Post on 02-Jun-2020
Illiana Vegetable Growers SymposiumMarch 4, 2014Teibel’s Restaurant, Schererville, IN
Liz MaynardExtension Specialist, Dept. of Hort. and LA
Leafy Greens
Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
Why Grow Them?
Interest in local food creates year-round demandProduct can be available for early Spring, late Fall,
Winter, as well as SummerSuitable for season extension structuresCurrent Indiana production less than 1% of Indiana
consumption
Spinach, Jan. 12, 2014
NYT Front Page 9‐22‐2013NYT Mag 10‐20‐2013
PT 10‐16‐2013
http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2161672,00.html
1‐13‐2014
Wha
t Are
Leaf
y Gr
eens
?Plant Family EPA CCropGoosefoot 2 Beet, greensMustard 2 Turnip greensBuckwheat 4A DockCarrot 4A ChervilCarrot 4A ParsleyGoosefoot 4A OrachGoosefoot 4A SpinachIce plant 4A New Zealand sp.Madeira-vine 4A Malabar sp.Mustard 4A Cress, gardenMustard 4A Cress, uplandMustard 4A ArugulaPigweed 4A AmaranthPurslane 4A Purslane, garden
Sunflower 4A Chrysanthemum,Sunflower 4A DandelionSunflower 4A RadicchioSunflower 4A EndiveSunflower 4A LettuceValerian 4A Corn saladBuckwheat 4B RhubarbCarrot 4B CeleryGoosefoot 4B Chard
leaves of root crops
Non-brassica leafy greens
Non-brassica leaf petioles
Plant Family EPA CropMustard 5A BroccoliMustard 5A Br. sproutsMustard 5A CabbageMustard 5A CauliflowerMustard 5A Napa cabbageMustard 5A Ch. mustard (gai choy)
Mustard 5A KohlrabiMustard 5B Bok choyMustard 5B MizunaMustard 5B Broccoli raabMustard 5B CollardsMustard 5B KaleMustard 5B Mustard greensMustard 5B Mustard spinach
Wha
t Are
Leaf
y Gr
eens
?
Brassica head and stem
Brassica leafy greens
Hardy, Half-hardy, and Warm Season Crops
Source: D. N. Maynard and G.J. Hochmuth, Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 5th Ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2007.
BeetChardOrach. . .
Warm Season Options
Amaranth
Orach
New Zealand Spinach Photos: Rodale Institute, www.newfarm.org; C. Wang www.seriouseats.com; F. Mangan, http://www.worldcrops.org/
Temperature and Daylength Effects
Crop Long Days
High Temp.
Low Temp.
Broccoli, Cauliflower -Q FMany Mustard Family Plants (F)
Lettuce FSpinach F
F
F, -Q
Flowering Bolting Bulbing Quality
Major Nutrients
Plant Family Crop N P2O5 K2O pH Micro Response
---------lb./A-------- High Med.
Carrot Celery 200 60 348 6.8 B Cu, Mn
Carrot Parsley 100 11 77 6.5 Mn B, Cu, Zn
Goosefoot Beet 100 29 101 6.5 B, Cu Mn, Zn
Goosefoot Chard 100 7 55 6.5 B, Cu, Mn, Zn
Goosefoot Spinach 170 16 72 6.5 B, Cu, Zn Mn
Sunflower Endive 100 18 113 6.5 Cu, Mn B, Zn
Sunflower Lettuce 100-140 40 180 6.5 Cu, Mn B, Zn
Source: Warncke, D., J. Dahl, B. Zandstra. 2004. Nutrient Recommendations for Vegetable Crops in Michigan. E2934. Michigan State University, E. Lansing.
P2O5 and K2O are maintenance amounts based on crop removal.
Major Nutrients
Source: Warncke, D., J. Dahl, B. Zandstra. 2004. Nutrient Recommendations for Vegetable Crops in Michigan. E2934. Michigan State University, E. Lansing.
P2O5 and K2O are maintenance amounts based on crop removal.
