistake is to call aluminium components ldquoalloyrdquo simply
because it starts with ldquoalrdquo Brass and even steel is ldquoalloyrdquo
2 In USA Aluminium is called Aluminum Same stuff different name
Aluminium alloys (Higgins 174)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 174
1741 Wrought alloys
1742 Cast alloys
READ HIGGINS 175
175 Wrought alloys which are not heat-treated
176 Cast alloys which are not heat-treated
Some common aluminium alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
httpwwwglobalmetalscomau
Aluminum alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
They are normally identified by a four figure system which originated in
the USA and is now universally accepted (with variations ndash usually extra
digits)
Note
Higgins is based on British
Standards (BS) from which
most Australian standards
are based
Where it is written
1473 5083
It simply means
BS 1473 and grade 5083
(eg table 171)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Figure 172 The
aluminium-silicon
thermal equilibrium
diagram The effects of
modification on both
the position of the
eutectic point and the
structure are also
shown
READ HIGGINS
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(i) 12 per cent silicon in aluminium -
unmodified as cast Since this alloy
contains more than the eutectic amount
(116 per cent) of silicon (see Figure 172)
primary silicon (angular crystals) are
present The eutectic is coarse and brittle
and consists of needles of silicon in a
matrix of a solid solution because the layers
of a in the eutectic have fused together to
form a continuous mass (the amount of
silicon being only 116 per cent of the
eutectic so that the layers of a would be
roughly ten times the thickness of those in
silicon)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(ii) The same alloy as (i) but modified by
the addition of 001 per cent sodium
This has the effect of displacing the
eutectic point to 14 per cent silicon so
that the structure now consists of
primary crystals of a (light) in a
background of extremely fine-grained
eutectic (dark) The alloy is now
stronger and tougher
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(iii) A duralumin- type alloy in the as
extruded condition (unetched) The
particles consist mainly of CuAl2 (see
Figure 174) elongated in the direction
of extrusion
Most of this CuAl2 would be absorbed
during subsequent solution treatment
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 174
Structural
changes
which take
place during
the heat-
treatment of
a duralumin-
type of alloy
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 175 The effects of time and temperature of precipitation treatment
on the strength of duralumin
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
CAREFULLY READ
1771 Heat-treatment
Age Hardening
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Cast alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 178)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Online Resources
Aluminium
Non Ferrous Metals
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
Worldwide Aluminium Production
Engineering Materials and Processes
Worldwide Aluminium
production
Aluminium needs electricity
It is actually easier to ship
the ore to the electrical
energy source rather than
bring the electricity to the
ore
The extraction of aluminium (Higgins 172)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 172
The modern electrolytic process turns bauxite (Al2O3) into aluminium
metal Unlike a blast furnace that removes oxygen (reduction) with
coke aluminium requires electricity to do this
All 91 megaJoules of the stuff per kg
So aluminium product suits countries
with ample hydroelectricity
(eg Norway)
httpenwikipediaorgwikiFileAluminumSlabJPG
The extraction of aluminium (VIDEO)
Engineering Materials and Processes
VIDEO
The making of aluminium [videorecording]
Advanced version Russell Geoff
1993 Video Education Australia DVD (30 min)
Explains the process of smelting aluminium using
the smelter at Portland smelter in Victoria as an
example
Detailed analysis of refining and smelting of
aluminium Covers production economic
environmental issues Excellent quality
DVD 669722RUSS
Properties of aluminium (Higgins 173)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 173
Conductivity (electrical and thermal)
Corrosion resistance
Ductility for forming extrudion
Low MP for diecasting
Highly machinable
Lightweight
Good finishes - anodising
High strength to weight
Lots of alloys and heat treatmentshttpwwwteknologiateollisuusfi
Aluminium alloys (Higgins 174)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 174
4 main classes of aluminium alloys
Wrought Cast
Non-heat Treatable
Heat Treatable
Traps to watch out forhellip
1 A common mistake is to call aluminium components ldquoalloyrdquo simply
because it starts with ldquoalrdquo Brass and even steel is ldquoalloyrdquo
2 In USA Aluminium is called Aluminum Same stuff different name
Aluminium alloys (Higgins 174)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 174
1741 Wrought alloys
1742 Cast alloys
READ HIGGINS 175
175 Wrought alloys which are not heat-treated
176 Cast alloys which are not heat-treated
Some common aluminium alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
httpwwwglobalmetalscomau
Aluminum alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
They are normally identified by a four figure system which originated in
the USA and is now universally accepted (with variations ndash usually extra
digits)
Note
Higgins is based on British
Standards (BS) from which
most Australian standards
are based
Where it is written
1473 5083
It simply means
