Post on 18-Feb-2018
7/23/2019 Landform Clasification
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/landform-clasification 1/11
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
Landform Classification for Land Use Planning inDeveloped Areas: An Example in Segovia Province(Central Spain)JSE F MRTDUQUE'JVER EDRMUE ZJS M BDQUEDepatment of Geodymics
Complutense Unversity
C J Antono Novais n
28040 Madid. Spain
DR E DFREYIntemountan Region
USA Foest Service
34 5th Street
Od. Utah 84401. USA
DR M CRRSCDepatment of Eineeri Geology and Mining
Univsity of Castil-La Mancha
C Tecnogico
45071 Tolo. Spain
Developed regions have in common an intense com
petition for land. A high concention of uses and
inastrctures takes place in and around urban areas,
whereas the traditionally extensive agricultural and r
ral zones are more selective and intensive in their ac
tvities. This pressure often entails fast and dramaticchanges n the andscape.
Planners, managers, and politicians have the task of
accommodating the many social needs in these regions,
mainly making decisions conceing those elements
of the environment that can be manipulated (War
rington and others 1989). Allocation of land uses af
fects many of those controllable elements of the env
ronment and may become a key component of decision
of any land use plan
E WDS: L cssfat; Lnd rm maing ; Terran analysis
Physioray ldsca; La plg; v;
Publshed ole Ocobe 20 200uho o whom coesdece should be ddessed joseco@eoucmes
ABSTRACT Laform-based physiographic maps, aso
caled a systems inventois have been widey and suc
cessfuly us in ueveop/rua areas in seveal oca
tions such as Australia the western United States Can
ada, and the British ex-coonies Ths pape presents a
case study of thei application in a developed semi-uba
suburban area (Sovia Spain) fo nd use panning pu
poses The paper focuses in the infomation tansfe pro
cess showing how and use decision-makes such as
govenments pnnes town nages t. can use the
informaton deveoped fom these maps to assist them The
paper also addrsses seveal issues mportant to the deve
opment and use this information such as the goas of
modem physiography the typs of afom-based map
png poducts, the probem of data management in devel
oped areas and the distinctions among data intepeta
tions and decisions
For a workable allocation of land uses, planners and
land managers need to consider infonation om boththe physical and biological components of the environ
ment and from the social and economic situation. Inthis paper we deal with the foner-the land focusing
on its inventoy and evaluation.d evaluatons depend on the purpose of the
planning, but o distinctive characteristics noallyhave to considered in developed areas: limited avail
ability of natural resources and land, and the risks
involved in the high concentration of goods and infrastructures Safety om natural hazards and the protection of natural resources, ecosystems, and landscapes
are, therefore, among the priorities of any landuseplanning and management of developed areas.
o pride input for these evaluations, an inventoymust constrcted to document relevant properties
of indivdual resource elements The inventoy should
carried out to meet the objectives of the evaluation.While the specic objectives of any inventory and eval
uation may vary, there must be eective �way com
munication between the decisionmakers and the sci
entists gathering the infonation. The decisionmaker
7/23/2019 Landform Clasification
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/landform-clasification 2/11
Table Seected refeences descibing andform-based physogaphc cassficatons (n appoximate chronoogca ode)
Land Classications Selected references
American physiographic pioneers (Iandform-based classications atregional scale)
Powell 1895 Salisbury 1907 Fenneman 1917
Birth of the landpe concept (United States) Yeatch 1937The beginning of land classication by aerial photo interpretaion Bourne 1931 Unstead 1933 Milne 1935
(British foresters and soil scientiss)British Geographynitiation of landscape ecology (ntral Europe)
Russian physical geography
Wooldridge 1932 Linton 1951Passarge 19191920 Troll 1950
