TOOPERATIVE NATIONAL PARK RESOURCES STUDIES UNIT

UNIVERSIW OF HAWAII AT MANOA

Department of Botany

Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

Clifford W. Smith, Unit Director Associate Professor of Botany

CPSU/UH Avian History Report 6B HISTORY OF ENDEMIC HAWAIIAN BIRDS

Part I. POPULATION HISTORIES--SPECIES ACCOUNTS Forest Birds: Hawaiian Raven/Crow lala) la)

Winston E. Banko and Paul C. Banko

Winston E. Banko Research Associate

Hawaii Field Research Center Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

Hawaii 96718

Paul C. Banko College of Forest Resources University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195

June 1980

UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Contract No. CX 8000 8 0012

Contribution Number CPSU/UH 026/12

ABSTRACT

Corvus t r o p i c u s i s a medium-sized, b r o w n i s h - b l a c k , r o b u s t -

b i l l e d r aven /c row endemic t o t h e i s l a n d o f Hawai ' i. Very l i t t l e

i s known of i t s d i s t r i b u t i o n and r e l a t i v e abundance d u r i n g t h e

f i r s t 100 y e a r s a f t e r d i s c o v e r y o f t h e s p e c i e s d u r i n g t h e voyage

o f C a p t a i n James Cook i n 1778 . O b s e r v a t i o n s and c o l l e c t i o n o f

s p e c i m e n s f rom 1887 t o 1 9 0 2 i n d i c a t e t h a t ' A l a l z w e r e common t o

a b u n d a n t l o c a l l y i n Kona and Ka'G d i s t r i c t s , b e i n g found c h i e f l y

i n f o r e s t s f rom 1700 t o more t h a n 3000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n and con-

s p i c u o u s l y a b s e n t e l s e w h e r e . Today, however , t h e b i r d is con-

s i d e r e d r a r e and i n d a n g e r o f e x t i r p a t i o n . D i s t r i b u t i o n a l

r e c o r d s a r e shown by U . S. G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y q u a d r a n g l e . Ref-

e r e n c e s and names o f o b s e r v e r s a r e c i t e d . C o m p l e t e n e s s o f d a t a ,

b i a s , e r r o n e o u s and d o u b t f u l r e c o r d s a r e a d d r e s s e d . F i n d i n g s a r e

summarized. T h e r e is a n e x t e n s i v e d i s c u s s i o n o n ' n e s t i n g . Few

and w i d e l y s c a t t e r e d b r e e d i n g g r o u p s , a p p a r e n t low s u r v i v a l o f

f l e d g l i n g s and immatu re s , and u n p r e c e d e n t e d w a n d e r i n g d u r i n g t h e

c o n t e m p o r a r y p e r i o d a l l s u g g e s t c o n t i n u i n g d e p o p u l a t i o n . C a p t i v e

b r e e d i n g f o r r e i n t r o d u c t i o n i n t o r e s t o r e d h a b i t a t s is t h e mos t

o b v i o u s r e m a i n i n g hope o f p r e s e r v i n g a s e l f - s u s t a i n i n g w i l d

p o p u l a t i o n .

TABLE OF CONTENTS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L I S T O F F I G U R E S .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. C o r v u s t r o p i c u s

OBSERVATIONS, REPORTS, AND SPECIMEN RECORDS. . . . . . E a r l y S t a t u s and D i s t r i b u t i o n ( 1 7 7 8 - 1 8 8 6 ) . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . L a t e r A c c o u n t s (1887-1909)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kona D i s t r i c t . . . . . . . . . . . Ka'E D i s t r i c t (1887-1909) . . Hawaii V o l c a n o e s N a t i o n a l P a r k ( 1 8 8 7 - 1 9 0 9 ) .

O b s e r v a t i o n s b y L i f e - l o n g R e s i d e n t s and O t h e r s (1910 -1939) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kona D i s t r i c t . . . . . . . . . . . KalE D i s t r i c t (1910-1939) . . Hawaii V o l c a n o e s N a t i o n a l P a r k (1910 -1939) .

R e p o r t s and E a r l y S u r v e y s (1940-1966.) . . . . . . . Kona D i s t r i c t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ka'E D i s t r i c t (1940-1966) . . Hawaii V o l c a n o e s N a t i o n a l P a r k ( 1 9 4 0 - 1 9 6 6 ) .