BS 1473 and grade 5083
(eg table 171)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Figure 172 The
aluminium-silicon
thermal equilibrium
diagram The effects of
modification on both
the position of the
eutectic point and the
structure are also
shown
READ HIGGINS
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(i) 12 per cent silicon in aluminium -
unmodified as cast Since this alloy
contains more than the eutectic amount
(116 per cent) of silicon (see Figure 172)
primary silicon (angular crystals) are
present The eutectic is coarse and brittle
and consists of needles of silicon in a
matrix of a solid solution because the layers
of a in the eutectic have fused together to
form a continuous mass (the amount of
silicon being only 116 per cent of the
eutectic so that the layers of a would be
roughly ten times the thickness of those in
silicon)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(ii) The same alloy as (i) but modified by
the addition of 001 per cent sodium
This has the effect of displacing the
eutectic point to 14 per cent silicon so
that the structure now consists of
primary crystals of a (light) in a
background of extremely fine-grained
eutectic (dark) The alloy is now
stronger and tougher
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(iii) A duralumin- type alloy in the as
extruded condition (unetched) The
particles consist mainly of CuAl2 (see
Figure 174) elongated in the direction
of extrusion
Most of this CuAl2 would be absorbed
during subsequent solution treatment
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 174
Structural
changes
which take
place during
the heat-
treatment of
a duralumin-
type of alloy
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 175 The effects of time and temperature of precipitation treatment
on the strength of duralumin
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
CAREFULLY READ
1771 Heat-treatment
Age Hardening
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Cast alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 178)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Online Resources
Aluminium
Non Ferrous Metals
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
The extraction of aluminium (Higgins 172)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 172
The modern electrolytic process turns bauxite (Al2O3) into aluminium
metal Unlike a blast furnace that removes oxygen (reduction) with
coke aluminium requires electricity to do this
All 91 megaJoules of the stuff per kg
So aluminium product suits countries
with ample hydroelectricity
(eg Norway)
httpenwikipediaorgwikiFileAluminumSlabJPG
The extraction of aluminium (VIDEO)
Engineering Materials and Processes
VIDEO
The making of aluminium [videorecording]
Advanced version Russell Geoff
1993 Video Education Australia DVD (30 min)
Explains the process of smelting aluminium using
the smelter at Portland smelter in Victoria as an
example
Detailed analysis of refining and smelting of
aluminium Covers production economic
environmental issues Excellent quality
DVD 669722RUSS
Properties of aluminium (Higgins 173)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 173
Conductivity (electrical and thermal)
Corrosion resistance
Ductility for forming extrudion
Low MP for diecasting
Highly machinable
Lightweight
Good finishes - anodising
High strength to weight
Lots of alloys and heat treatmentshttpwwwteknologiateollisuusfi
Aluminium alloys (Higgins 174)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 174
4 main classes of aluminium alloys
Wrought Cast
Non-heat Treatable
Heat Treatable
Traps to watch out forhellip
1 A common mistake is to call aluminium components ldquoalloyrdquo simply
because it starts with ldquoalrdquo Brass and even steel is ldquoalloyrdquo
2 In USA Aluminium is called Aluminum Same stuff different name
Aluminium alloys (Higgins 174)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 174
1741 Wrought alloys
1742 Cast alloys
READ HIGGINS 175
175 Wrought alloys which are not heat-treated
176 Cast alloys which are not heat-treated
Some common aluminium alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
httpwwwglobalmetalscomau
Aluminum alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
They are normally identified by a four figure system which originated in
the USA and is now universally accepted (with variations ndash usually extra
digits)
Note
Higgins is based on British
Standards (BS) from which
most Australian standards
are based
Where it is written
1473 5083
It simply means
BS 1473 and grade 5083
(eg table 171)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Figure 172 The
aluminium-silicon
thermal equilibrium
diagram The effects of
modification on both
the position of the
eutectic point and the
structure are also
shown
READ HIGGINS
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(i) 12 per cent silicon in aluminium -
unmodified as cast Since this alloy
contains more than the eutectic amount
(116 per cent) of silicon (see Figure 172)
primary silicon (angular crystals) are
present The eutectic is coarse and brittle
and consists of needles of silicon in a
matrix of a solid solution because the layers
of a in the eutectic have fused together to
form a continuous mass (the amount of
silicon being only 116 per cent of the
eutectic so that the layers of a would be
roughly ten times the thickness of those in
silicon)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(ii) The same alloy as (i) but modified by
the addition of 001 per cent sodium
This has the effect of displacing the
eutectic point to 14 per cent silicon so
that the structure now consists of
primary crystals of a (light) in a