Vinogradov and others 1962 Solnsev 1962Sochava 1974 Australian CSRO (Commonwealth Scientic and ndustrial Research
Organization) method and dision of the land-stem conceptBritish engineering geology applications (MEXEMiita
Engineering Exrimental Establishmentstem)
Christian 1958 Christan and Stewart 1968Stewart 1968
Beckett and Webster 1969 Brink and others1966 Howard and Mitchell 1980
Other East and Cenral Euroan schools of physical geography andgeomorphology
Neef 1963 Haase 1964 Bertrand 1968 Pecsiand Somogyi 1969
Australian engineering geolog y applications (PUCEpattern, unitcomponent, unitstem)
Aitchison and Grant 1968 Grant and Finlayson1978 Finlayson 1984
RO and PUCE method-based for landscape and environmentalplanning in Australia
ot and rant 1981 Christian 1982Finlayson and Buckland 1987
Land surveys of the nteational nstitute for Aerial Survey and Earth Sciences (TC, Holland)
Books an d repors on land/terrain anal ysis/ evaluationsThe updating of landscape classications and physiography om
Geology in the United States
Van Zuidam and Van Zuidam 1979 Meerink1988 Zonneveld 1989
Way 1973 FAO 1976 Mitchell 1991Godey 1977 odey and Cleaves 1991
Ecological land c lassications in the United States and nada (forforest planning and natural resources management)
Hills 1961 Lacate 1969 Werz and Aold1972 Rowe and Sheard 1981 Bailey 1983Bailey and others 1985 Moss 1985 Avers andothers 1993
needs to articulate the information needed while the
scientist needs to communicate the gathered in
tion in an easily understandable form. This paper shows
how landformbased physiographic classications
which have been used successflly as a basic land inven
tory technique in undeveloped land areas (Table canalso be used to provde usel infomation to managers
of developed areas
Modern Physiography
Physiogaphic clications seek to organize thecomplexity of earth's surce and nearsurce systems
through the denition and delineation of integrated
spatial units at any scale that are ecologically andfnctionally homogeneous They have been also named
landscape" (Mabbut 1968) terrain" (Way 1973,
Mitchell 11), ecological" (for example Bailey andothers 1985) biophysical" (te 1969, Moss 1975),
and phytogeomorphic" (Howard and Mitchell 1980);or refering to the sic tracts of land that they repre
sent, land types" (Veatch 1937) land systems" (Chris
tian 1958 Wertz and Aold 972) and land units"(Zonneveld 1989), among others
Physiographic classications and maps adapt well to
hierarchical arrangements which facilitates their correlation with and application to dierent scales of plan
ning and decision-making (Fgure om general infoation t e ete ec eete le
incorporating the criteria of the more generalizedlevel. This feature enables the eective transfer of infonation from one level of planning to another
Physiographic classications have been used mostcommonly as reconnaissance techniques for integrating infonation om a wide variety of sources and forlarge geographic ares for which environmental infor
mation either lacking or decient (Le undeveloped and rural areas) However the validi of physiographic landform-bsed inventories in developedareas or industrialized countries requires veriable ex
amples Because of the intense competition for theland in developed areasand consequent changes inland usephysiographic inventories in this ame work now require moredetailed units than those com
monly used in the past in undeveloped areas
7/23/2019 Landform Clasification
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/landform-clasification 3/11
1
!
1
I
Ii !
I
I•
!
r r
!. I •.
" \ " 8� <
il
I1
nj f ."·h
! l
•. ;,l ,.
' I
. •
· , 1 t1
.'il
,
'l; lj I . .
I� ! , l'! , § tl� 1
.
� i , lf! I,
Hn
p
�J
I
'
l
2
"
-0�
2i 1 3
S
�
:� tl·)i;,g§J �
I''I
l
"
'
·
I
.
,
1
.
l
�
!
J
j
"
d
r
a
�
j nt p-P�
1
j
t
_
:
g
, Si g jd�
tH
�" � -]BU 4}!
H:
i : ' l �:
- � • ",< . < 10 1 .�' -H i
1t
!
�
'
n'' 'ts].·"
S
Ii
t' � • '
"
�1
o
.f
J
il " :
n
l
-
,
1
I
o �"hl]Hs
q�t] tin;"Sp H� JHl ;iv�]·pl!cB lt.o<
1
c,
!n"Fb
.
- p � "!-H !,H �d o-
tIJ1 r; ,i!fe]
le', . � ' 2 ' InP
l
-
�
i
U
.
�
g
j
"
;
a
H
h
J
P
l
o�
F
;
8
t
i
n
,
p
s
8
.1
y
:
�
l
H
i
,
h � �, 1 � 1 fH1q"1
-
,
-
1 0 - - _0., '1- .
• .
