Post on 01-Apr-2015
LBA Fluxtower Sites:Vastly Diverse Samples of
Amazonian Terrain
LBA Fluxtower Sites:Vastly Diverse Samples of
Amazonian TerrainAntonio Donato NobreCelso RandowCamilo Daleles RennoLuz Adriana CuartasAlessandro Carioca de AraujoScott Saleska
LBA Fluxtower Synthesis GroupGEOMA Environmental Physics Group INPA Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da AmazoniaINPE Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas EspaciaisUniversity of Arizona USAVUA Free Universtity of Amsterdam Holland
Topography has strong influence on soils and ecosystems
terrain soil vegetation
HAND, a new quantitative terrain approach
• Hydrology ASU catchment (LBA)– hillslope hydrology, – ground water, – stream flow, – vegetation-water relations (Tomasella et al 2007, Hodnet et al 2007a, Hodnet et al
2007b, Waterloo et al 2006, Cuartas et al 2007)• Terrain analysis (GEOMA)
– Digital elevation model (SRTM)– Terrain descriptor (Rennó et al 2008)– Field validation and testing – Terrain vs Hydrology
Questions and Assumptions
• Tower significant footprint usually does not exceed 10 km– Therefore, terrain around the towers within a
circle with 10 km radius can be hypothetically associated with flux-data
• Remote sensing data require broader and representative validations– testing representativeness of the assumed
tower footprint (10 km), we choose an encompassing circle of 50 km radius for comparisons
São Gabriel da Cachoeira
SRTM
50 km50 km
10 km10 km
Flood land MaskBy Novo, Mellack et al
SRTM São Gabriel
4% Flooded
42% Waterlogged36% Ecotone
8% Slope
10% Plateau
HAND map São Gabriel
Manaus K34 & C14
SRTM
Flood land MaskBy Novo, Mellack et al
SRTM Manaus K34
10% Flooded
20% Waterlogged20% Ecotone
31% Slope
19% Plateau
HAND map Manaus K34
Caxiuana
SRTM
Flood land MaskBy Novo, Mellack et al
SRTM Caxiuana
36% Flooded
30% Waterlogged20% Ecotone
2% Slope
12% Plateau
HAND map Caxiuana
Santarem km 67
SRTM
SRTM Santarem km 67
Flood land MaskBy Novo, Mellack et al
20% Flooded
6% Waterlogged6% Ecotone
27% Slope
41% Plateau
HAND map Santarem km 67
Ji-parana
Flood land MaskBy Novo, Mellack et al
SRTM Ji-parana
2% Flooded
32% Waterlogged25% Ecotone
24% Slope
17% Plateau
HAND map Ji-parana
Sinop
SRTM
Flood land MaskBy Novo, Mellack et al
SRTM Sinop
4% Flooded
21% Waterlogged21% Ecotono
8% Slope
47% Plateau
HAND map Sinop
K34 Sinop Caxiuana
Nobre et al
Terrain classes, 50 km / 10 km ratios
Representativeness of Flux-sites for RS
Comparing sites
• Hydrology– New spatially accurate data, vital to feed
models
• Vegetation – Powerful predictor of community distribution– Potential proxy for biomass
• Topography– Metric for topographic roughness – Coupled terrain/footprint analysis
Large Circle (20000.000m) Small Circle (5000.0000m)Total Área : 146293 pixels Total Área : 9141 pixels
Background: 3,11 % Background: 1,78 %class[0-5]: 17,29 % class[0-5]: 14,64 %class]5.3-15]: 22,28 % class]5.3-15]: 15,24 %class>15(slope>7.6%): 23,28 % class>15(slope>7.6%): 29,64 %class>15(slope<=7.6%): 34,04 % class>15(slope<=7.6%): 38,7 %
Statistics for Manaus C14
Coupled terrain/footprint analysis
Footprints C14 Manaus
Wet unstable
Wet stable
Topography Cross Section vs flux contribution with distance
Each footprint isoline encloses a zone of probability for flux signal source
Dry unstable
Dry stable
Footprints C14 Manaus
Manaus K34
Caxiuana
Ji-parana
Santarem km 67 Santarem km 83
Sao Gabriel(dry unstable)
Sinop
Manaus C14
Site
Foo
tprin
t C
ompa
rison
WE
T U
NS
TA
BLE
Manaus K34