background of extremely fine-grained
eutectic (dark) The alloy is now
stronger and tougher
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(iii) A duralumin- type alloy in the as
extruded condition (unetched) The
particles consist mainly of CuAl2 (see
Figure 174) elongated in the direction
of extrusion
Most of this CuAl2 would be absorbed
during subsequent solution treatment
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 174
Structural
changes
which take
place during
the heat-
treatment of
a duralumin-
type of alloy
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 175 The effects of time and temperature of precipitation treatment
on the strength of duralumin
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
CAREFULLY READ
1771 Heat-treatment
Age Hardening
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Cast alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 178)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Online Resources
Aluminium
Non Ferrous Metals
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
The extraction of aluminium (VIDEO)
Engineering Materials and Processes
VIDEO
The making of aluminium [videorecording]
Advanced version Russell Geoff
1993 Video Education Australia DVD (30 min)
Explains the process of smelting aluminium using
the smelter at Portland smelter in Victoria as an
example
Detailed analysis of refining and smelting of
aluminium Covers production economic
environmental issues Excellent quality
DVD 669722RUSS
Properties of aluminium (Higgins 173)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 173
Conductivity (electrical and thermal)
Corrosion resistance
Ductility for forming extrudion
Low MP for diecasting
Highly machinable
Lightweight
Good finishes - anodising
High strength to weight
Lots of alloys and heat treatmentshttpwwwteknologiateollisuusfi
Aluminium alloys (Higgins 174)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 174
4 main classes of aluminium alloys
Wrought Cast
Non-heat Treatable
Heat Treatable
Traps to watch out forhellip
1 A common mistake is to call aluminium components ldquoalloyrdquo simply
because it starts with ldquoalrdquo Brass and even steel is ldquoalloyrdquo
2 In USA Aluminium is called Aluminum Same stuff different name
Aluminium alloys (Higgins 174)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 174
1741 Wrought alloys
1742 Cast alloys
READ HIGGINS 175
175 Wrought alloys which are not heat-treated
176 Cast alloys which are not heat-treated
Some common aluminium alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
httpwwwglobalmetalscomau
Aluminum alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
They are normally identified by a four figure system which originated in
the USA and is now universally accepted (with variations ndash usually extra
digits)
Note
Higgins is based on British
Standards (BS) from which
most Australian standards
are based
Where it is written
1473 5083
It simply means
BS 1473 and grade 5083
(eg table 171)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Figure 172 The
aluminium-silicon
thermal equilibrium
diagram The effects of
modification on both
the position of the
eutectic point and the
structure are also
shown
READ HIGGINS
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(i) 12 per cent silicon in aluminium -
unmodified as cast Since this alloy
contains more than the eutectic amount
(116 per cent) of silicon (see Figure 172)
primary silicon (angular crystals) are
present The eutectic is coarse and brittle
and consists of needles of silicon in a
matrix of a solid solution because the layers
of a in the eutectic have fused together to
form a continuous mass (the amount of
silicon being only 116 per cent of the
eutectic so that the layers of a would be
roughly ten times the thickness of those in
silicon)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(ii) The same alloy as (i) but modified by
the addition of 001 per cent sodium
This has the effect of displacing the
eutectic point to 14 per cent silicon so
that the structure now consists of
primary crystals of a (light) in a
background of extremely fine-grained
eutectic (dark) The alloy is now
stronger and tougher
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(iii) A duralumin- type alloy in the as
extruded condition (unetched) The
particles consist mainly of CuAl2 (see
Figure 174) elongated in the direction
of extrusion
Most of this CuAl2 would be absorbed
during subsequent solution treatment
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 174
Structural
changes
which take
place during
the heat-
treatment of
a duralumin-
type of alloy
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 175 The effects of time and temperature of precipitation treatment
on the strength of duralumin
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
CAREFULLY READ
1771 Heat-treatment
Age Hardening
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Cast alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 178)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Online Resources
Aluminium
Non Ferrous Metals
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
Properties of aluminium (Higgins 173)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 173
Conductivity (electrical and thermal)
Corrosion resistance
Ductility for forming extrudion
Low MP for diecasting
Highly machinable
Lightweight
Good finishes - anodising
High strength to weight
Lots of alloys and heat treatmentshttpwwwteknologiateollisuusfi
Aluminium alloys (Higgins 174)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 174
4 main classes of aluminium alloys
Wrought Cast
Non-heat Treatable
Heat Treatable
Traps to watch out forhellip
