Post on 08-Aug-2018
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High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
… Lessons learned !
Bottlenecks in Transmission Systems
Large Blackouts World-widePart 1: Reasons & Countermeasures …Part 2: Grid Enhancement with HVDC and FACTS
Dietmar Retzmann
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 2
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Large Blackouts 2003 - Contents
1. Overview
2. The US Blackout - Timeline
3. Bottlenecks in UCTE ?
4. Blackouts in Europe - and some others
5. Blackout Prevention & Grid Enhancement5.0 Introduction5.1 Directing of Power Flow5.2 Avoidance of Loop Flows5.3 Prevention of Voltage Collapse5.4 Large Power Systems – Stability Problems & Solutions5.5 Blackout Prevention – Need of Investments
6. HVDC & FACTS - Summary of Features
Part 1
Part 2
7. Appendix - Documentation
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 3
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
5.and Grid Enhancement
Blackout Prevention
Part 2
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 4
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Power System Enhancement
The Solutions:The Solutions:
Advanced Power Advanced Power ElectronicsElectronics
FACTS FACTS &&HVDCHVDC
5.0 Introduction
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 5
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Challenges for a Solution Provider
Transmission Efficiency ! Power Quality !
System Stability !
Long Lifetime !
Low
Investment
!
The Solutions are: Power Electronics
FACTS
HVDC
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 6
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Initial Conditions in the US Blackout Area: Overloads and Loop Flows
Source: National Transmission Grid Study; U.S. DOE 5/2002 – “Preview”
System Enhancement necessary:
Source: ITC 8/2003 – “Blackout”
Problems only in the synchronous interconnected Systems
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 7
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Load Displacement by Series Compensation
Load Management by HVDC
Short-Circuit Current Limitation for Connection of new Power Plants
The FACTS & HVDC “Application Guide”
SVC & HVDC for Prevention of Voltage Collapse
Elimination of Bottlenecks in Transmission -Prevention of Overloads and Outages
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 8
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Power Transmission: how to use HVDC & FACTS
VV11 VV22
VV11 VV22
Parallel Compensation
XX
XX
Series Compensation
,, δ 1 ,, δ 2
sin (sin (δ 1 - δ 2)
Power-Flow Control
PP
PP ==
G ~ G ~
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 9
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
1st “Session”: Directing of Power Flow
5.1
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 10
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
UCTE: Load-Flow Improvement with FACTS/HVDC
DE CZ
Uncontrolled Load Flow
DE
Power-Flow Controller
CZControl of Load Flow
Benefits:Directing of Load-Flow
Basis for Power Purchase Contracts
Significant Increase of Power TransferSource: PTD
SE PT 1998
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 11
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Benefits of HVDC & FACTS
HVDC & HVDC & FACTS FACTS versus versus Phase Phase Shifting Shifting TransformerTransformer
PTD H 1TM / Re 10-2005 11
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 12
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
HVDC & FACTS versus Phase Shifting Transformer
Designed for Steady-State Conditions:
The principle is Voltage Source Injection
However, Tap-Changing is very slow:5 - 10 s per Tap, in total 1 min or more for a Full-Range Operation
Remedial Action in Emergency Situations:
Reaction Time must be ≤ 100 ms (e.g. for Voltage Collapse)
This requires HVDC or FACTS
Phase Shifting Transformer
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 13
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
2nd “Session”: Avoidance of Loop Flows
5.2
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 14
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
360 km
400 MW
Loads
Loads
3 ~
200 MW
Initial Power Flow: From Grid A to B
A B
Avoidance of Loop Flows by means of Power-Flow Controller
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 15
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Now connecting a new Power Station in B
360 km
400 MW
Loads
Loads
3 ~
200 MW
Power Reversal and Loop Flow
A B
3 ~
200 MW
