Learner ReadinessLearner Readiness

Maslow’s Hierarchy&

Piaget’s Cognitive Stages

Instructional RelationshipsInstructional Relationships

STUDENT OUTCOMES

Learning Style

Lesson CycleTeaching Style

Learning Environment

Doing the Real Thing

Simulating the Real Experience

Doing a Dramatic PresentationGiving a Talk

Participating in a Discussion

Seeing It Done on Location

Watching a Demonstration

Looking at an Exhibit

Watching a Movie

Looking at Pictures

Hearing Words

Reading

Nature of Involvement

Passive

Active

Receiving/Participating

Doing

Visual Receiving

Verbal Receiving

After 2 weekswe tend to remember...

10% of what we read

20% of what we hear

30% of what we see

50% of what we hear and see

70% of whatwe say

90% ofwhat wesay anddo

Edgar Dale, Audio-Visual Methods in Teaching (3rd Edn.), Holt, Rinehart, and Winston (1969).

Dale’s Cone of ExperienceDale’s Cone of Experience

Learning Style DefinedLearning Style Defined

Learning Style -– “the composite of characteristics

cognitive, affective, and physiological factors that serve as relatively stable indicators of how a learner perceives, interacts with, and responds to the learning environment” (Keefe, 1979)

So What is a Learning Style?So What is a Learning Style?

Preferred way a student processes information.Refers to individual differences in how we perceive, think, solve problems, learn, and relate to others (Witkin, Moore, Goodenough, and Cox 1977)

Who’s Got the Right Style?Who’s Got the Right Style?

INFORMALFelder & SolomanSensory ApproachKeirsey - PersonalityBaxter MagoldaGregoric Mind StylesWitkinPerry Model

Dunn & DunnKolb - ExperientialGrashaBelenkyGardner - Multiple IntelligencesMyers-Briggs Type IndicatorGroup Embedded Figures Test - GEFT

First Things FirstFirst Things First

A number of things must be considered before a student’s learning style can be an effective tool:– Students’ and Teacher’s Personality– Students’ and Teacher’s Brain Dominance– Students’ and Teacher’s Learning Style– Students’ and Teacher’s Intelligences

Understanding Yourself Understanding Yourself and Others Personality and Others Personality

ProfileProfileby: Anita Reed

Personality ProfilePersonality ProfileThere are no “right” or “wrong” or “good or “bad” answers!If you score 9 or 10 or above, you are strong or If you score 9 or 10 or above, you are strong or high in that personality color.high in that personality color.If you score 3, 2, or 1, you do not usually exhibit those personality characteristicsIf you score a split such as 7-7-7-8, you have a wonderful combination or could be termed “wishy-washy”.

Personality CategoriesPersonality CategoriesPeople

Task

Yellow

BlueGreen

Red

RED CharacteristicsRED CharacteristicsDescriptive Word: actionKey Words: direct, frank, blunt,

determined, want to win, goal-oriented, high energy

Jobs: work-a-holics, CEO, bottom-lineSwing Set: Beat it to fit!Relationship: I married you didn’t IActivities: skiing, golf, sports cars

YELLOW CharacteristicsYELLOW Characteristics

Descriptive Word: friendlyKey Words: social, optimist, talk to

anyone, happy, helperJobs: PR, sales people, Wal-Mart greeterSwing Set: Let’s have a party!Relationship: extravagantActivities: team sports, vans, group

activities

GREEN CharacteristicsGREEN CharacteristicsDescriptive Word: organizedKey Words: control, detail, precise,

conservative, do it rightJobs: IRS, accountants, maids,Swing Set: Follow the instructionsRelationships: structuredActivities: score keepers, practical

cars, thrifty vacations

BLUE CharacteristicsBLUE CharacteristicsDescriptive Word: misunderstoodKey Words: sensitive, creative, artistic, affectionateJobs: plumbers, artists, musiciansSwing Set: creative twistRelationship: romantic, long walks,

very loyal Activities: non-conflict, bird watching,

pick-up or jeep

How do we use How do we use personalities as personalities as

agricultural science agricultural science teachers?teachers?

Brain Dominance AttributesBrain Dominance Attributes

Left vs Right

Characteristics of LeftCharacteristics of Left

Work aloneStep by stepDetailsOne task at timeIndependentPrefers optionsNot easily distracted

Does not mind criticismLikes to organize assignmentsLikes individual competitionAnalyze problems-then make decision

What they like to ask?What they like to ask?

Does spelling count?Should I skip lines?What are you really looking for?What comes first?Please check my work before I hand it in.Will this be on the test?