1 A common mistake is to call aluminium components ldquoalloyrdquo simply
because it starts with ldquoalrdquo Brass and even steel is ldquoalloyrdquo
2 In USA Aluminium is called Aluminum Same stuff different name
Aluminium alloys (Higgins 174)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 174
1741 Wrought alloys
1742 Cast alloys
READ HIGGINS 175
175 Wrought alloys which are not heat-treated
176 Cast alloys which are not heat-treated
Some common aluminium alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
httpwwwglobalmetalscomau
Aluminum alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
They are normally identified by a four figure system which originated in
the USA and is now universally accepted (with variations ndash usually extra
digits)
Note
Higgins is based on British
Standards (BS) from which
most Australian standards
are based
Where it is written
1473 5083
It simply means
BS 1473 and grade 5083
(eg table 171)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Figure 172 The
aluminium-silicon
thermal equilibrium
diagram The effects of
modification on both
the position of the
eutectic point and the
structure are also
shown
READ HIGGINS
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(i) 12 per cent silicon in aluminium -
unmodified as cast Since this alloy
contains more than the eutectic amount
(116 per cent) of silicon (see Figure 172)
primary silicon (angular crystals) are
present The eutectic is coarse and brittle
and consists of needles of silicon in a
matrix of a solid solution because the layers
of a in the eutectic have fused together to
form a continuous mass (the amount of
silicon being only 116 per cent of the
eutectic so that the layers of a would be
roughly ten times the thickness of those in
silicon)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(ii) The same alloy as (i) but modified by
the addition of 001 per cent sodium
This has the effect of displacing the
eutectic point to 14 per cent silicon so
that the structure now consists of
primary crystals of a (light) in a
background of extremely fine-grained
eutectic (dark) The alloy is now
stronger and tougher
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(iii) A duralumin- type alloy in the as
extruded condition (unetched) The
particles consist mainly of CuAl2 (see
Figure 174) elongated in the direction
of extrusion
Most of this CuAl2 would be absorbed
during subsequent solution treatment
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 174
Structural
changes
which take
place during
the heat-
treatment of
a duralumin-
type of alloy
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 175 The effects of time and temperature of precipitation treatment
on the strength of duralumin
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
CAREFULLY READ
1771 Heat-treatment
Age Hardening
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Cast alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 178)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Online Resources
Aluminium
Non Ferrous Metals
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
Aluminium alloys (Higgins 174)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 174
4 main classes of aluminium alloys
Wrought Cast
Non-heat Treatable
Heat Treatable
Traps to watch out forhellip
1 A common mistake is to call aluminium components ldquoalloyrdquo simply
because it starts with ldquoalrdquo Brass and even steel is ldquoalloyrdquo
2 In USA Aluminium is called Aluminum Same stuff different name
Aluminium alloys (Higgins 174)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 174
1741 Wrought alloys
1742 Cast alloys
READ HIGGINS 175
175 Wrought alloys which are not heat-treated
176 Cast alloys which are not heat-treated
Some common aluminium alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
httpwwwglobalmetalscomau
Aluminum alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
They are normally identified by a four figure system which originated in
the USA and is now universally accepted (with variations ndash usually extra
digits)
Note
Higgins is based on British
Standards (BS) from which
most Australian standards
are based
Where it is written
1473 5083
It simply means
BS 1473 and grade 5083
(eg table 171)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Figure 172 The
aluminium-silicon
thermal equilibrium
diagram The effects of
modification on both
the position of the
eutectic point and the
structure are also
shown
READ HIGGINS
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(i) 12 per cent silicon in aluminium -
unmodified as cast Since this alloy
contains more than the eutectic amount
(116 per cent) of silicon (see Figure 172)
primary silicon (angular crystals) are
present The eutectic is coarse and brittle
and consists of needles of silicon in a
matrix of a solid solution because the layers
of a in the eutectic have fused together to
form a continuous mass (the amount of
silicon being only 116 per cent of the
eutectic so that the layers of a would be
roughly ten times the thickness of those in
silicon)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(ii) The same alloy as (i) but modified by
the addition of 001 per cent sodium
This has the effect of displacing the
eutectic point to 14 per cent silicon so
that the structure now consists of
primary crystals of a (light) in a
background of extremely fine-grained
eutectic (dark) The alloy is now
stronger and tougher
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(iii) A duralumin- type alloy in the as
extruded condition (unetched) The
particles consist mainly of CuAl2 (see
Figure 174) elongated in the direction
of extrusion