;:1 " .�
l
�
P
2
,�
1
"
J
·
-
.
i
<
'
l
-
.
,
1
n
i
l
•
g.O !" t . ; t ; � •
7/23/2019 Landform Clasification
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/landform-clasification 4/11
Producing Landform Maps: The Problem of
Data Management
Developed and undeveloped regions present twodistinct sets of problems for landform-based physiographic classication. In undeveloped regions, themain problem is the lack of previous information. Information is oen acquired by means of aerial photointerpretation and satellite image classication hichneed eld suveys to check the interpretations. In de
veloped regions, hoever, the problem is generally notthe lack of infonation but rather the opposite. Theamount of information available about the landformsand the land can be ovehelming. Hoever this information is often agmented, dispersed, not updated,not useful for land management heterogeneous andexpressed in ver dierent formats. Therefore theproblem of data management in developed areas, forlandforms or for any other component of the land hasreplaced that of data acquisition (Mitchell 99). Landform and physiographic units in these developed regions can seve as a ver eective and ecient means ofcataloguing and sorting previously acquired information
Distinction Among Data, Interpretations, and
Decisions
Decisionmakers need t o understand and distinguishthe types of input they receive om scientists researchers or technicians ho conduct the inventories andinvestigations. This input can take the form of datainterpretive models information etc Denitions ofthese inputs have been synthesized as follos by War
rington (998 pp -): () inventor dataindividual tin rin t qiitin; () intrprttionsprojected responses for individual resources;and (3) management inationintegration of mu1-tiple resource responses. Regarding landforms examples of inventoy data could be stream lo slope of alandform, soil depth, or land elevation. Examples ofinterpretations refer to the relationship between acause and an eect or the relationships of a ct to anissue problem or conce; e.g. hen ater is added tothis soil type it sells and expands, slopes developed onthis rock type are generally unstable, or eathering ofthis limestone produces collapse sin hen exposed
near the surce. example of management information could be the location of a proposed structure inrelation to the year loodplain.
Lastly a decision" is the selection of a course ofaction ith the knoledge of the consequences for
example accommodating a loss in one area to gain abenet in another
Eample of Application: The Case of Segovia
Spain
The Segovia and Surroundings Land Use PlanningGuidelines (SSLPG) constitute a territorial plan at thesubprovincial level for the area that surrounds the city
of Segovia Spain. This area located in the southeportion of the Castilla y Len Region (formerly OldCastile) in the center of the Iberian Peninsula northof Madrid (Figure ) Situated in the southest portionof Segovia Prince the area includes municipalitiesand almost 0 k covering portions of the northslope of the Guadarrama Mountains its Piedmont anda southe portion of the Douro Basin. The Guadarrama Mountains, a range of the Spanish Central Sytem, form the hydrographic divide beteen the ouroand Tagus rivers and the boundary beteen the Cstilla y n and Madrid regions. The northe GuadarramaPiedmont is a rock plain of the Iberian Mssif that
surrounds the mountainous area of Guadarrama TheDouro Basin constitutes a high plain of sedimentaryterrain almost completely surrounded by mountains.
The SSLPG is directed by two las that are theameork of the land use regulations in the Castilla yLen Region: the 0/8 Act, for Territorial Planning; and the 5/9 Act, for Urban Planning
Article 5 of the 0/998 Act created an instmentcalled planning guidelines, ith subregional application. The rst planning guidelines in Castilla y Len ere enacted for the area surrounding the region'scapital Valladolid The second area chosen for enact
ing the planning guidelines surrounds gia citySegovia chosen because the ci and its surrounding territor are characterized by the highest rate ofurban spreading of the region because of its proximityto metropolitan Madrid The area also hs a high eclogical and scenic diversi and a remarkable historicand cultural heritage.
