Post on 28-Dec-2015
Learning
Dr. Cody Reardon
Reaction
• How do you learn these habits that all of you have?
• Stimulus- something that produces a reaction
• Response- a reaction that a stimulus gives
Conditioning
• What is your favorite food?
• Conditioning- works through the paring of different stimuli to produce a reaction
• Classical Conditioning- a simple form of learning that uses one stimulus comes to call forth a response. The Stimuli and the Response have been paired together.
Unconditioned
• Unconditioned stimulus- a stimulus that causes a response that is automatic, not learned.
• Unconditioned response- an automatic response to a stimulus
• Ideas?
Conditioned
• Conditioned Response- A learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral, or meaningless.
• Conditioned stimulus- repeated association with an object makes an object a learned stimulus.
Adaption
• When in your life have you adapted to a new environment.
• Taste Aversion- a learned avoidance to a particular food.
• Examples of taste aversion?
Extinction
• There are instances in a person, or animal’s life that a stimulus can loose its effect on its intended response.
• Extinction- when a conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by an unconditional stimulus, it loses its ability to bring about a conditioned response.
• This is confusing but break it down with me. Conditioned stimulus (fire alarm) + Unconditioned Stimulus (fire in the building)= Conditioned response (panic/leave students behind)
More Adaptions
• Spontaneous Recovery-this is the recovery of what was previously an extinguished response to a stimulus.
• Generalization- Responding the same to similar stimuli even though they may not be identical
• Discrimination- the act of responding differently to stimuli not similar to each other
Applications of Classical Conditioning
• Flooding- A person is exposed to a fearful stimulus until fear responses are extinguished.
• Systematic Desensitization- taught relaxation techniques while shown fearful stimuli's
• Counterconditioning- a pleasant stimulus is paired with a fearful one, counteracting the fear.
• Bell and Pad Method- used for bed wetting
Operant Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning- when people learn to do certain things and learn not to do others.
• Reinforcement- the process by which a stimulus increases the chances that a preceding behavior will occur again.
Types of Reinforces
• Primary Reinforces- reinforces that function due to biological makeup
Examples?
• Secondary Reinforcers- these must be learned and acquire value by being paired with established reinforcers.
Examples?
Types of Reinforcers
• Positive Reinforcers- increase the frequency of the behavior they follow when they are applied.
• Negative Reinforcers- increase the frequency of the of the behavior they follow when they are removed.
• What is better, rewards or punishments?
Schedules of Reinforcement
• Continuous reinforcement- the reinforcement of a behavior every time that behavior occurs.
• Partial Reinforcement- a behavior is not reinforced every time.
Then why keep doing the behavior?
Types of Schedules
• Interval Schedules- Amounts of time that pass before being reinforced.– Fixed Interval Schedule- a fixed amount of time
must pass between reinforcements. (consistent)– Variable Interval Schedule- varying amounts of
time elapse between reinforcements– Ratio Schedules- varying amount of times a
behavior is reinforced. (5:1)
Shaping
• Shaping- this is the way to teach a complex activity to someone using small steps to complete the activity.
• Programmed Learning- Any activity no matter how complex can be taught by breaking down into smaller steps.
Latent Learning
• I need to be picked up at the football stadium, what street can you pick me up on.
• Latent Learning- Learning that remains hidden until it is needed
• How did you learn to get home from school, and how did you learn to get to school from home?
Observational Learning
• Observational Learning- we learn skills and knowledge by observing and imitating others.
• Give me some real life examples
• Are there instances in life when observational learning is dangerous.
PQ4R
• Preview- getting a general picture before you begin to examine the material
• Question- learning is always easier when there is a goal in mind or when there is something particular that we want to learn, we become active learners
• Read- or examine the material with the goal of answering the question
PQ4R’S CONTINUED
• Reflect- it is important to reflect so we can understand and remember it.
• Recite- a true method to studying a subject is reciting the answers over and over again
• Review- distributed review is best rather than massed. Reviewing can be replaced with relearning every day.