Characteristics of RightCharacteristics of Right

Read overall idea, skip detailsNeed to understandWrite whole essay before the outlineLet someone else go firstTeam competition

Hard to take criticismWorking with othersLikes reward or verbal praiseOften answers “It depends”Work on different things at same time

What they like to ask?What they like to ask?

Why are we doing this?Not now! I’ll do it laterI need a breakDon’t touch things piled on my desk, I know where everything is.Let’s work on two projectsWhy can’t I skip around in the book?

Multiple IntelligencesMultiple Intelligences

What constitutes an intelligent person? What people are considered

to be the most intelligent?

““we are not all the same, we do not we are not all the same, we do not all have the same kinds of minds, all have the same kinds of minds,

and education works most effectively and education works most effectively for most individuals if…human for most individuals if…human differences are taken seriously”differences are taken seriously”

(Gardner, 1995, p. 208)(Gardner, 1995, p. 208)

Multiple IntelligencesMultiple Intelligences

Based on Gardner’s theory (1983)Based on notion that intelligence, based on IQ testing, is far too limitedProposes eight different intelligences to account for a broader range of human potentialTheory suggests multiple ways the content may be taught to facilitate learning

Eight Ways of Knowing!Eight Ways of Knowing!Multiple Intelligences AppliedMultiple Intelligences Applied

Logical-MathematicalIntelligence

("number smart" or "logic smart")

Tend to think more conceptually and abstractly and often see patterns and relationships that others miss.Like to conduct experiments, to solve puzzles and other problemsEnjoy working with numbers and math formulas Love the challenge of a complex problem to solve

Uses numbers, math, and logic to find and understand various patternsBegin with concrete patterns in the real world, but gets increasingly abstract as try to understand the relationships among patterns

Visual-SpatialIntelligences

("art smart" or "picture smart")

Represents the knowing that occurs through shapes, images, patterns, and designs we seeAlso includes the images we are able to conjure in our headsTend to think in images and pictures

Very aware of objects, shapes, colors, and patternsLike to draw, paint, and make interesting designs and patternsLove to work jigsaw puzzles, read maps, and find their way around new places

Bodily-KinestheticIntelligence

("body smart" or "movement smart")

Learning by doingKnowing happens through physical movement and through the knowing of our physical body

Tend to have a keen sense of body awarenessLike physical movement, making things with hands, role playingLike physical gamesLike to demonstrate how to do somethingFind it difficult to sit still for long periods of time

Musical-RhythmicIntelligence

("music smart" or "sound smart")

Knowing that happens through sound and vibrationDeals with the whole realm of sound, tones, beats, and vibrational patterns

Very sensitive to sounds in the environmentStudy and work better with music in the backgroundSkilled at mimicking sounds, language accents, and speech patterns

NaturalistIntelligence("nature smart" or

"environment smart")

Knowing what occurs in and through our encounters with the natural worldInvolves species discernment, communion with the natural world, and ability to recognize and classify various fauna

Have a profound love for the outdoors, animals, and plantsFascinated by and noticeably affected by weather, changing leaves, sound of the wind, warm sun, or an insect in the roomHave an affinity with respect for all living beings

InterpersonalIntelligence

("people smart" or "group smart")

The person-to-person way of knowingKnowing what happens when we work with and relate to peopleDevelops a whole range of social skills

Learn through personal interactionsHave lots of friendsLove team activities“Pull your own weight”Sensitive to people’s feelings and ideas

IntrapersonalIntelligence

("self smart" or"introspection smart")

Self-reflective abilitiesIntrospective intelligenceWant to know the meaning, purpose, and significance of thingsInvolves awareness of the inner world

Like to work aloneSelf-reflective and self-awareIn tune with inner feelingsBear creative wisdomStrong willed, self-confident, and have well-thought out opinions on almost any issue

Verbal-LinguisticIntelligence

("word smart" or "book smart")

Knowing that which comes through the languageUnderstands the order and meaning of words

Have highly developed skills for reading, speaking, and writingLike various kinds of literature, playing word games, debating, and creative writingLove learning new wordsComprehension of anything read is high

Learning StylesLearning Styles

The Receptive, Processing & Expressive Approach

Receptive Learning StylesReceptive Learning Styles

What is your preferred method of receiving information?– Auditory– Visual– Kinesthetic

Processing Learning StyleProcessing Learning Style

Once information is received, how does the learner process it?– Random

– Sequential

– Random/Seqential

Expressive Learning StyleExpressive Learning Style

One a learner receives and processes information, how is it expressed?– Movement– Creativity– Writing– Thinking– Speaking

Multiple Methods & Brain PhysiologyMultiple Methods & Brain Physiology

The basics of Neurophysiology:– Neurons– Axons– Dendrites– Synaptic Gaps– Milan (“Mo Milan = Mo Better”)