Physgaphc Appach in he SS
The Castilla y Len Planning Guidelines ameork(0/998 Act, Paagraph ..f.) requires the establishment of criteria and rules for the protection of thenatural and cultural resources their hanonization
ith the economic and urban development the delineation of areas of protection and the completion oland use plans
To reach these goals three specic objectives arecalled for by the guidelines: () characterization of the
7/23/2019 Landform Clasification
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/landform-clasification 5/11
- -
ation of the area studied fo the govia nd U Plan (spide web patte). mls AI -O and AI identithe main rds in the aea A highwa main Toad)
phsiographic setng at the regional leve, for broadenvironmen poicy and land se guidelines; (2) def
initon and characteriaon of homogeneous landscape domains, which would seve as the phsical setng to which the environmental managementguideines would refer in considering ture delopments (prioriy setting; and 3 prsion of management informaon (at the semidetailed lel of a1:25, ae for estabishing land se regulaons for
lal (municil planning, for the protection of spe
cic ecostems and scenic resources, and the minimition of nara hazrds. These oqeves meant hatthe classication stem had to mupurpose, comprehensive and hierarchical to allow for decisions atsevera ales. For these reasons, we foowed a andfo-based phsiographic apprch.
ndm Mppng a Sng n
A 1and cassicaons are human constcts sedon specic purposes and must be measured b theirpractcal utii The classication used in the LPG is
not intended to suibe for al purpes It is just aamework for building, communicating, and transfer
ring management infonation b srng with andfo mapping. Within this conceptual and stiaamework, th descrip and interpretative information can progressive aregated, om landform/geoenvronmenta, to ecoogica, to andscape
Lnd nd ndm D Mngemen
The LPG is a go iusation of the problems
encountered in producing information for applied pur
poses a deveoped area that has en well sudied for
academic and other purpes. When the studies for the
LPG gan, geomorphologic informaon aut this
region abundant: the whole area cered b
1:1, geomorphologic ma; rthermore, numer
ous theses, scientic pers, maps, published repors,
and other duments also provided deied informa
on aut the andfos this area However, thisabundance of cartographic and wrien reports had
en deoped using dierent methods and scales of
mapping Further, this wth of information genera
pruced for reasons other than and se panningapplications Therefore, new landfom and phsi
ographic ma had to pruced and new dabases
had to constructed that were tailored to the objec
ves of the pan.
The basic vehice for gathering the informaon
was the mapping of andform ypes at a 1:25,000
scale This was accompished primaril through aer
ia photo interpretation and ed srves. B combining andform pes, andfon domains were obined.
Gomorphic regions were in tu obined b associa
tion of landform domains Tabes 3 show the cassi
caon system
7/23/2019 Landform Clasification
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/landform-clasification 6/11
Table Heacca andm casscan f e SSG land nveny.
Level 1 Geomorphic regons Level 2 Landform domains Level 3 Landform pes
. Guadarrama Mountains Mountains SummisB, Mountains Slopes
to 62 see Table 3
C Seconda Mountain Ranges1 Northe Guadarrama Piedmont D Piedmont
E nterior ValleysF, Cuestas and Mesas
Douro Basin Plains G Rolling PlainsH Flat Plains
Sandy Plainsj Floodplains Small Massi
Rna Scae, hysgaphc Seng, and Gphc Regns
Three geomorphic regions comprise the physiographic setting of the LPG: Guadarrama Moun
tains Northe Guadarrama Piedmont and Douro Basin Plains (Figre 3)
These geomorphic regions seved as the basis for
dening natural regions, after the physical and biological environment within each unit were characterized.This level of the hierarchy constitutes the regional scale
at which broad policy decisions on the use of landaccording to integrated land units-can be made. Forexample as a consequence of this type of policy decision the Guadarama Mountains natural region is cur
rently being evaluated as a potential national park. ThePiedmont regional planning focuses on both urban andinfastrcure organization and the Douro Basin Plainsregion is undergoing agroenvronmental plans andgroundwater protection guidelines.
Su egna Scae Envnmena anagemen Gudenes, and andm Dmans
ndfom domains (Figure 4), by denition, are both subdivisions of natural regions and associations oflandfom types. Landform domains are dened specically from a geomorphologic basis, so that they arehighly homogeneous with respect to bedrock, topography hydrologic conditions and soil associations. Theseunits are also characterized by vey similar vegetationland use pattes historical use and environmental
diagnosis. When this information is added to the land fom boundaies they become landscape domains.
ndscape domains in the LPG classication seve asthe physical setting for environmental managementgidelines related to ture territorial development.