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 16
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Avoidance of Loop-Flows by means of Power-Flow Controller
360 km
400 MW
Loads
Loads
3 ~
Power- Flow Controller
3 ~
Restoration of the initial Power Flow
200 MW
… quite easy
A B
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 17
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
3rd “Session”: Prevention of Voltage Collapse
5.3
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 18
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
No Support of RecoveryReactive Power or Active Power Injection
Voltage Collapse – with and without additional Measures after System Faults
Voltage remains low Voltage recovers
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 19
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Voltage Collapse - High Motor Loads
During the Fault the Induction Machines Slip increases
This is like a Starting Condition: high Currents 5 x I nominal
High Reactive Power Consumption decreases the Recovery Voltage
Voltage Support is essential
Solutions: SVC + MSC (Option: STATCOM) and HVDC≤However, the required Reaction Time is only 100 ms
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 20
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
A Study Example: SVC Muldersvlei, RSA
No SVC - Voltage Collapseleads to Protection Tripand System Blackout
With SVC - System recovers*
The test Case : AC System with large Induction Machine Loads
Fault Duration: 150 ms*
* In this Simulation (RTDS), both Fault duration & Machine Rating have been selected to “hit” the Stability Limit → “slow Recovery”
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 21
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Voltage Collapse: Understanding the Effects
G ~
XL
Load
0 2
0.5
VP
P (pu)
V (pu) 1
1 3
Post-Fault Condition
Strong Risk of Voltage Collapse
Pre-Fault Condition
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 22
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Voltage Collapse
G ~
XL
Load
XC
XC = 0 XC = 0.5 XL XC = 0.75 XL
0
0.5
V
V (pu) 1
Strong Influence of Series Compensation
2P (pu)
1 3
Improved Post-Fault Conditions for P
Pre-Fault Condition and/or V
P
- Step 1: FSC can help!
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 23
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Voltage Collapse
G ~ Load
XC
0
0.5
HVDC: P-Injection
SVC or HVDC
V
SVC: Q-Injection
Stability Improvement
Pre-Fault Condition
21 3
P
XL
XC = 0.5 XL
P (pu)
V (pu) 1
- Step 2: SVC and HVDC can help!
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 24
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
4th “Session”: Large Power Systems -Stability Problemsand Solutions
5.4
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 25
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Large Synchronous Systems - Risk of Spread of Disturbances
Limitation of Disturbances: Stable Behaviour
Results of Simulation
Reality during Blackout 1996
Increasing Power Oscillations: System is going to collapse
Source: National Transmission Grid Study; U.S. DOE 05-2002
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 26
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Power System Enhancement
SolutionsSolutions
andand
HVDCHVDC
withwith
FACTSFACTS
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 27
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
1st Step: Influence of Series Compensation
VL
V1V2
δ
PPVV11
XXG ~ G ~
,, δ1II
VV22,, δ2
where VV11 = VV22 , δ = δ1 - δ2
V V 22
XXPP == sinsin δ
VC
V1 V2
δwithout Compensation
with Compensation
-- XXCC
Series Compensation
BenefitsReduction of Transmission AngleIncrease of Transmission Capacity
XXCC
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 28
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Variation of the Degree of Series Compensation
0
0.5
P (pu)
δ (pu)90o
1.0
1.5
180o
k = 0k = 0k = 0.2k = 0.2
k = 0.33k = 0.33
V V 22
XXPP == sinsin δ
XXCC = = k k XX
-- XXCC
Stability Limit
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 29
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
The Result - Getting more Power out of the Grid
PP--IncreaseIncrease
δ (pu)45o 90o0
P (pu)
0.5
1.0
δ--ReductionReduction k = 0k = 0
kk--IncreaseIncrease
Stability Limit
The Options for System Stability Planning
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 30
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
2nd Step: Improvement of Voltage Profile with SVC
Load
SVC
230 kV - 300 km
V2V1
Grid
