Post on 21-Dec-2015
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
being in the bulls eye
Higher Education in Latin America
…is the playing field level
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Economic and social developmentare increasingly driven by the advancement and application of
knowledgeEducation in general — and tertiary education and S&T in particular — are
fundamental to the construction of knowledge economies
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
However, S&T systems in developing and transition countries face persistent
problems of finance, efficiency, equity, quality and governance
New challenges linked to rapid changes in technology, communication and the
globalization of trade and labor markets have amplified the traditional
problems of tertiary education and research and development and S&T
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Global trends
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Composition of the global market for goods1980
Varios1%
Otros productos primarios
34%
Con base en
recursos11%
Baja tecnología
21%
Media tecnología
22%
Alta tecnología
11% 2000
Low technology
18%
Resource based11%
Other primary
products13%
Miscellaneous4%
Medium technology
32%
High technology
22%
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Global innovation hubs
Source: Hillner (2000) and UNDP (2001)
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Internet Hosts (pr 10,000 people, 2000)
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Higher Education Enrollment Ratio
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Country.shpNot available1 - 34 - 89 - 1920 - 83
Source: see Annex 1, Secretariat calculations based on Cohen and Soto (2001) for highly skilled stocks in countries of origin.
Map 1. Percentage of expatriates to OECD countries among all highly skilled born in the country
Some European countries, ad especially the Caribbean and Africa, face significant emigration rates of their elites (sometimes exceeding 50%)Source: OECD, Trends in International Migrations 2004
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Internationalization of Higher Education
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Internationalization has important implications for inserting future leaders and knowledge workers in the global community and gaining equal access to the rapidly increasing pool of
knowledge and know-how
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Key developments in tertiary education in Latin America
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Returns by level of education Brazil (1982=100) Source: Blom; Holm-Nielsen and Verner (2001)
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Tertiary Upper secondary Primary Lower secondary
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Large increase in tertiary enrollment
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
OECDChil
e
Argen
tina
Urugua
yPeru
Colombia
Mex
ico
El Salv
ador
Brazil
Hondur
as
Ter
tiar
y gr
oss
enro
llm
ent r
ate
1965 1975 1985 1995 2000
Source: WDI 2003
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Growth in private provision
Percent of total enrollment
Year 75%-40% 40%-30% 30%-20% 20%-10% Less than 10%
1985 BrazilColombiaDom. Republic
ChileEl SalvadorPeru
ArgentinaGuatemalaParaguay
Costa RicaEcuadorHondurasMexicoNicaraguaVenezuela
BoliviaPanamaUruguayCuba
2002* BrazilColombiaChileDom. RepublicEl SalvadorNicaraguaParaguayPeru
Venezuela
Costa RicaEcuadorArgentinaGuatemalaMexico
Honduras BoliviaPanamaUruguayCuba
Source: Schwartzman (2002); World Bank (2002c and 2003); Zúñiga (2003); OECD (2002a) and García Gaudilla (1998)
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
What are the issues? Weak systems and institutional
management Lack of cohesion Inequitable participation Inefficiency Low quality and relevance Weak national innovation systems Balance in financing tertiary education Brain Drain
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Weak systems and institutional management
Low access to reliable and relevant information
Lack of accountability in use of public subsidies
Weak university management and governance structures
Insufficient capacity in MoEs for sector oversight and strategy
Inadequate systemic coherence
PrivateUniversities
PublicUniversities
Short CycleTertiary institutions
Private Sector
International networks
R&D Institutes
TertiaryEducation
System
Government,MINEDUC, etc.
