Post on 24-Jan-2015
description
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The World Vegetable Center vegetables + development
1 /
Vegetable gardens:
A nexus for agriculture, nutrition &
health
Robert J. Holmer
Regional Director
AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center in East and Southeast Asia
Learning event 9:
From field to fork to field: nutritious food and nutrient recycling to
enhance health, wealth and resilience
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The World Vegetable Center vegetables + development
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Imbalanced Food Systems
27 % of adults
overweight or
obese
“Double burden
of disease”
26 % of children
underweight Source: FNRI 2008
For example in the
Philippines:
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National vegetable availability vs. health/nutrition status:
Health status indicator: Children under 5 mortality rate
Nutrition status indicator: Children under 5 underweight
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Ch
ildre
n <
5 m
ort
alit
y r
ate
(1
/10
00
)
Vegetable availability (g/person/day)
Lao PDR Tajikistan
Korea PDR Vietnam
Cambodia
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 C
hild
ren
< 5
un
de
rwe
igh
t (%
)
Vegetable availability (g/person/day)
Maldives
Lao PDR
Tajikistan
Korea PDR Viet Nam
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
Cambodia
Countries Veg availability
(g/ person/day) Mortality rate (1/1000) Underweight (%)
Cambodia 85 93 36
Lao PDR 397 75 37
Viet Nam 230 30 20
Source: FAOSTAT (2010), WHO (2010)
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Relationship between malnutrition and infection
Source: Brown (2003)
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Malnutrition and the link to sanitation
• Effects of malnutrition – mortality, impairment of cognitive development and educational performance - can cost up to 9% of a country’s Gross Domestic Product.
• Health impacts can be prevented by reducing environmental health risks (e.g. improved sanitation, water and hygiene) and improved nutrition
• Multiplier effect: for every death prevented from an environmental health intervention, additional deaths from other diseases are averted (Mills-Reincke phenomenon)
Source: World Bank (2008)
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Food and Nutrition Security
• Nutrition security: – “secure access to
appropriately nutritious food
coupled with a sanitary
environment, adequate health
services and care, to ensure a
healthy and active life for all
household members”
Source: DFID (2009)
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Why vegetables?
• High value crops
• Relatively easy to grow in different
environments
• Provide employment, especially for
women and other vulnerable groups
• Generate income
• Provide micronutrients, vitamins,
dietary fiber, phytochemicals and
protein
• Contribute to balanced diets
Vegetables
3-5 servings a day
1 serving = 80g
240 – 400g a day
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Why home gardens?
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Berlin, 1946
Anything new?
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... preparing the land
Allotment Gardens Philippines
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Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD)
Jeannette M.E. Tramhel. 2010. Using Participatory
Urban Design to "Close the Nutrient Loop" in the
Philippines. Urban Agriculture Magazine 23 - Urban
nutrient management, 30-31.
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NUTRIENTS NUTRIENTS
Closing the loop
between sanitation
and agriculture
FOOD FOOD
Pathogen
destruction
Productive Sanitation
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Nitrogen
(kg/capita)
Phosphorous
(kg/capita)
Potassium
(kg/capita)
Urine 2.3 – 4.0 0.3 – 0.4 0.9 - 1.1
Faeces 0.3 – 0.6 0.1 – 0.2 0.3 - 0.4
Total 2.6 – 4.6 0.4 – 0.6 1.2 – 1.5
Estimated annual excretion of nutrients per person (500 l of
urine and 50 kg of faeces)*:
Productive Sanitation
* flushed away with about 10,000 liters of water as medium of transportation
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Monetary equivalents (PhP/capita and year) of annual
excretion of nutrients: per person:
Amount
(kg/year)
Cost
(PhP/kg)
Subtotal
(PhP/year)
Complete (14-14-14) 6.53 35.60 232.47
Urea (46-0-0) 3.65 33.20 121.18
MoP (0-0-60) 0.96 38.00 36.48
Total 390.13
Multiplied by 90 million Filipinos:
35.1 Billion Pesos (580 Mio Euro) worth of fertilizer
equivalents go down the drain every year polluting water
bodies.
Productive Sanitation
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How a “waterless” urine diversion dehydration toilet works
Ecological Sanitation
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Productive Sanitation
How a “waterless” urine diversion dehydration toilet works
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6 months 1 month
Primary treatment (storage)
Productive Sanitation
How a “waterless” urine diversion dehydration toilet works
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Diluting urine with water Side dress application
Preplant application of composted faeces
Productive Sanitation
Reuse of ecosan products
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Ecological Sanitation
Secondary treatment
(aerobic & vermicomposting)
How a “waterless” urine diversion dehydration toilet works
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NUTRIENTS NUTRIENTS
FOOD
Productive Sanitation
• International guidelines are
available, but:
• Lack of R&D investment to
develop local protocols that
best suit the agronomic
requirements of the crops
grown as well as the specific
socioeconomic, cultural,
and environmental realities
of many developing countries
• “Nexus”: another catchphrase
or real commitment?
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Healthy diets begin with
knowledge
• A school usually is the center
of each community
• A place where programs on
good health practices can be
taught and implemented to
achieve behavioral changes at
home.
Potential of School Gardens
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Advantages of school-based programs
• Promoting good health and nutrition
before and during school age is essential
to effective growth and development
• The pre-existing infrastructure of the
educational system offers a cost-
effective route for delivery of simple
health interventions
Good health and nutrition are prerequisites for
effective learning
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Philippine “Vegetable Gardens in Schools” Program
• Establishment of vegetable
gardens in all 42,076 public
primary and secondary schools of
the country
• To be complemented by home &
community gardens
Earlier successful lessons of vegetable gardening
have to be re-learned by a new generation
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Strategies for successful implementation
• Successful school garden programs
cannot be created in isolation, but have to
be linked with education and
environmental interventions
• Communication and
synergy between the
health, agriculture
and education
sectors is
indispensable
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Promotion of vegetables…
…. sanitation, and healthy lifestyles
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Prosperity for the Poor and Health for All
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AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center