without SVC
with SVC
a) b) c) d)1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
V2
V2N
a) Heavy Load
b) Light Load
c) Outage of 1 Line(at full Load)
d) Load Rejectionat Bus 2
System Conditions:
The maximal Voltage ControlRange depends on: SSVC/SCC
(var. Slope)
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 31
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Power System Enhancement
Use ofUse of
HVDCHVDC
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 32
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
HVDC B2B - Virginia Smith Converter Station
The Task: Interconnection of Separated Grids in USA, Voltage Control and Damping of Power Oscillations - “FACTS-B2B”
115 kV230 kV345 kV
G
U2 U1
δG
West System (2) East System (1)
without HVDC
with HVDCactive H 1TM / Re 10-2005 32
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 33
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
New DC Cable Link Neptune RTS, USA
Customer:
End User:
Location:
Project
Development:
Supplier:
Transmission:
Power rating:
Transmission dist.:
Neptune RTS
Long Island Power
Authority (LIPA)
New Jersey: Sayreville
Long Island: Duffy Avenue
NTP-Date: 07/2005
PAC: 07/2007
Consortium
Siemens / Prysmian
Sea Cable
600/660 MW monopolar
82 km DC Sea Cable
23 km Land Cable
Ed Stern, President of Neptune RTS: “High-Voltage Direct-Current Transmission will play an increasingly important Role, especially as it becomes necessary to tap Energy Reserves whose Sources are far away from the Point of Consumption”
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 34
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
300 MW TNB-EGAT HVDC Interconnection
GURUN HVDC CONVERTER STATION
Source:
“Hotel DC”
Adaptationto the localArchitecture
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 35
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Power System Enhancement
Hybrid Solutions:Hybrid Solutions:
DCDCcombined withcombined with
ACAC
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 36
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
System A
AC double Link 1
1200 MW
AC double Link 2
System B
200 GW Grid A 200 GW Grid B
System Stability: Comparison of AC & HybridInterconnection (Study for 400 kV Grids)
System A System B
AC double Link 2
DC Link 1
1200 MW
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 37
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
AC & Hybrid Interconnection - Test Results
Only AC - System instable after Fault Hybrid AC/DC - System remains stable
AC Link 1
AC Link 2 AC Link 2
DC Link 1
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 38
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
China goes Hybrid: AC plus 20 HVDC Interconnections
Sources: SP China, ICPS - 09/2001; State Grid Corp. China, 2003
In to
tal:
20
HVD
C In
terc
onne
ctio
ns
3 x B2B11 x HVDC Long Distance Transmissions
plus
…
2005: 12 GW2020: 60 GW
and
Russian Power Grid
North Power Grid
Center Power Grid
LanchangjiangRiver
JinshajiangRiver
NWCPG
NCPGWangqu Plant
Yangcheng Plant
NECPG
SPPG
CSPGThree Gorges
ECPG
CCPG
Tailand Power Grid
SCPG
South Power GridHPPG
Gezhouba-ShanghaiTianGuang3G-ECPG IGuiGuang I3G-Guangdong
Initially:
GuiGuang II
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 39
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
HVDC Long Distance Transmission Tian-Guang
Operated by:South China Electric Power JVC (SCEP)
System Data:Rating 1800 MWVoltage +/-500 kVDCThyristor 8 kVLine Length 960 km
BenefitsUse of Clean &Low CostEnergy
Tianshengqiao
Guangzhou Beijiao
The Task: Connection of Hydro Generation to Remote Load Centers
Tian Hydro Station
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 40
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
HVDC Long Distance Transmission Gui-Guang II
C h i n aXingren
Shenzhen
China Southern Power Grid Company
Guizhou-Guangdong ± 500 kV Line II
Xingren-Shenzhen China
Project Acquisition Contract 2005
Chinese Corporations and Siemens
Long DistanceDC OHL
3000 MW bipolar
1125 km
Customer:
Project:
Location:
Project Statuts:
Project Team:
Type of Plant:
Power rating:
Transmiss. Dist.:
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 41
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
5 10 15 200
0
600
900
1200
1500
-600
300
-900
-300
Time (s)Po
wer
flow
in o
ne li
neHu
ishui
-Hec
hi (M
VA)
a
b
Power SystemGuiyang
Nayong
AnshunAnshun
Huishui
Hechi
Lubuge
TSQ-ILuoping
HVDC TSQ
LiudongYantan
TCSC & FSCPingguo
Baise
TSQ-II
Nanning
Yulin
Laibin
Hezhou
Gaomin
Luodong
ZhaoqingConv. Stat.