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Potential actions Build transparent management information systems in
order to provide a solid basis for decision-making Consolidate capacity for real autonomy with
accountability by strengthening institutional governance and professional management, and manage by results
Procure technical assistance to ministries of education to consolidate adequate policy framework for tertiary education, strengthen long-term evaluation and planning, and manage by results
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Learning gap
Lack of cohesion
Skill level
Short cycle tertiary
education
Educational dead-end
Low qualitySecondary
University
Secondary and tertiary institutions are not working together to bridge gaps in tertiary opportunities
Weak linkages between universities and non-university tertiary institutions
No systems for the transfer of academic credits
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Potential actions
Motivate and enable poor and socially excluded students to complete secondary education and achieve academic excellence
Strengthen linkages between university and non-university sub-systems by bridging between short and long cycle programs
Support mechanisms for the transfer of academic credits, e.g. by promoting module-based curricula design (Bologna like process)
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Inequitable participation TE still elitist
with the majority of students coming from the wealthiest segments of society
Inadequate student aid for poor students
Not enough opportunities in regions
Source: World Bank (2002); ADB (2003); Del Bello (2002); Delannoy (2000); US Census Bureau (2002) and Chronicle of Higher Education (2003)Note: Calculations for the United States are based on the characteristics of freshmen at 4-year colleges in fall 2002
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Q1/2 Q3 Q4 Q5
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Potential actions Making student loans available to academically bright, but
financially needy students while promoting performance in cost-recovery and administrative efficiency
Using income-contingent loan schemes to help low-income families to overcome the lack of collateral and fear of defaulting on traditional ‘mortgage-style’ student loan debt
Supporting tertiary education in regions with links to local needs and as stepping stone towards advanced education
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Inefficiency (Argentina)
High drop-out rates, repetition, low graduation and extended cycles
Few financial incentives to improve learning outcomes and efficiency
1,193,003
765.066
616.669
286,488
47.413
0
200.000
400.000
600.000
800.000
1.000.000
1.200.000
1.400.00019
82
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
1ó+ Materias Aprobadas en t-1
2ó+ Materias Aprobadasen t-1 (Regulares)
Egresados
Ingresantes declarados
Alumnos declarados
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Potential actions
Consolidate monitoring and evaluation systems and ensure reliable statistical data
Support for degree structure and curricular redesign
Link public resource allocation with objective performance and outcome criteria through performance contacts and competitive funding
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Low quality and relevance
Insufficient qualifications and mobility of university professors
Too little innovation of teaching methodologies and curriculum
University graduates do not meet the skills needs in the economy
Professors with PhDs
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Source: Brunner (2002), World Bank (2002); UK Higher Education Statistics Agency Individualized Staff Record 2001/02; García Gaudilla (1998) and Schwartzman and Balbachevsky (1996)
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Potential actions• Promote the use of quality assurance mechanisms
with external peer-review• Strengthen graduate programs, and establish
financial and promotional incentives for teachers to perform
• Establish institutional strategies for staff renewal• Upgrade teaching facilities, learning materials and
research equipment• Develop competency-based curricula emphasizing
‘learning to learn’ methodologies
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Weak national innovation systems Low production and
mobility of PhDs and post-docs
Inward orientation of university researchers
Lack of incentives to commercialize research and solve real-life problems
Red tape impeding partnerships and cross-sectoral mobility
Source: IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2003
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
9,0
Mexico Venezuela Brazil Argentina Colombia Chile Sw eden Australia Finland
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Potential actions Improve graduate education in areas of high
importance to the economy Establish programs for the insertion of doctoral
students and young researchers into industry
Strengthen ties between universities and industry by promoting cooperative research
Provide incentives for universities to commercialize innovations
Promote the participation in international knowledge and research networks
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Financing tertiary education
Strong market for tertiary education
Comparatively low level of public funding
Risk of volatility and inadequate attention to public priorities and national needs
Source: OECD (2002) and World Bank (2002)
Investments in tertiary education, 1999
0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
USAChil
e
Colom
bia
OECDBra
zil
Argen
tina
Mex
ico
% o
f G
DP
Public subsidies Private sources Total
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Potential actions Create a transparent market for tertiary
education, e.g. by supporting accreditation, the collection of data on labor market outcomes, and monitoring & evaluation
Link public resource allocation directly with objective performance and outcome criteria through performance based funding agreements (contracts) for core budget
Competitive grants for investment and innovation allocations
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Foreign Studentsenrollment, source OECD 2003
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
500000
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Foreign Students% of enrollment, Source OECD 2003
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
%
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Brain DrainSource: Wodon (2003)
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
Brazil
Chile
South America
Central America
Secondary Tertiary
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Balance in International Mobility?
Foreign trained physicians: US-- 27%, Australia -- 21.4% , Canada -- 20%, Switzerland 19.1%, 12.6% UK
Overseas trained nurses per year in UK: 1998 -- 3,621, 1999 -- 5945……., 2004 -- 15,064
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, RectorERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29,
2006
Potential actions prioritize internationalization at the political
agenda, and develop a proactive internationalization agenda
aim at balance in exchange of students and knowledge workers by attracting foreign students or skilled nationals from abroad, including from within the region
develop adequate strategies for LA countries to reap the full benefits of the GATS