Ths s really the level at which the plan pursues an
envionmental management approach seeking pat
tes of land use adapted to the characteristics of theexisting environment.
uncpa Sce, and anagemen and andm
ypes
The decisionmaking objectives at this level are theestablishment of land use guidelines and regulations
stated by the regional govement for local and municipal planning. Reduction of natural hazards and
preseation of singular ecosystems and scenery were
the main goals of the G at this level. These goalswere set by the 5/9 Urban Planning Act of Castillay Len, which established the need for dening a specic land category designated as "not for buildingslo stio because of its natural values or hazards.
Landform pes were the mapping units for gather
ing and representing infomation needed at this level.A total of 63 landform types (Table 3) were mapped
and described.
Figure 5 shows the scheme of organizing and transeing physiogaphic infomaon a his level by usinglandform maps as a starting point. t should notedthat the geoenvronmental ecological and landscape
nature of the information (both descriptive and interpretative) are dierentiated. This is important as thedistinction among landform ecological and landscapeclassications descriptions and interpretations andtheir maps is not always oious in the literature. The
proposed schema shows the low of infomation. t alsoincorporates and maintains the distinction among data
(inventoy) interpretations management informatonand decisions.
Landfon type descriptions and interpretations f�cus on aspects related to the objectives of landprotec
tion goals of the G at this level, addressing the
needs for municipal guidelines planning. The follo
ing paragraphs gve examples of some geoenvronmen
7/23/2019 Landform Clasification
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/landform-clasification 7/11
Tabe andfrm types (nal nymc nameswhen avaable)
svsgss slps2gt slps p3tt ggs (trent4 gct cqs/vt hlls5gssgt cllvm6sp bs psts7tls slps (pas8 pt bgs
mslsl/slmp pststt lpls12bl ls (b)13sp mt chs14llvl psts15th v llvl psts6mt psss 17mt smmts (plas8sc mt vs1hgh pt bgs 20mt klls wb21gss scs22gss llg scs23cky slpl24pmt hlls ca, )
25cky gs (ta26gt/gss ggs gaa27mx llvlllvl psts28pmt lls (nav2llvl pmt s (mi)30llg lmst t31lmst ms (last32lmst csts (lastms33slc s shl slps34lmst cys (hnos, 35cllvl lmst psts36slcs llg t aak37llvl vlly ll psts38ksc pl pls (3ksc hll cls40ksc pls (llanua
41slt lt pls (Unuas42b llys slps43gll slps (cdavas44ksc csts45ksc slps scps46sy cllvl psts47pt ps (labajs48llvl stm bs4smll ksc hlls 50cllvl hll cls5tc scps52hgh lvl tcs53llvl l pls (54llvl tc psts55 s a756s shts area57slt slpls paak58slt scs pak5gss gs60gtc ts ()61gtc scps62l ls /und
l interpretations that re made at the local (munic
ipal) level.
1. tl Landform type polygons display
areas of similar geologic processes and rates for exam
ple ooding mass movement and soil erion.
Natural hazard assessments were made for individual
landform units where possible. Hazard consists of the
probability that a specic harmfl process will occur in
a given area. This w done by determining both the
processes acting on that landform unit and the rate or frequency of events driving the process. The degree of
condence also supplied by determining the reli
ability of the data. Examples for indiidual landform
units are
. Landform type IID28 piedmont lowlands is su
ject to seasonal lointensity oods which represents a constraint for housing farming and indus
trial development.
2. Landform type IIIK23 rocky slopelands shows
active soil erosion by running water due to orgrazing with rates ranging from to 1.8 mm/yr
(19-31 t/ha/year) determined by using dendrchronological analysis of exposed tree roots
3. Landform type IIF33 silica sand and shale slopes
shows high natural slope instability with frequent
landslides throughout. Historical data suggest that
these slopes in the regions around gia have
up to a 1% probability per year of iling. Exam
ples of slumps aecting buildings and roads are
equent all over the Segovia area.
4. Landform type III53 alluvial oodplains under
goes recurrent oods after heay rains caused by
autumn convective storms and winter fronl pre
cipitation events data gathered from each specicoodpln llod the evluaton of the eurrence
periods of these events for each ood plain.