Plant Family Crop N P2O5 K2O pH
High Med.---------lb./A--------
Micro Response
Mustard Br. sprouts 140 16 47 6.5 B, Cu, Mn
Mustard Broccoli 140 4 44 6.5 B Cu, Mn
Mustard Cabbage 140 32 136 6.5 B Cu, Mn
Mustard Cauliflower 140 21 53 6.8 B Cu, Mn
Mustard Collards 100 12 36 6.5 Cu, Mn B, Zn
Mustard Kale 100 12 36 6.5 Cu, Mn B, Zn
Mustard Mustard 100 12 36 6.5 Cu, Mn B, Zn
Mustard Radish 50 3 22 6.5 Mn B, Cu, Zn
Mustard Rutabaga 100 47 146 6.5 B Cu, Mn, Zn
Mustard Turnip 90 18 69 6.5 B Cu, Mn, Zn
Major Nutrients
Source: Warncke, D., J. Dahl, B. Zandstra. 2004. Nutrient Recommendations for Vegetable Crops in Michigan. E2934. Michigan State University, E. Lansing.
NitrogenTake into account N from prior crop and organic materials
PhosphorusUse maintenance levels when soil P is more than 35-40 ppmNo more needed if soil P is more than 80 ppm
PotassiumUse maintenance levels when
soil K more than 85 ppm on soils with CEC=4soil K more than 115 ppm on soils with CEC=16
No more needed ifsoil K more than 135 ppm on soils with CEC=4soil K more than 165 ppm on soil with CEC=16
Plant Population
Plant Family Crop
Bet. Row In-row
Ft InBuckwheat Rhubarb 5-6 36Carrot Celery 1.5-3.3 6-12Carrot Parsley 1.25 4-8Goosefoot Beet 1.5-2 2-4Goosefoot Chard 2-3 12-15Goosefoot Spinach 1-1.5 2-3Mustard Broccoli 3 12-18Mustard Br. sprouts 3 18-24Mustard Cabbage 2-3 12-15Mustard Cauliflower 3 15-18Mustard Ch. cabbage 1.5-3 10-18Mustard Collards 3-3.5 18-24Mustard Kale 2-4 8-16Mustard Kohlrabi 1-3 3-6Mustard Mustard 1-1.5 10-12Mustard Turnip, greens 0.5-1 1-4Sunflower Chicory 1.5-2 4-10Sunflower Endive 1.5-2 8-12Sunflower Lettuce 1-1.5 10-16
Source: ID-56 2014 and Knott's Handbook
Much denser plantings are common if plants are harvested when small, either individually or by shearing.
Weed Management
MechanicalCultivationHoe and hand-weedingIt’s a system: row or bed
spacing, plant spacing, equipment, people
Stale seedbedFlamingMulchesDense plantingHerbicidesSee the ID-56 at
mwveguide.org
Insect Management
AphidsCaterpillarsImported cabbagewormDiamondback mothCabbage looper
Flea BeetlesLeafhoppers (transmit
aster yellows)Leaf minersTarnished plant bug(Slugs)
Disease Management
Black rot (brassicas)Bottom rotDamping offDowny mildew spinach,
lettuce)Leaf spots
SanitationRotationResistant varietiesEnvironmental managementDiagnosis is important
PostharvestRemove field heat!Wash if neededDryStore cold and damp32°F for cool season
crops90-95% RH
Keep cold during transport and marketing
Not just a business, but a philosophy.
Not just good enough for customers, but our children, family, and friends.
