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TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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lean-ISD
Session #415 TRAINING ’98
Conference Presentation
Peter R. Hybert
Guy W. Wallace
CADDI, Inc.
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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lean
Concept from the book:
The Machine That Changed the World
by:
James P. Womack
Daniel T. Jones
Daniel Roos
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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lean
Best of both mass and craft production
Principles and attributes of lean
• Teamwork
• Communication
• Efficient use of resources and elimination of
waste
• Continuous improvement
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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lean
Attributes of a lean process/methodology
• Defined process/steps
• Defined roles/responsibilities
• Standard tools/templates
• Flexible
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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ISD
Common Benefits Common Complaints
• More interactivity and/or testing
• More effective instructional process
• Focus on job performance and learning versus content
• Better use of instructional media
• Takes too long
• Impossible to forecast and manage
• Variable results— depends on the designer
• Each designer uses his/her own process, formats, defaults, etc.
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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ISD
The bottom line—it is difficult to get consistent, reliable results implementing ISD in a corporate
training organization
Common Benefits Common Complaints
• More interactivity and/or testing
• More effective instructional process
• Focus on job performance and learning versus content
• Better use of instructional media
• Takes too long
• Impossible to forecast and manage
• Variable results— depends on the designer
• Each designer uses his/her own process, formats, defaults, etc.
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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lean-ISD
lean applied to ISD would have beneficial impacts on
• Quality
• Cycle time
• Cost
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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lean-ISD via the PACTSM Processes for T&D
CAD Curriculum Architecture Design
CADDI’s PACT Processes for T&D
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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CAD
MCD
Curriculum Architecture Design
Modular Curriculum Development
lean-ISD via the PACTSM Processes for T&D
CADDI’s PACT Processes for T&D
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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IAD
CAD
MCD
Curriculum Architecture Design
Modular Curriculum Development
Instructional Activity Development
lean-ISD via the PACTSM Processes for T&D
CADDI’s PACT Processes for T&D
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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IAD
CAD
PACT Analysis
MCD
Curriculum Architecture Design
Modular Curriculum Development
Instructional Activity Development
lean-ISD via the PACTSM Processes for T&D
CADDI’s PACT Processes for T&D
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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IAD
CAD
PACT Analysis
MCD
Project Planning & Management
Curriculum Architecture Design
Modular Curriculum Development
Instructional Activity Development
lean-ISD via the PACTSM Processes for T&D
CADDI’s PACT Processes for T&D
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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lean-ISD via the PACTSM Processes for T&D
IAD
CAD
PACT Analysis
MCD
Project Planning & Management
Curriculum Architecture Design
Modular Curriculum Development
Instructional Activity Development
Three levels of ISD
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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Let’s look at some examples
lean-ISD via the PACTSM Processes for T&D
Akin to systems engineering of products
• Car development
• Telecommunications product development
• Software development
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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lean-Car Development
Component Design &
Development
Auto Integrated Systems Design
Customer Requirements
& Supplier Capabilities
System Design &
Development
Project Planning & Management
e.g., Four-door pickup truck
e.g., H/V/AC system design
e.g., Backseat fan control mechanism
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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lean-Telecommunications Product Development
Component Design &
Development
Network Integrated Systems Design
Customer Requirements
& Supplier Capabilities
System Design &
Development
Project Planning & Management
e.g., Networked phone system
e.g., Phone handset
e.g., “Redial” button
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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lean-Software Development
Component Design &
Development
Application Suite
Systems Design
Customer Requirements
& Supplier Capabilities
System Design &
Development
Project Planning & Management
e.g., Integrated corporate financial system
e.g., Spreadsheet application
e.g., “Cut & paste” function
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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PACT Processes for T&D
CAD - Curriculum Architecture Design
Macrolevel ISD analysis and design
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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PACT Processes for T&D
CAD - Curriculum Architecture Design
Macrolevel ISD analysis and design
Systems analysis and systems engineering design
of the T&D product line
• Modular design product line
Product X
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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PACT Processes for T&D
CAD - Curriculum Architecture Design
Macrolevel ISD analysis and design
Systems analysis and systems engineering design
of the T&D product line
• Modular design product line
Product Y Product X
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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Product X Product Y
Macrolevel ISD analysis and design
Systems analysis and systems engineering design
of the T&D product line
• Modular design product line
PACT Processes for T&D
CAD - Curriculum Architecture Design
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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Product X Product Y
CAD assists in a reuse strategy for modules/chunks of T&D content
PACT Processes for T&D
CAD - Curriculum Architecture Design
Macrolevel ISD analysis and design
Systems analysis and systems engineering design
of the T&D product line
• Modular design product line
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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PACT Processes for T&D
MCD - Modular Curriculum Development
Midlevel analysis and design
Akin to the ADDIE
Model, also known as the “big
block diagram,” from
the work of Robert Gagne,
Leslie Briggs, Robert Moran,
and Robert Branson
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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PACT Processes for T&D
MCD - Modular Curriculum Development
Midlevel analysis and design
Akin to the ADDIE
Model, also known as the “big
block diagram,” from
the work of Robert Gagne,
Leslie Briggs, Robert Moran,
and Robert Branson
Analysis A
Design D
Development D
Implementation I
Evaluation E
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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PACT Processes for T&D
IAD - Instructional Activity Development
Microlevel analysis and design
Development of typical instructional elements or
activities, such as
• Simulation exercises
• Performance tests
• Structured, on-the-job training
• Demonstrations
• Case studies
• Etc.