Manaus C14
Santarem K 67
S GabrielCaxiuana
Sinop
Tower Site HAND map Comparison
5913 1456 18420
5
78071695
156
14
0
96703269
254
18
0
15010 4680369
801554 272 2 0 0
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
<=90% <=75% <=50% <=25% <=10%
Waterlogged Ecotone Slope Plateau Flood Land
13291 7830 1657 276100
18687 10627 1965 248
71
19634 12013 3190512
127
32013 19181 4651783
81
3110 2261 423 1290
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
<=90% <=75% <=50% <=25% <=10%
Waterlogged Ecotone Slope Plateau Flood Land
Footprint C14 Manaus
Wet unstable
Wet stable
Terrain Class Distribution by Footprint Probability Class
5500 1697 136
29
4
7393 2041119
19
2
8930 2426251
8
0
14570 3753295
2 01356 550 900 0
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
<=90% <=75% <=50% <=25% <=10%
Waterlogged Ecotone Slope Plateau Flood Land
16188 9333 2250 394135
22805 13066 2825371
104
22414 14206 3983826
182
37057 23131 5849 1143
193
3883 2463 761 155 0
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
<=90% <=75% <=50% <=25% <=10%
Waterlogged Ecotone Slope Plateau Flood Land
Dry unstable
Dry stable
6217 2132 1947
0
7491 2204 249
16
0
8746 3374 368
318
12442 4127 39535
3
1335 74 0 0 0
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
<=90% <=75% <=50% <=25% <=10%
Waterlogged Ecotone Slope Plateau Flood Land
3334 1243 114 5 0
7530 2954277
20 3
1317542
433
1
152775493
661 646
2118 339 67 1 0
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
<=90% <=75% <=50% <=25% <=10%
Waterlogged Ecotone Slope Plateau Flood Land
10360 3528 3186 0
15312 4914424
110
12414 3435
304
24
0
19026 6485792
9019
1680 773 15324
0
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
<=90% <=75% <=50% <=25% <=10%
Waterlogged Ecotone Slope Plateau Flood Land
Manaus K34
Caxiuana
4343 1215 8918
1
60851572
156
134
2301
1053 239
22
2133175423
501
23
127 0 0 0 0
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
<=90% <=75% <=50% <=25% <=10%
Waterlogged Ecotone Slope Plateau Flood Land
Ji-parana
Santarem km 67
3729 1543304
54
9
4923 1838
264
30
3
2057 935
95
1
0
12258 4545398
90412 0 0 0 0
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
<=90% <=75% <=50% <=25% <=10%
Waterlogged Ecotone Slope Plateau Flood LandSantarem km 83
20484 5709701
34 3
37002 113671137
90
10
3175 46623
5
0
15682 4530299
337
157 1 0 0 0
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
<=90% <=75% <=50% <=25% <=10%
Waterlogged Ecotone Slope Plateau Flood Land
Sao Gabriel(dry unstable)
7704 1615 162 11
0
14510 2905217
11
0
00
00
0
34664 8457 464
9
0
1866 294115
19
4
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
<=90% <=75% <=50% <=25% <=10%
Waterlogged Ecotone Slope Plateau Flood Land
Sinop
5913 1456 18420
5
78071695
156
14
0
96703269
254
18
0
15010 4680369
801554 272 2 0 0
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
<=90% <=75% <=50% <=25% <=10%
Waterlogged Ecotone Slope Plateau Flood LandManaus C14
WET UNSTABLE SITE Comparison
% accumulated contribution
WET UNSTABLE
WET STABLE
DRY UNSTABLE
DRY STABLE
Up to 5km 63,51 39,50 64,67 36,80
Up to 20km 92,39 86,79 93,66 86,56
Footprint conclusions
• Fluxtower Footprint analysis allows matching of dynamic fluxsource data with terrain composition
• Most fluxtower sites sample terrains close by (less than 1 km radius), skewing the weight of their measurements to such terrains.
• Much more detailed footprint significance analysis can yield a potentially good indication of how to interpret terrain/ecosystem contribution to flux data