BeijiaoConv. Stat.
Guangzhou
Wuzhou
TSQ Conv. Stat.
Yunnan
Guangxi
Guizhou
Guangdong
HVDC GuiGuang
China: Benefits of active Damping with HVDC & FACTS in a Hybrid AC-DC System
a – without Power Modulationb – with Power Modulation
of HVDC Controlc – further Improvements with
Pingguo TCSC/FSC
5 10 15 200
0
600
900
1200
1500
-600
300
-900
-300
Time (s)Po
wer
flow
in o
ne li
neHu
ishui
-Hec
hi (M
VA)
a
b
Power Flow in one Line Huishui-Hechi (MW)
AnshunConv. Stat.
Liuzhou
Hydro Power Station Thermal Power Station
Zhaoqing
Beijiao
Zhengcheng
Time / s
Dynamic Results
Guangxi
Pingguo
FSC
ab
c
HVDC Converter Station
TCSC FSC
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 42
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Power System Enhancement
Use ofUse of
FACTSFACTS
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 43
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
FACTS - Application of Series Compensation
Damping of Power OscillationsLoad-Flow ControlMitigation of SSR
Controlled Series Compensation:
Fixed Series Compensation:
Increase of Transmission Capacity
TCSC/TPSCTCSC/TPSC FSCFSCα
~ ~
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 44
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
500 kV TCSC Serra da Mesa, Furnas/Brazil –Essential for Transmission
Current Control Impedance ControlPower OscillationDamping (POD)Mitigation of SSR(Option)
Benefits:o Increase of Transmission Capacityo Improvement of System Stability
Up to 500 PODOperations per dayfor saving the System Stability
A System Outage of 24 h hours would cost 840,000 US $ *
* 25 US $/MWh x 1400 MW x 24 hrs
> + 60 o C
up to 85 o
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 45
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Staged Fault Tests: TCSCs & FSCs, recorded at Serra da Mesa - Furnas/Brazil
PLINE
0 MW
-880 MW
0 Ω
50 Ω
ZTCSC
5s/Div
No TCSC - System instable -Line Trip after 70 s
TCSCTCSC 5 FSCs5 FSCs TCSCTCSC
1000 km Line
PLINE
0 MW
-880 MW
0 Ω
50 Ω
ZTCSC
5s/Div
1 TCSC - System stable
PLINE
0 MW
-880 MW
0 Ω
50 Ω
ZTCSC
5s/Div
2 TCSCs - Redundant Job sharing
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 46
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Europe: UK goes ahead - 27 SVCs in the Grid
Example Harker Substation - 2 parallel SVCs
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 47
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
UK - Benefits of SVC
The Transmission System:
Results of Dynamic System Tests:a) No SVC connectedb) Both SVCs in
Voltage Control Modec) Both SVCs in Power
Oscillation DampingMode
Increase of Transmission Capacity
Prevention of Outages Benefits
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 48
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
5th “Session”: Blackout Prevention –Need of Investments
5.5
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 49
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
The Gap – between Consumption & Investments
Example 1: United States
Power Consumption
Investments
2001
20
0
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
40
Time
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 20001980 2002
Power Consumption
Investments
2001
20
0
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
40
TimeTime
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 20001980 2002
Source: VDN/ETG Fachtagung 10-11 Feb. 2004 Jena, Germany
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 50
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
The Gap – between Consumption & Investments
Example 2: Germany – similar Tendency, just “later” and “smoother”
20
0
60
80
100
120
140
40
Power Consumption
Investments
Time
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
20
0
60
80
100
120
140
40
Power Consumption
Investments
TimeTime
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Source: VDN/ETG Fachtagung 10-11 Feb. 2004 Jena, Germany
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 51
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Financial Consequences of Blackouts
Short Outages for Industrial Customers : 1,000 €/kWh→ very high Costs
Very long Outages (more than 24 hours) for residential Consumers: 5 €/kWh
Outages less than 24 hours for residential Consumers: 1 €/kWh
Note: “Typical” Long Distance Transmission Costs are ≈ 1-2 € Cents/kWh !