The description of the nature and ates of thesenatural hazards then can be combined with a knowl
edge of existing and planned developments to produce
a risk assessment using the UNCO formula of naturl
risks (UNCO 1972). This combines the assessment of
a hazard with an assessment of the values or develments that a hazard could impact. Items to consider
include whether a hazard could impact human lifesuch as a housing development or school or a compar
ison of developments such as an open park versus anoce that produces and maintains highvalue unique
information. While the probability of a hazard should
remain relatively constant under consnt conditions
such as climate the level of risk increases if highvalue
7/23/2019 Landform Clasification
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/landform-clasification 8/11
GEOMORPHIC REGIONS
,
.
.
� J " \
" ,-_. L\
'
'
f><
r�' .
-�
Fg Mp gmphc gns
Fg 4 Mp lnm mns
N
>\
,
"
.
1;
.
=
N
developments are permitted to move into the hardzone Planning can avoid this increased risk.
2 i ndform types were assessed accordingto their potential for educational and scientic pur
pes and tourist and recreational purposes In thepast designation of sites for educational or recreational
purposes has been done mainly on a political or emtional basis rather than on an objective or scienticsis We followed a systematic approach that uses in-
NDFORM DOINS
trinsic and extrinsic value criteria. These criteria in
clude: rareness number of publications about the siteunder evaluation (as a measure of the availability of
research/knowledge) diversity of elements of interest
within the landform total area association with otherelements of the environment (archaeological historic
ethnographic ora fauna scenery) diversity o f psible activities withi n the landform accessibility proim
ity to towns or cities degree of presevation and num
7/23/2019 Landform Clasification
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/landform-clasification 9/11
a. aab
t U
r1o
H MCI
�.
_
.
.
-
--
EO t(ClI
.
CI_
'S ;
:
- .
acI
-
. • CI
• )a0 t
;
:
.hac
a
(1)J r ."�
vp-i _T±. �
Fg 5 ps systm biling n tnsing ln mngmnt inmtin t th mniipl lvl, stting mlnm mpping
ber of inhabitants in the surrounding area (Cendrero196. Within the LPG area, examples of landformtypes that provide opportunities for scientic andbrd environmenl education are: I-A4 (glaciated cirques and II-F-62 (karstic dolines. Examples of land form types that provide high potential for tourist and recreational purposes are IIF-34 (limestone canyons and IID2 (houlder elds Following the same crite ria small-size features such as springs terlls pot holes, ponds, were also mapped and evaluated These were represented by a point on 25,0 scale maps.
3 sl htsti Elements of the geoen vironment that need to be protected or watched out for were identied (e.g . landforms that are aquiferre charge areas such as II-F-30, II-F-3, IIF-32; see bles
23.
GIS hysaphc Daa anagemen he SSG
The landform type maps, originally produced in
analog format at a scale of 25,0, were digitized vector format. ndform types were identied by a
three-part code. The rst part (a Roman numeral
refers to geomorphic region the second (a capil
letter refers to the landfor mdomain, and the third (an
Arabic numeral refers to the landform type Thus,
-82, for example, represents the Gnite Slopes type of the Mounin Slopes domain of the Guadarrama
Mounins region This system allows one to produce automatically any of the three levels of the land classi
cation scheme.
While digil information can be represented and
plotted at any scale, landform types show their opti-
7/23/2019 Landform Clasification
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/landform-clasification 10/11
mum output a 1:0, landfon domains at0 and geomorphic regions at 10,0.