Most of this CuAl2 would be absorbed
during subsequent solution treatment
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 174
Structural
changes
which take
place during
the heat-
treatment of
a duralumin-
type of alloy
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 175 The effects of time and temperature of precipitation treatment
on the strength of duralumin
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
CAREFULLY READ
1771 Heat-treatment
Age Hardening
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Cast alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 178)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Online Resources
Aluminium
Non Ferrous Metals
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
Aluminium alloys (Higgins 174)
Engineering Materials and Processes
READ HIGGINS 174
1741 Wrought alloys
1742 Cast alloys
READ HIGGINS 175
175 Wrought alloys which are not heat-treated
176 Cast alloys which are not heat-treated
Some common aluminium alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
httpwwwglobalmetalscomau
Aluminum alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
They are normally identified by a four figure system which originated in
the USA and is now universally accepted (with variations ndash usually extra
digits)
Note
Higgins is based on British
Standards (BS) from which
most Australian standards
are based
Where it is written
1473 5083
It simply means
BS 1473 and grade 5083
(eg table 171)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Figure 172 The
aluminium-silicon
thermal equilibrium
diagram The effects of
modification on both
the position of the
eutectic point and the
structure are also
shown
READ HIGGINS
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(i) 12 per cent silicon in aluminium -
unmodified as cast Since this alloy
contains more than the eutectic amount
(116 per cent) of silicon (see Figure 172)
primary silicon (angular crystals) are
present The eutectic is coarse and brittle
and consists of needles of silicon in a
matrix of a solid solution because the layers
of a in the eutectic have fused together to
form a continuous mass (the amount of
silicon being only 116 per cent of the
eutectic so that the layers of a would be
roughly ten times the thickness of those in
silicon)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(ii) The same alloy as (i) but modified by
the addition of 001 per cent sodium
This has the effect of displacing the
eutectic point to 14 per cent silicon so
that the structure now consists of
primary crystals of a (light) in a
background of extremely fine-grained
eutectic (dark) The alloy is now
stronger and tougher
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(iii) A duralumin- type alloy in the as
extruded condition (unetched) The
particles consist mainly of CuAl2 (see
Figure 174) elongated in the direction
of extrusion
Most of this CuAl2 would be absorbed
during subsequent solution treatment
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 174
Structural
changes
which take
place during
the heat-
treatment of
a duralumin-
type of alloy
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 175 The effects of time and temperature of precipitation treatment
on the strength of duralumin
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
CAREFULLY READ
1771 Heat-treatment
Age Hardening
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Cast alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 178)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Online Resources
Aluminium
Non Ferrous Metals
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
Some common aluminium alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
httpwwwglobalmetalscomau
Aluminum alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
They are normally identified by a four figure system which originated in
the USA and is now universally accepted (with variations ndash usually extra
digits)
Note
Higgins is based on British
Standards (BS) from which
most Australian standards
are based
Where it is written
1473 5083
It simply means
BS 1473 and grade 5083
(eg table 171)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Figure 172 The
aluminium-silicon
thermal equilibrium
diagram The effects of
modification on both
the position of the
eutectic point and the
structure are also
shown
READ HIGGINS
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(i) 12 per cent silicon in aluminium -
unmodified as cast Since this alloy
contains more than the eutectic amount
(116 per cent) of silicon (see Figure 172)
primary silicon (angular crystals) are
present The eutectic is coarse and brittle
and consists of needles of silicon in a
matrix of a solid solution because the layers
of a in the eutectic have fused together to
form a continuous mass (the amount of
silicon being only 116 per cent of the
eutectic so that the layers of a would be
roughly ten times the thickness of those in
silicon)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(ii) The same alloy as (i) but modified by
the addition of 001 per cent sodium
This has the effect of displacing the
eutectic point to 14 per cent silicon so
that the structure now consists of
primary crystals of a (light) in a
background of extremely fine-grained
eutectic (dark) The alloy is now
stronger and tougher
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(iii) A duralumin- type alloy in the as
extruded condition (unetched) The
particles consist mainly of CuAl2 (see
Figure 174) elongated in the direction
of extrusion
Most of this CuAl2 would be absorbed
during subsequent solution treatment
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 174
