Post on 30-Aug-2019
UltrasoundUltrasound
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Contents
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What is Ultrasound?
Ultra-sound
20 Hz ~ 20 kHz 20 kHz
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What is Ultrasound?
2 ~ 18 MHz7~18 MHz: - 7~18 MHz: (, , )
- 1~6 MHz: (, )( )
: Ultrasonography Sonography : Ultrasonography, Sonography ()
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: (Mechanical wave): (Mechanical wave):
- -
- (t ) (transverse wave)- ()
- ex. , /(longitudinal wave)
- - (), (P)
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Newton-Laplace equation
v: velocity B: bulk modulus (kg/m-sec2); coeffi. of stiffness( g ): density (kg/m3); V: volumeP: pressure
Bulk modulus: measures the substance's i t t if i
P: pressure
resistance to uniform compression
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Air (20oC): 343.2 m/sec Liquid: ~1484 m/sec (~4.3) Iron: 5120 m/sec (~15)( )
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: 1540 m/sec10
: 1540 m/sec
- -
(Reflection) (R f ti ) (Refraction)
(Scattering) (Attenuation)
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Reflection
(characteristic acoustic impedance) : kg/(m2sec), Raylg ( ), y
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Reflection/Transmission coefficientsReflection/Transmission coefficients
Reflection coefficient
Transmission coefficient Transmission coefficient
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and and
30 dB (PZT)
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decibel (dB)
Power quantities:q
Amplitude quantities:
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decibel (dB)
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!!
=> 18
Refraction
Reflection coefficientIncident Reflection
i r
Transmission coefficientinterface
Z1= 1C1
Transmission coefficientt
C > C
interface Z2= 2C2
Snells LawRefractionC2 > C1
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Scattering
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Sound velocity Sound velocity
v: sound velocityv: sound velocity: wavelengthf: frequency
f: frequency
- V=330 m/sec- f= 2 MHz- = 0.165 mm
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Ultrasound
Frequency (MHz) Period (us) Wavelength (mm)
1 1.00 1.542.25 0.44 0.68
2.50 0.29 0.445.50 0.20 0.31
7.50 0.13 0.21
10.00 0.10 0.15
=1540 m/secQuestion: US , ?
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Ultrasonic scattering in bio-tissues , (scatterers)
100 m (red cell: 5 m)- 100 m (red cell: 5 m)- 5 MHz Ultrasound =?
R l i h iRayleigh scattering23
Ultrasonic scattering in bio-tissues
- Linear summation of all scattering- Coherent interference of scatterers
-
-
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: Speckle
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Speckle noise
(speckle)-
(Multiplicative noise) (Multiplicative noise)
- : ~ 4.34 dB
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Attenuation
:()- ()
- Att ti ffi i t ( ) Attenuation coefficient ()- Attenuation (of intensity) in soft tissue ~ 0.3-0.5 dB/cm-MHz
- ex. What is the maximal depth for a 5 MHz UStransducer with 60dB dynamic range?
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Attenuation
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Attenuation
What is the maximal depth for a 5 MHz UStransducer with 60dB dynamic range?
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Contents
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Pulser
DisplayReceived
Signal Processing
T/R switch
TransducerProcessing switch
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Pulser
TransducerT/R switchswitch
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(probe, transducer)- (piezoelectric) (p )-
Lead zirconate titanates ( PZT)- Lead zirconate-titanates (, PZT) => =>
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Transmitting Receiving
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Resonance in Piezoelectric materials
- Fundamental resonance frequency (f0)
- 0 = v/f0 = 2dT
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Resonance freq enc of transd cerResonance frequency of transducer
Question:Wh t i th thi kWhat is the thickness of the PZT layer in a 10-MHz ultrasound transducer? (sound speed in PZT = 4000 m/sec))
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Matching layer
: Matching layer:g y
- -
-
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Pulser
T/R switch
TransducerReceived
Signal Processing switch
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Processing
Acoustic Impedance () M t i l A ti I d S d l itMaterial Acoustic Impedance
(MRayl)Sound velocity
(m/sec) 1.48 1484 1.65 1550
1.62 1550 6 550 1.34 1450
1.65 1570
1.63 1560
6.0 3360 6.0 3360
17.0 6420
0 0004 343
0.0004 343
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Speed of Sound in Various Tissues15%
p
10%
5%5%
Assumed speed of sound = 1540 m/s
0%
-5%
-10%
DisplayReceived
Signal ProcessingProcessing
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Amplitude (A) mode Brightness (B) modeBrightness (B) mode Motion (M) mode
C l D l Color Doppler:
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A Mode
= - Pulse echo imagingg g
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A mode ultrasound
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A mode ultrasound: brain midline
: brain midline ()
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B Mode
-
=>
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B mode ultrasound
A-mode
B-mode
A-mode
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B mode ultrasound
2D shape and reflectivity of object: Mechanical scanning
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Mechanical scanning
B mode ultrasound
Pulse repetition period (PRP): p p ( )
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B mode ultrasound
Pulse repetition period Range of depth Given matrix size of a B-mode imageg
- frame rate
PRP
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B mode image formation
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B Mode
= 2 x / - 40 cm: ~ 0.5 msec- : ~ 1/24 sec (~ 40 msec)
real time imaging real-time imaging
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Real-Time Imaging
Interactive ()
- : - :
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B mode ultrasound
llbl dd ? Li ? Kid ?: gallbladder? Liver? Kidney?58
B mode ultrasound
: Liver
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B mode ultrasound
Mild plaque & calcification
Intravascular ultrasonic imageIntravascular ultrasonic image60
M Mode
+ -
- : +
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Time-motion ultrasound: mitral valve3 di i d3 cardiac periods
relatively static
moving
relatively static
MV: mitral valve; IVS: interventricular septum;MV: mitral valve; IVS: interventricular septum; LV: left ventricle; LA: left atrium
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M mode ultrasound
www.medical.philips.com63M mode
: Echo display mode
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Color Doppler Ultrasound
- ()-
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Doppler Effect
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Doppler Ultrasound
- : - :
-
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Doppler Ultrasound
: (/): (/)68
3D ultrasound imaging B-mode
- Not real-time 2D-array transducer
Real time- Real-time-
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- ( bl )- (portable)
- -
- - (, HIFU)
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- bone
( ( ))- gas (lung, pancreas (due to gastrointestinal tract ))- body habitus influence image quality: obese patient- operator-dependent
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: () :
:
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HIFUHIFU
Wh t i HIFU? Hi h I t it F d Ult d What is HIFU? High Intensity Focused Ultrasound
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HIFU transducer (lateral view)
2 cmHIFU transducer
0.5 cm
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MR guided HIFU: g4-spots experiment: porcine muscle
A B
DC
:B=>D=>A=>C
D
US: 40W CW; Heating duration: 45 sec/spot
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Reduction of speckle noise Harmonic imaging Tissue functions Tissue functions Therapy (HIFU) Drug delivery
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