Both descriptions and interpretations at all three levels (geomorphic region, landfon domain, and landform type) were included in relational databases
tied to the vector data. This created a specic physi ographic infonation system for the SSLPG plan and allowed the production of specic maps for any one of
the interpreted characteristics (natural hazards, out standing scenic landfon, etc) and the easy transfer ofthis infonation, via Inteet or CD-ROM, to the 71 municipalities that constitute the SSLPG plan
Concusions
The example of the govia Plan shows a procedure
for building and transferring natural resource infona
tion, based on landfon maps, for land use planning purposes The classication system is hierarchical and purposel for the three levels considered
In the example described, landfon-based classictions and interpretations provided infonation to man
agement and assisted planners, enabling them to make decisions conceing the social needs of the area. TheSegovia case study proides a scheme for organizing and transferring landfon-based physiographic infor
mation that might be usel for others to follow when facing similar situations, as it can be easily adapted to
other circumstances
Acknowedgments
We are gratefl for a protable collaration withthe Urban Planning Institute of the Universit of Vall
adolid (Technical School of Architecture, Castilla y
Len) and the INZAMAC company, both organizations in charge of the elaboration of the SSLPG The role of landscape mapping in environmental management in
central Spain undertaken within the RE22 01361 research project of the Spanish DGI (M)
The authors also acknowledge Drs G. E. Warrington,M. P Prisloe, and an anonymous reviewer for the revi
sion of the original manuscript. inally, we greatly ap preciate the help of Marie Godey for editing the text
References
Aitchison, G D, and Grant1968
Terrain evaluaion orengineering Pages 125-146 i G A Stewart Eds, Landevaluation ROUNESCO Symsium, Macmillan o
Australia, Melboue
ot R H, and Grant 1981 The application o a methodo terrain analysis to unctional landcapabili aessment
and aeshetic landsca appreciation Laca aig8:269-300
Avers, P E, D T Cleand, W H McNab, M E Jensen, R GBailey, T ing, C B Goudey and W E Rusell 1993National hierarchical amework o ecological unis Unpublished Administrative Paper USDA Forest Sevice,Washington, DC, 21 pp
Bailey, R G 1983 Delineation o ecostem regions Evi-Ial Ma 4365373
Bailey, R G, S C Zoltai, and E B Wiken 1985 Ecological
regionalization in Canada and the United States fOm163265275
Beckett, P H T, an d R Webster 1969 A review o studies onterrain evaluation the OordMEXEmbridge group,191969 Report 1123 Military Engineering Eperimental Establishment MEXE), Christchurch, Hans, 36 pp
Bertrand, G 1968 Paysage et gographie physique globale;esquisse mthodologique Geaphiqu u Su-O 35249272
Bourne, R 1931 Regional survey a nd is relation stocktaking o the agricultural and orest resources o the British Empire Oxord Forest Memoirs 13 Clarendon Press,Oxord" 169 pp
Brink, B A,J A Mabbutt, R Weter, and P H T Beckett
1966 Report o the working group o land claicationand data storage Report 940 Military Engineering Erimental Establishment MEXE), Christchurch, Hants, UK
Cendrero, A 16 Propuesta sobre criterios para la clasicacin y catalogacin del patrimonio geol6gico Pages2938 i El Patrimonio Geol6gico MOMA, Madrid
Christian, C S 1958 The concept o land units and landsystems i of th Nith Pacic i CsVol 2074811957
Christian, C S 1982 The Australian approach to environmental mapping Pages 298316 i F C Whitmore, andM E Williams, Eds Resources or the twentyrst centuryProessional Par 1193. US Geological Survey, Washington, DC
Christian, C S, and G A Stewart 1968 Methodology ointegrated suveys Proceedings o the Unesco conerenceon aerial suveys and integrated studies, Toulouse 1964Paris, pp 233280
Fenneman, N M 1917 Phiographic divisions o the UnitedStates Aa of th Aiatio A Gaph6198
Finlayson, 1984 Land surce eval uation or engineeringpractise; applications o the Australian PUCE system orterrain analysis Th Qa Joual Eirg 172:149-158
Finlaon, A, and J Buckland 1987 The use o terrainevaluation or urban and regional planning Pages 6778 iPGD Whiteside, Eds The role o geology in urban development Bulletin 3 Geological Socie o Hong ong,Hong ong
FAO (Food and griculture Organisation) 1976 A rame work or land evaluation Soils Bull etin 32 FAO, Rome, 80pp
7/23/2019 Landform Clasification
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/landform-clasification 11/11
y A E. 1977 A physigphic ppch t ln splnning 1!irtal G 24350
Gy, A E, n E . Clvs 1. Lnscp nlysisthticl cnsitins n pcticl ns
tal Gk ad Wat " 7241155
Gnt, K n Finlysn. A A 1978 h pplictin tin nlysis t bn n ginl plnning cings th III Inttinl Cngss th Inttinl
Asscitin Engining Glgy, 48 Sptmb 978,is, pp 791.
Hs, G. 1964 Lnschtskgisch tilntschngn ntmlich gling Ptma GaphichMiUilug 108830.