Structural
changes
which take
place during
the heat-
treatment of
a duralumin-
type of alloy
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 175 The effects of time and temperature of precipitation treatment
on the strength of duralumin
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
CAREFULLY READ
1771 Heat-treatment
Age Hardening
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Cast alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 178)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Online Resources
Aluminium
Non Ferrous Metals
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
Aluminum alloys
Engineering Materials and Processes
They are normally identified by a four figure system which originated in
the USA and is now universally accepted (with variations ndash usually extra
digits)
Note
Higgins is based on British
Standards (BS) from which
most Australian standards
are based
Where it is written
1473 5083
It simply means
BS 1473 and grade 5083
(eg table 171)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Figure 172 The
aluminium-silicon
thermal equilibrium
diagram The effects of
modification on both
the position of the
eutectic point and the
structure are also
shown
READ HIGGINS
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(i) 12 per cent silicon in aluminium -
unmodified as cast Since this alloy
contains more than the eutectic amount
(116 per cent) of silicon (see Figure 172)
primary silicon (angular crystals) are
present The eutectic is coarse and brittle
and consists of needles of silicon in a
matrix of a solid solution because the layers
of a in the eutectic have fused together to
form a continuous mass (the amount of
silicon being only 116 per cent of the
eutectic so that the layers of a would be
roughly ten times the thickness of those in
silicon)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(ii) The same alloy as (i) but modified by
the addition of 001 per cent sodium
This has the effect of displacing the
eutectic point to 14 per cent silicon so
that the structure now consists of
primary crystals of a (light) in a
background of extremely fine-grained
eutectic (dark) The alloy is now
stronger and tougher
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(iii) A duralumin- type alloy in the as
extruded condition (unetched) The
particles consist mainly of CuAl2 (see
Figure 174) elongated in the direction
of extrusion
Most of this CuAl2 would be absorbed
during subsequent solution treatment
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 174
Structural
changes
which take
place during
the heat-
treatment of
a duralumin-
type of alloy
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 175 The effects of time and temperature of precipitation treatment
on the strength of duralumin
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
CAREFULLY READ
1771 Heat-treatment
Age Hardening
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Cast alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 178)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Online Resources
Aluminium
Non Ferrous Metals
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Figure 172 The
aluminium-silicon
thermal equilibrium
diagram The effects of
modification on both
the position of the
eutectic point and the
structure are also
shown
READ HIGGINS
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(i) 12 per cent silicon in aluminium -
unmodified as cast Since this alloy
contains more than the eutectic amount
(116 per cent) of silicon (see Figure 172)
primary silicon (angular crystals) are
present The eutectic is coarse and brittle
and consists of needles of silicon in a
matrix of a solid solution because the layers
of a in the eutectic have fused together to
form a continuous mass (the amount of
silicon being only 116 per cent of the
eutectic so that the layers of a would be
roughly ten times the thickness of those in
silicon)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(ii) The same alloy as (i) but modified by
the addition of 001 per cent sodium
This has the effect of displacing the
eutectic point to 14 per cent silicon so
that the structure now consists of
primary crystals of a (light) in a
background of extremely fine-grained
eutectic (dark) The alloy is now
stronger and tougher
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(iii) A duralumin- type alloy in the as
extruded condition (unetched) The
particles consist mainly of CuAl2 (see
Figure 174) elongated in the direction
of extrusion
Most of this CuAl2 would be absorbed
during subsequent solution treatment
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 174
Structural
changes
which take
place during
the heat-
treatment of
a duralumin-
type of alloy
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 175 The effects of time and temperature of precipitation treatment
on the strength of duralumin
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
CAREFULLY READ
1771 Heat-treatment
Age Hardening
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Cast alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 178)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Online Resources
Aluminium
Non Ferrous Metals
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Figure 172 The
aluminium-silicon
thermal equilibrium
diagram The effects of
modification on both
the position of the
eutectic point and the
structure are also
shown
READ HIGGINS
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(i) 12 per cent silicon in aluminium -
unmodified as cast Since this alloy
contains more than the eutectic amount
(116 per cent) of silicon (see Figure 172)
primary silicon (angular crystals) are