Long-Lasting Product
• Timing• Water Source
Immediately• Vented Bags• Keep cool• Sell different
greens, differently
Varieties
Beet‐ std Beet‐other
Asian Brassicas‐std
Asian Brassicas‐other
Broccoli‐std
Broccoli‐other
Cylindra Early Blood Soloist San Fen Arcadia Fiesta
Bull's Blood BoroBaby PacChoy Fen Jen Belstar* Imperial
Chiogga* Bulls Blood MeiQing Mizuna DiCiccoDetroit Dark Red* Chioggia
Shanghai Green Napa Green Belt
Early Wonder Eagle Tatsoi Prize ChoyGreen Magic
MerlinEarly Wonder Gypsy*
Pronto*Gold varieties Pak Man
Red Ace* GoldenSolo Tall TopTall Top Forono
Varieties reported by survey respondents as ‘standard’ or ‘other varieties you would like to see in trial’
Varieties Varieties reported by survey respondents as ‘standard’ or ‘other varieties you would like to see in trial’
Cabbage - std
Cabbage - other Carrot-std
Carrot-other
Cauliflower-std
Collards-std
Collards-other
Blue Dynasty Alantis Ablodo Dragon Absolute Champion VatesBlue Vantage* Bravo Chantenay Laguna Amazing
Cheers Capture Danvers Mokum* Bishop
Copenhagen Charmant Hercules Cheddar
Deadon Early
Littlefingers-early Edith
GonzalesEarly Thunder Nantes Fremont*
Kaitlin Late Dutch Napoli* Orange
Red Dynasty Reds NelsonPurple Graffiti
StoneheadSnow Crown
Super Star
Thunderhead
Varieties Varieties reported by survey respondents as ‘standard’ or ‘other varieties you would like to see in trial’
Kale-stdKale-other
Kohlrabi-std
Lettuce-std
Lettuce-other
Mustard-std
Mustard-other
Blue ArmorRed Russian* Kohlabri Bergams Cardinale Green Wave Baby cuts
Dwarf Siberian Winterbor Kossack* Cherokee Dancine Broadleaf
Lacinato Winner Concept Green Ice Florula Rhubarb Red
Green Forest Pablo Salad Types
Toscano Guzmaine Tropicana
SouthernGiant Curled
Tuscan types Leaf Types
NancyParis IslandCos
Skyphos
Varieties Varieties reported by survey respondents as ‘standard’ or ‘other varieties you would like to see in trial’
Turnip greens-std
Parsnip-std
Radish - std
Radish - other
Spinach - std
Spinach - other
Rutabaga - std
Turnip - std
? Family Seed Andover
French Breakfast Rudolf Menorca America Laurentian
Asian Varieties
Purple Tops Javelin Champion Daikons Bloomsdale* Giant Nobel Hakurei
Cherriette DonkeyLarge Upright Hakurei*
German Giant Pigeon
SummerTolerant Purple Top*
Sparkler Raccoon* Tyee Shogoin
White Icicle Space
Teton
Tyee*
Screening of Lettuce Varieties
Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
Funded by Indiana Dept. of Agriculture/USDA Specialty Crop Block Grant
Organic production practices13-0-0 at 1,884 lb./A to
supply estimated 132 lb./A NHand-seeded May 16Rows 2 ft., thinned in-row to
6 in.Drip irrigationFirst harvest July 1, thinned
to 12 in.Final harvest July 9-10
38 Lettuce Varieties in Unreplicated TrialPinney Purdue Ag Center, Wanatah, Indiana 2013
Varieties EvaluatedVariety Source Type
Adriana JS ButterheadAerostar HMS RomaineBambi JS BibbBergam's Green HMS LeafButtercrunch JS BibbCoastal Star HMS RomaineConcept JS Summer CrispDeer Tongue JS BibbFenberg JS RomaineFreckles HMS RomaineGreen Forest JS RomaineGreen Star HMS LeafGreen Towers HMS RomaineJericho HMS RomaineLettony HMS LeafMirlo HMS ButterheadNancy JS ButterheadNevada HMS Summer CrispPanisse JS Leaf
Variety Source Type
Parris Island HMS RomainePirat HMS ButterheadSalvius JS RomaineSF Green Incised JS LeafSF Green Sweet Crisp JS LeafSF Red Incised JS LeafSF Red Sweet Crisp JS LeafSP Green Butter JS ButterheadSP Green Oakleaf JS LeafSP Red Butter JS ButterheadSP Red Oakleaf JS LeafSpretnak HMS RomaineSylvesta HMS ButterheadTango JS LeafTin Tin HMS RomaineTropicana JS LeafTwo star HMS LeafWaldmann's HMS LeafWinter Density HMS Romaine
Other characteristics:Freeze resistance
(winter)Nutritional value
(red vs. green)
Lettuce Characteristics Of Interest: Survey Results
Very
Impo
rtan
t
Impo
rtan
t
Not
Impo
rtan
t
Eating Quality 14 1 1
Slow Bolting 12 3 1
Disease Resistance 10 5 1
Yield 8 6 6
Number and weight of heads, marketable and total
Average weight of heads, before and after trimming
Head length and widthEating qualityBoltingNotes on disease and appearance
Characteristics Evaluated