Hills G A 1961 h clgicl bsis ntl scsmngmnt h clgicl bsis ln s plnning Onti Dptmnt Lns n Fsts, nt, pp849
H,] A, n C W Mitchll 1980 hytgmphicclssictin th lnscp. fm 1 85106
ct, D. S. 1969 Gilins biphysicl ln clssictin blictin 264 Dptmnt Fishis n Fst, Cnin Fst Sic, Ott, 58 pp
intn, D L 195. h limittin mphlgicl gins gs 199218 i L D Stmp, n S W Wlig, Es. nn ssys in ggphy. Lngmn,
Lnn
Mbbtt,] A 1968 Rvi cncpts ln clssictin.gs 127 i G A Stt Es, Ln vltin Mcmilln Astli, Mlbn
Mjink, A M]. 1988 Dt cqisitin n t cptthgh tin mpping nits ul 234
Miln, G 1935. Sm sggst nits clssctin nmpping, pticlly st icn sils il &ah43831.
Mitchll, C W 991. in ltin, 2n Lngmn,Lnn 44
Mss, M R 1975 Biphysicl ln clssictin schms vi thi lvnc n pplicbili t gicltlvlpmnt in th hmi tpicsul vimtalMa�t 3287307
Mss, M. R. 1985. Ln pcsss n ln clssictin.ul of vimtal Mant 2029 39.
N, E. 1963. plgisch n chnlgisch bits isn in lnschtsschng. P a phich Mitilug 1074249259
ssg, S. 19191920 Di Gnlgn Ln schtskn Fiischn t Cl, Hmbg
csi, M, n S Smgyi 19 Sbivisins n ssictin th physigphic lnscps n gmphlgicl gins Hng. gs 724 i B Slvi, EsRsch pblms in Hngin ppli ggphy Akmiiki, Bpst
ll, W. 895. hysigphic gins th Unit Stts atial Gaph Maph 1365100
R,J S., n] W Sh 1981. Eclgicl ln clssictin; svy ppch. vital Ma' t55451464
Slisb, R 1907. hysigphy. Hny Hlt, N Yk770.
Schv, V. B 1974 Ds systmpigm in th ggphiPtm" aphich Mittiu 861166
Slntsv, N A 962 Bsic pblms in svit lnscp scinc t Gaphy, ad Tlat 3635
Stt, G A 1968 Ln vltin Mcmilln Astli,
Mlbn 392 ll, C 1950 Di ggphisch lnscht n ih
schng Stim gnl 3, 4/5 SpingVlg, Blin16"18.
UNESCO 972 Rpt cnsltiv mting xpts nth sttisticl sty ntl hzs n thi cns qncs SC/WS/500, UNESCO, is
Unst,] F 933 A systm ginl ggphic. Gap18175187.
Vn Zim, R A., n F I Vn Zim 1979 innlysis n clssictin sng il phtgphs; g
mphlgicl ppch; chpt 6 C txtbk phtintpttin. Vl V Us il tctin in gmphlgy n ggphicl lnscp nlysis C,
Ensch, 305 pp
Vtch,] O 1937. h i th ntl ln typ i oth Soil ca 2499503
Vingv, B V., Gnchk, A G Ischnk, GRmn, n Y. N slchk 1962 Bsic pincipls ln scp mpping Sovit Gaphy, ad Tlati361520
Wingtn, G E, S G Ln, D Ms, C Osn, W ERssll, E. Stt 989 h ns th ss sil svy inmtin libility n mths psnttincings Ntinl Cptiv Sil Svy Cnnc, 2428 Jly 1989, Lincln, Nbsk, pp. 93129
Wingtn, G. E 1998 Ogniing inmtin ntl
sc mngmn htt://w.//mifht
Wts, R S 958 Mphlgicl mpping Gap43107
Wy, D S 973 in nlysis; gi t sit slctinsing il phtgphic intpttin Dn, Htchi
sn n Rss, Stsbg 392
Wz, W A n] A l 1972 Ln systms invntyUSDA Fst Svic, Intmntin Rgin, Ogn, Uth,12 pp
Wlig, S W 932 h cycl sin n th p snttin li Stth Gaphal Mazi 483036.
Znnvl, I S 1989 h ln nit nmntl cncptin lnscp clgy, n its pplictins cap 32 :6786