present The eutectic is coarse and brittle
and consists of needles of silicon in a
matrix of a solid solution because the layers
of a in the eutectic have fused together to
form a continuous mass (the amount of
silicon being only 116 per cent of the
eutectic so that the layers of a would be
roughly ten times the thickness of those in
silicon)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(ii) The same alloy as (i) but modified by
the addition of 001 per cent sodium
This has the effect of displacing the
eutectic point to 14 per cent silicon so
that the structure now consists of
primary crystals of a (light) in a
background of extremely fine-grained
eutectic (dark) The alloy is now
stronger and tougher
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(iii) A duralumin- type alloy in the as
extruded condition (unetched) The
particles consist mainly of CuAl2 (see
Figure 174) elongated in the direction
of extrusion
Most of this CuAl2 would be absorbed
during subsequent solution treatment
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 174
Structural
changes
which take
place during
the heat-
treatment of
a duralumin-
type of alloy
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 175 The effects of time and temperature of precipitation treatment
on the strength of duralumin
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
CAREFULLY READ
1771 Heat-treatment
Age Hardening
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Cast alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 178)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Online Resources
Aluminium
Non Ferrous Metals
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(i) 12 per cent silicon in aluminium -
unmodified as cast Since this alloy
contains more than the eutectic amount
(116 per cent) of silicon (see Figure 172)
primary silicon (angular crystals) are
present The eutectic is coarse and brittle
and consists of needles of silicon in a
matrix of a solid solution because the layers
of a in the eutectic have fused together to
form a continuous mass (the amount of
silicon being only 116 per cent of the
eutectic so that the layers of a would be
roughly ten times the thickness of those in
silicon)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(ii) The same alloy as (i) but modified by
the addition of 001 per cent sodium
This has the effect of displacing the
eutectic point to 14 per cent silicon so
that the structure now consists of
primary crystals of a (light) in a
background of extremely fine-grained
eutectic (dark) The alloy is now
stronger and tougher
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(iii) A duralumin- type alloy in the as
extruded condition (unetched) The
particles consist mainly of CuAl2 (see
Figure 174) elongated in the direction
of extrusion
Most of this CuAl2 would be absorbed
during subsequent solution treatment
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 174
Structural
changes
which take
place during
the heat-
treatment of
a duralumin-
type of alloy
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 175 The effects of time and temperature of precipitation treatment
on the strength of duralumin
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
CAREFULLY READ
1771 Heat-treatment
Age Hardening
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Cast alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 178)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Online Resources
Aluminium
Non Ferrous Metals
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(i) 12 per cent silicon in aluminium -
unmodified as cast Since this alloy
contains more than the eutectic amount
(116 per cent) of silicon (see Figure 172)
primary silicon (angular crystals) are
present The eutectic is coarse and brittle
and consists of needles of silicon in a
matrix of a solid solution because the layers
of a in the eutectic have fused together to
form a continuous mass (the amount of
silicon being only 116 per cent of the
eutectic so that the layers of a would be
roughly ten times the thickness of those in
silicon)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(ii) The same alloy as (i) but modified by
the addition of 001 per cent sodium
This has the effect of displacing the
eutectic point to 14 per cent silicon so
that the structure now consists of
primary crystals of a (light) in a
background of extremely fine-grained
eutectic (dark) The alloy is now
stronger and tougher
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(iii) A duralumin- type alloy in the as
extruded condition (unetched) The
particles consist mainly of CuAl2 (see
Figure 174) elongated in the direction
of extrusion
Most of this CuAl2 would be absorbed
during subsequent solution treatment
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 174
Structural
changes
which take
place during
the heat-
treatment of
a duralumin-
type of alloy
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 175 The effects of time and temperature of precipitation treatment
on the strength of duralumin
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
CAREFULLY READ
1771 Heat-treatment
Age Hardening
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Cast alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 178)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Online Resources
Aluminium
Non Ferrous Metals
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(ii) The same alloy as (i) but modified by
the addition of 001 per cent sodium
This has the effect of displacing the
eutectic point to 14 per cent silicon so
that the structure now consists of
primary crystals of a (light) in a