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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PACT Processes for T&D
Analysis
Similar front-end analysis for each PACT Process for
T&D
IAD
CAD
PACT Analysis
MCD
Project Planning & Management
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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PACT Processes for T&D
Analysis
Four types of ISD Analysis
PACT Analysis
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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PACT Processes for T&D
Analysis
PACT Analysis
Target Audience Data
Four types of ISD Analysis
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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PACT Analysis
Target Audience Data
Performance Modeling
PACT Processes for T&D
Analysis
Four types of ISD Analysis
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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PACT Analysis
Target Audience Data
Performance Modeling
Knowledge/Skill Analysis
PACT Processes for T&D
Analysis
Four types of ISD Analysis
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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PACT Analysis
Target Audience Data
Performance Modeling
Knowledge/Skill Analysis
Existing T&D Assessment
PACT Processes for T&D
Analysis
Four types of ISD Analysis
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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PACT Processes for T&D
Project Planning & Management
PACT embraces
• Structured processes
• Predefined roles and responsibilities
• Detailed planning
• Continuous communications
• Customer control of content/
supplier control of process
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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PACT Processes for T&D
Project Planning & Management
Planning and communications tools and templates
• Systematic engagement of customers and
stakeholders
- The right people doing the right things at the right time
• Interview guides
• Project Plan templates
- CAD
- MCD
- IAD
• PST gate review meeting presentations
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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PACT Processes for T&D
Gated Project Phases
Each PACT Process has a gated process model
• Gates are key customer/stakeholder
review/approval/decision points
CAD Phase 4
Implementation
Planning
CAD Phase 1
Project
Planning
& Kick-off
CAD Phase 2
Analysis
CAD Phase 3
Design
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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PACT Processes for T&D
Gated Project Phases
Each PACT Process has a gated process model
• Gates are key customer/stakeholder
review/approval/decision points
MCD Phase 4
Development/
Acquisition
MCD Phase 1
Project
Planning
& Kick-off
MCD Phase 2
Analysis
MCD Phase 3
Design
MCD Phase 5
Pilot Test
MCD Phase 6
Revision &
Release
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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PACT Processes for T&D
Gated Project Phases
Each PACT Process has a gated process model
• Gates are key customer/stakeholder
review/approval/decision points
IAD Phase 4
Development
IAD Phase 1
Project
Planning
& Kick-off
IAD Phase 2
Analysis
IAD Phase 3
Design
IAD Phase 5
Pilot Test
IAD Phase 6
Revision &
Release
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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PACT Processes for T&D
Gated Project Phases
CAD Phase 4
Implementation
Planning
CAD Phase 1
Project
Planning
& Kick-off
CAD Phase 2
Analysis
CAD Phase 3
Design
Each PACT Process is the starting point for
situational adjustment/adaptation
• Phase combinations are possible
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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CAD Phase 4
Implementation
Planning
CAD Phase 1
Project
Planning
& Kick-off
CAD Phases 2/3
Analysis/Design
PACT Processes for T&D
Gated Project Phases
Each PACT Process is the starting point for
situational adjustment/adaptation
• Phase combinations are possible
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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MCD Phase 4
Development/
Acquisition
MCD Phase 1
Project
Planning
& Kick-off
MCD Phase 2
Analysis
MCD Phase 3
Design
MCD Phase 5
Pilot Test
MCD Phase 6
Revision &
Release
PACT Processes for T&D
Gated Project Phases
Each PACT Process is the starting point for
situational adjustment/adaptation
• Phase combinations are possible
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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MCD Phase 4
Development/
Acquisition
MCD Phase 1
Project
Planning
& Kick-off
MCD Phases 2/3
Analysis/Design
MCD Phase 5
Pilot Test
MCD Phase 6
Revision &
Release
PACT Processes for T&D
Gated Project Phases
Each PACT Process is the starting point for
situational adjustment/adaptation
• Phase combinations are possible
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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IAD Phase 4
Development
IAD Phase 1
Project
Planning
& Kick-off
IAD Phase 2
Analysis
IAD Phase 3
Design
IAD Phase 5
Pilot Test
IAD Phase 6
