Post on 12-Jan-2016
Lecture 02: Progress of Modern Molecular Biology
The Basic Concepts of Molecular Biology
1953 Watson & CrickDNA Double Helix model
Two basic properties of the gene
DNA and protein as the core; biochemistry as the basic
Self-replicating
Traits controlled by gene
Life systematic common Biological personality
Generalized Molecular Biology
in the field of molecular biology
there are three basic principles
★ Monomer constitute of macromolecules are the same
★ The central dogma of genetic expression is the same
DNA
RNA polypeptides protein character
Higher StructureInteraction between biological macromolecules
Individuality
Three basic principles
The common nucleic acid language
The common protein language
★ macromolecular monomer sequences (nucleotides and amino acids) are different
protein
Structural Biology
Gene Molecular Biology Applying molecular biology
Three main fields of molecular biology DNA-protein
Hormone-receptor Enzyme-substrate
Gene Concept
Gene structure
Gene expression
Gene recombinantGene exchange
Gene engineering
Cell engineering
Enzyme engineering
Microbial engineering
Protein engineering
Narrow molecular biology
1847, Schleiden & Schwann
Interactions between cells and molecules
1st of the three supporting disciplines
• All organisms made up of cells• The basic unit for all organizations is cells
• Cells are universal and permanent biological rule
Cytology Molecular Cell biology Cytology
Mendel in 1864
Genetics
Molecular Genetics
Gene structure Gene duplication Gene expression
Gene recombination Gene mutation
Gene hypothesis
Genetics
2nd of the three supporting disciplines
Biochemistry
Nucleic Acid Chemistry Protein Chemistry
(1936, Sumner)
Enzyme → Protein
Biochemistry
3rd of the three supporting disciplines
Progress of Molecular Biology
For nearly half a century
Molecular biology major breakthrough and achievement
Nobel Prize
Milestone of biological development
Joshua Lederberg
1958 Joshua Lederberg (33y)
Phage transduction
Beadle & Tatum
One gene--one enzyme
Severo Ochoa (54y)
Rich phosphate bonds
of ATP --- Energy
Arthur Kornberg (41y)
DNA replication
Isolation
DNA polymerase I
1959
James Watson (34y)
Francis Crick (46y)
Maurice Wilkins (46y)
DNA Double Helix model
1962
Francois Jacob (44y)
Jacques Monod (55y)
(French)
Lac. Operon Theory
1965
Concept of mRNA
1968R. Holley H.G. Khorana M. Nirenberg
H. Gobind Khorana(46y) How to synthesize triplet RNA
Marshall Nirenberg(41y) Genetic coden
Robert Holley(46y) tRNAphe cloverleaf structure
1969
Max Delbruck (63y)
Alfred Hershey (61y)
Phage group
Phage infection cycle
DNA as genetic material
M. Delbruck
A. Hershey
Howard Temin (41y) David Baltimore (37y)
Reverse transcription1975
Walter Gilbert
Mechanism of protein synthesis
Isolation of Lac. Operon repressor
1980
DNA + SV40 →
Recombination DNA
Paul Berg
1983.
Barbara McClintock (86y)
DNA transposable element
1984 Kohler & Milstein
→ Monocloning antibody
1993 Roberts & Sharp
→ Splitting gene
1994 Gilman & Rodball → G-protein as a signal
molecular in cell
1995 Lewis & Nusslein-Volhard
→ Control gene of body
developing in Drosophila
Outlook of Molecular Biology
The Leading Discipline of Natural Sciences will Change Significantly
Physics
Biology
Popular Sayings
《 Nature 》 14/21 editors work for biology
USA 2/3 agricultural increase due to biotech
Many good students choose to study life sciences or biomedicine
A Popular Saying:Mathematics has 1% unknownPhysics has 10% unknownChemistry has 30 % unknown Biology has 7070 %% unknown
Challenges are Opportunities
New hot spots in molecular biology
GeneticallyModified
Organisms
Clever Monkey
Premature Aging Gene
Discovered
6 y 20 y
Innate: Intelligence
Nimble
Personality: Patient
Ardor
Honest
Dependable
Cooperative
To be younger
and younger !