background of extremely fine-grained
eutectic (dark) The alloy is now
stronger and tougher
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(iii) A duralumin- type alloy in the as
extruded condition (unetched) The
particles consist mainly of CuAl2 (see
Figure 174) elongated in the direction
of extrusion
Most of this CuAl2 would be absorbed
during subsequent solution treatment
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 174
Structural
changes
which take
place during
the heat-
treatment of
a duralumin-
type of alloy
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 175 The effects of time and temperature of precipitation treatment
on the strength of duralumin
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
CAREFULLY READ
1771 Heat-treatment
Age Hardening
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Cast alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 178)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Online Resources
Aluminium
Non Ferrous Metals
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Higgins
(iii) A duralumin- type alloy in the as
extruded condition (unetched) The
particles consist mainly of CuAl2 (see
Figure 174) elongated in the direction
of extrusion
Most of this CuAl2 would be absorbed
during subsequent solution treatment
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 174
Structural
changes
which take
place during
the heat-
treatment of
a duralumin-
type of alloy
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 175 The effects of time and temperature of precipitation treatment
on the strength of duralumin
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
CAREFULLY READ
1771 Heat-treatment
Age Hardening
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Cast alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 178)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Online Resources
Aluminium
Non Ferrous Metals
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 174
Structural
changes
which take
place during
the heat-
treatment of
a duralumin-
type of alloy
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 175 The effects of time and temperature of precipitation treatment
on the strength of duralumin
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
CAREFULLY READ
1771 Heat-treatment
Age Hardening
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Cast alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 178)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Online Resources
Aluminium
Non Ferrous Metals
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Figure 175 The effects of time and temperature of precipitation treatment
on the strength of duralumin
Higgins
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
CAREFULLY READ
1771 Heat-treatment
Age Hardening
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Cast alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 178)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Online Resources
Aluminium
Non Ferrous Metals
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
Wrought alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 177)
Engineering Materials and Processes
CAREFULLY READ
1771 Heat-treatment
Age Hardening
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Cast alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 178)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Online Resources
Aluminium
Non Ferrous Metals
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Cast alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 178)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Online Resources
Aluminium
Non Ferrous Metals
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Cast alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 178)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Online Resources
Aluminium
Non Ferrous Metals
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
Cast alloys which are heat-treated (Higgins 178)
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Online Resources
Aluminium
Non Ferrous Metals
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
Engineering Materials and Processes
Online Resources
Aluminium
Non Ferrous Metals
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
GLOSSARY
Bauxite
Electrolysis
Precipitation hardening
Age hardening
Wrought
Cast
Anodising
Oxide layer
As quenched
Alumina
Engineering Materials and Processes
Glossary
httpwwwamari-irelandcomonline-toolsglossaryaluminiuma
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes
QUESTIONSMoodle XML Some questions in 10106 Non-Ferrous
1 Define all the glossary terms
2 Aluminium has been dubbed solid electricity Producing 1 kg of Aluminium uses 91
MJ Calculate the cost to produce 1 kg of aluminium based on current domestic
electricity charges What rate would you expect a smelter to pay
3 It has been stated that aluminium is the most economically viable material for
recycling Comment on this statement using a comparison of current recycling
values for other common scrap materials like metals plastics and paper products
Ref httpenwikipediaorgwikiAluminium List the proportions of Aluminium that
are lost during recycling
4 Why have car radiators switched from copper to aluminium Explain why these
two metals dominate other areas like evaporators and condensers in air
conditioning and heat exchangers for heat reclamation systems for reducing
energy losses in manufacturing and process plants
5 Explain the age hardening process and mechanism for an aluminium alloy such as
Duralumin
6 Explain why Aluminium is highly reactive yet is used for its corrosion resistance
Engineering Materials and Processes