Revision &
Release
PACT Processes for T&D
Gated Project Phases
Each PACT Process is the starting point for
situational adjustment/adaptation
• Phase combinations are possible
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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IAD Phases 4/5/6
Development, Pilot Test,
and Revision & Release
IAD Phases 2/3
Analysis/Design
PACT Processes for T&D
Gated Project Phases
Each PACT Process is the starting point for
situational adjustment/adaptation
• Phase combinations are possible
IAD Phase 1
Project
Planning
& Kick-off
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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PACT Processes for T&D
Teams & Roles/Responsibilities
Project Steering Team
Analysis Team
Design Team
Implementation Planning Team
Typical Teams — CAD
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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Project Steering Team
Analysis Team
Design Team
Development Team
Pilot Test Team
PACT Processes for T&D
Teams & Roles/Responsibilities
Typical Teams — MCD
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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Project Steering Team
Analysis Team
Design Team
Development Team
Pilot Test Team
PACT Processes for T&D
Teams & Roles/Responsibilities
Typical Teams — IAD
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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Word Processing Templates
• Project Plan
• Proposal
• Project Steering Team Review
Presentations
• Invitation and Confirmation
Letters
Project Planning & Management
Tools and Go-by’s
• Stakeholder/Customer
Interview Guide
• Project Plan
• Proposal
PACT Processes for T&D
Tools and Templates
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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Analysis
PACT Processes for T&D
Tools and Templates
Word Processing Templates
• Target Audience Data
• Performance Model
• Knowledge/Skill Matrix
• Existing T&D Assessment
• Analysis Team Kick-off
Presentation
• Project Steering Team Review
Presentation
Tools and Go-by’s
• Analysis Report
• Analysis Database
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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Design
PACT Processes for T&D
Tools and Templates
Word Processing Templates
• Event Specs and Maps
• Module Specs and Maps
• Lesson Specs and Maps
• Activity Specs
• Project Steering Team Review
Presentation
• Design Team Kick-off
Presentation
Tools and Go-by’s
• Design Document
• Design Database
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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Development
PACT Processes for T&D
Tools and Templates
Word Processing Templates
Tools and Go-by’s
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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Customer/Stakeholder
• Project is visible and predictable in terms of
- T&D quality - Investment and returns
- Project tasks and schedule
• Provides managerial review and control points
Supplier
• Puts ISD suppliers in control of instructional integrity within the parameters set by the customer
• Templates and tools enable detailed project planning and communications with the customer
Learner
• T&D is performance oriented and will have a positive impact on learner’s ability to perform
• Modular structure provides flexibility for learner participation
lean-ISD via the PACT Processes for T&D
Business Benefits
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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lean-ISD via the PACT Processes for T&D
Business Benefits
Ensures voice of the customer and voice of the supplier in ISD projects
Customer/Stakeholder
• Project is visible and predictable in terms of
- T&D quality - Investment and returns
- Project tasks and schedule
• Provides managerial review and control points
Supplier
• Puts ISD suppliers in control of instructional integrity within the parameters set by the customer
• Templates and tools enable detailed project planning and communications with the customer
Learner
• T&D is performance oriented and will have a positive impact on learner’s ability to perform
• Modular structure provides flexibility for learner participation
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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lean-ISD Summary
• A blend of the best of both craft and mass
production approaches, applied to ISD
- Common process
- Gated process models
- Use of teams
- Use of tools and templates
• Multilevel design hierarchy used to ensure
platform, modular, integrated ISD
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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Standard, but flexible processes and methodologies for ISD
lean-ISD Summary
• A blend of the best of both craft and mass
production approaches, applied to ISD
- Common process
- Gated process models
- Use of teams
- Use of tools and templates
• Multilevel design hierarchy used to ensure
platform, modular, integrated ISD
TRAINING ’98—Session #415 © 1998 CADDI, Inc. 2/18/98 P-1000
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lean-ISD
Thank You!