Learning

“Give me a child at birth I can make him into anything you want” – B.F.Skinner.

Learning

All behavior is learnt.

Human beings are essentially blanks that are shaped by environment

Learning

“It’s what we did when we went to school”

Learning

In simple learning is understood as the modification of behavior through training or experience.

Learning can be defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of prior experience.

Learning

“Learning is not confined one’s schooling. Learning occurs throughout once life.”

Learning happens in formal settings as well as informally.

Learning

Through learning we can influence a person’s abilities, perception and motivation.

Learning

Learning is a powerful incentive for many to stick to certain organization

- “ We stay here not very much for pay cheques,but we keep learning”

Learning

Theories of learning.

- Three theories have been offered to explain the process of learning.

- Classical Conditioning

- Operant conditioning

- Social Learning.

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Classical Conditioning theory by Ivan Pavlov – Russian Physiologist.

- Nobel Prize in 1904.- For the study in Digestive

Processes.

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Unconditioned stimulus - - that unconditionally,naturally triggers response.

Unconditioned response – unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus.

The conditioned stimulus – is previously neutral stimulus that after becoming associated with the conditioned stimulus ,eventfully triggers response.

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Conditioned response - - learned response to the previously neutral stimulus.

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The original and most famous example of classical conditioning involved the salivary conditioning of Pavlov's dogs.

During his research on the physiology of digestion in dogs, Pavlov noticed that, rather than simply salivating in the presence of meat, the dogs began to salivate in the presence of the lab technician who normally fed them.

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Pavlov called these psychic secretions. From this observation he predicted that, if a

particular stimulus in the dog’s surroundings were present when the dog was presented with meat powder, then this stimulus would become associated with food and cause salivation on its own.

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In his initial experiment, Pavlov used bells to call the dogs to their food and, after a few repetitions, the dogs started to salivate in response to the bell. Thus, a neutral stimulus (bell) became a conditioned stimulus (CS)

as a result of consistent pairing with the unconditioned stimulus (US - meat powder in this example).

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Pavlov referred to this learned relationship as a conditional reflex (now called Conditioned Response).

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Essentially, learning a conditioned response involves building up an association between a conditioned stimulus and unconditional stimulus.

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At one manufacturing plant, every time the top executives from the head office were scheduled make visit, the plant manager would clean up the admn office and wash the windows.This went for years.

Eventually ,employees would turn on their best behavior and look prim and proper whenever the windows were cleaned.

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Visit from the head office – Employees behavior on their best.

Clean the window – no response. clean the window + Visit from HO -

Employees behavior on their best. clean the window - Employees behavior on

their best.

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Operant Conditioning

-By Harvard Psychologist

B.F.Skinner

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Behavior is the function of its consequences.

People learn to behave to get something they want or to avoid something don’t want.

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The tendency to repeat such behavior is influenced by the reinforcement or lack of reinforcement.

Therefore reinforcement strengthens a behavior and increases the likelihood that it will be repeated.

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Skinner argued that creating pleasing consequences to follow specific forms of behavior would increase frequency of that behavior.

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He argued that people will most likely to engage in desired behavior if they are positively reinforced for doing so.

Rewards are most effective if they immediately follow the desired response.

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Reinforcement is a consequence that causes a behavior to occur with greater frequency.

Punishment is a consequence that causes a behavior to occur with less frequency.

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Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by a favorable stimulus (commonly seen as pleasant) that increases the frequency of that behavior.

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Negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus (commonly seen as unpleasant) thereby increasing that behavior's frequency.

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Positive punishment

- occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by an aversive stimulus, such as introducing a shock or loud noise, resulting in a decrease in that behavior.

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Negative punishment

- occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by the removal of a favorable stimulus, such as taking away a child's toy following an undesired behavior, resulting in a decrease in that behavior

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Social Learning

- Ability of a person to learn by observing others.

- Social learning occurs in very informal and inarticulate way.

Albert Bandura is considered the leading proponent of this theory.

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Social learning has considerable relevance in OB.

A great deal of what is learnt about how to behave in organization can be explained as a result of the process of observational learning.