They depend on the Type of “Loads”:
Source: EURELECTRIC Task Force Final Report 06-2004
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 52
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
6.Summary of Features
HVDC & FACTS
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 53
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Overview and “Ranking”of the Controllers
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 54
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
FACTS & HVDC – Overview of Functions & “Ranking”
Influence: *
no or lowsmallmediumstrong
HVDC (B2B, LDT)
UPFC(Unified Power Flow Controller)
MSC/R(Mechanically Switched Capacitor / Reactor)SVC (Static Var Compensator)STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator)
Load-Flow Control
Voltage Control: Shunt Compensation
FSC (Fixed Series Compensation)TPSC (Thyristor Protected Series Compensation)TCSC (Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation)
Variation of the Line Impedance: Series Compensation
Voltage QualityStabilityLoad Flow
SchemeDevicesPrincipleImpact on System Performance
* Based on Studies &practical Experience
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 55
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
System Interconnections: The “Extended“ HVDC & FACTS Application Guide
HVDC LDT
B2B - GPFC
FACTS
Barrier
TCSC SVC* SVC* SCCL
Barrier
Risk
Risk of Spread of Voltage Collapse BarrierBarrierRisk
*or STATCOM
SystemA
SystemB
SystemC
SystemE
SystemF
SystemD
VoltagePowerFlow
Control of Limitation of
Faults SCC
PowerSwingDamping
Spread ofVoltage Collapse
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 56
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Large System Interconnections, using HVDCLarge System Interconnections, using HVDC
SystemA
SystemC
SystemE
SystemF
High VoltageHVDC B2B
SystemB System
D
Large System Interconnections: keep them safe by using HVDC & FACTS – in a hybrid Way
SystemG
by using HVDC & FACTS – in a hybrid Way
and FACTS
AC Transmission- via AC Lines
DC plus AC … the Hybrid Extension
DC – the Stability Booster and“Firewall” against “Blackout”
HVDC - Long Distance DC Transmission
& FACTS
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 57
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
PTD H 1TM / Re 10-2005 57
Lessons learned:HVDC and FACTS are essential for Transmission
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 58
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Need for Advanced Transmission Solutions
This isThis is unavoidable unavoidable ... ...
ReductionReductionof Outageof OutageTimes &Times &moremore StabilityStability
BlackoutBlackoutIncreasing Increasing
OscillationsOscillations
If there isIf there is no no HVDCHVDC,, no no FACTS FACTS ......
butbut HVDCHVDC && FACTSFACTS can can support support RecoveryRecovery
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 59
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Intelligent Solutions for Power Transmission
Thank You for your Attention!
… and the Lights will keep shining !
with with HVDCHVDC & &
FACTSFACTS fromfrom
SiemensSiemens
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 60
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
Intelligent Solutions for Power Transmission
Thank You for your Attention!
with with HVDCHVDC & &
FACTSFACTS fromfrom
SiemensSiemens
PTD H 1TM / Re 11-2005 61
High Voltage
Power Transmission and Distribution
HVDC and FACTS – The Advanced Solutions for Transmission Systems
http://www.siemens.com/hvdc-facts-newsletter
http://www.siemens.com/hvdchttp://www.siemens.com/facts
http://www.siemens.com/systemplanning
http://www.ptd-training.com
http://www.netomac.dehttp://www.pti-us.com
Source: UCTE Interim Report 10-27-2003Your Solution Provider
Visit Our Web-Sites
HVDC/ FACTSNewsletter
HVDCFACTSTraining
System Planning
NETOMACPTI – now Siemens
PTD H 1TM / Re 07-2005 61