Con tempora ry O b s e r v a t i o n s (1967 -1978) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kona D i s t r i c t (1967-1978) . . . . . . . . . . . ~ a ' c D i s t r i c t (1967-1978)

Hawaii V o l c a n o e s N a t i o n a l P a r k (1967 -1978) . . . E x t r a - l i m i t a l O b s e r v a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . K o h a l a D i s t r i c t . . . . . . . . . . Kona and K a 1 5 D i s t r i c t s . . . . . . Hawaii V o l c a n o e s N a t i o n a l P a r k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ i l a u e a D i s t r i c t . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mauna Kea D i s t r i c t .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maui.

F r e q u e n c y and S e a s o n o f E x t r a - l i m i t a l S i g h t i n g s . .

TABLE OF CONTENTS ( C o n t i n u e d )

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I n t r o d u c t i o n

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N e s t i n g R e c o r d s .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K o n a D i s t r i c t

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P u l u a n a h u l u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P u l u w a l a w a l a R a n c h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H u a l z l a i R a n c h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P a l a n i R a n c h . . . . H E n a u n a u F o r e s t R e s e r v e ( G a s p a r s ~ a i r y ) M c C a n d l e s s R a n c h ( K e Z l i a 1, 2 and H o l o k e n a ) .

. . . . . . . . . . . S i z e of B r e e d i n g P o p u l a t i o n .

N e s t i n g R e s u l t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E l e v a t i o n a l R a n g e of N e s t s . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S i t e Selec t ion .

. . . . . . . . Seasonal P a r a m e t e r s of N e s t i n g .

N e s t i n g Success . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O b s e r v e r I n f l u e n c e on N e s t i n g S u c c e s s . . . . . C l u t c h - s i z e , H a t c h i n g , and F l e d g i n g Success . .

S u r v i v a l of F l e d g l i n g s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F l e d g l i n g Sa lvage - C a p t i v e B r e e d i n g . . . . . . . T o t a l P o p u l a t i o n S i z e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . GEOGRAPHICAL D I S T R I B U T I O N OF RECORDS

CHRONOLOGICAL D I S T R I B U T I O N OF RECORDS. . . . . . . . . COMPLETENESS OF DATA, B I A S , . . . . . . . . . . . ERRONEOUS AND DOUBTFUL RECORDS.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CONCLUSIONS.

O B S E R V E R S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

REFERENCES C I T E D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U N P U B L I S H E D S O U R C E S C I T E D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A P P E N D I X I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF TABLES

T a b l e

1. Summary r e s u l t s o f n e s t i n g , 1964-1978 . . . . . . . . 26

2. N e s t i n g s u c c e s s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

3. C l u t c h - s i z e , i n c u b a t i o n , and n e s t l i n g p e r i o d of Corvus . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

. . . . . 4 . P o s t - r e l e a s e s i g h t i n g s o f banded f l e d g l i n g s 37

5. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f 617 ' ~ l a l s r e c o r d s by decade . . . . . 42

LIST OF FIGURES

F i g u r e

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f o b s e r v a t i o n s , r e p o r t s , -

and museum r e c o r d s of Corvus t r o i c u s , . . . . p e r q u a d r a n g l e , on 1s1- e 7 8 - 1 9 7 8 . 43

2. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f o b s e r v a t i o n s , r e p o r t s , and museum r e c o r d s o f Corvus t r o p i c u s , . . . p e r q u a d r a n g l e , on I s l a n d o f Hawai ' i , 1778-1978 44

2 . Corvus t r o p i c u s 'A l a l z o r Hawa i i an Raven/Crow

W i n s t o n E. Banko and P a u l C . Banko

The ' ~ l a l g is a medium-sized , b r o w n i s h - b l a c k , r o b u s t - b i l l e d r aven / c row endemic t o t h e i s l a n d o f H a w a i ' i . A u t h o r i t i e s d i f f e r on t h e c o r r e c t s c i e n t i f i c name o f t h e 'Ala lz . B r y a n and Greenway ( 1 9 4 4 ) and S t r e s e m a n n ( 1 9 5 0 ) d e t e r m i n e d i t t o b e C o r v u s h a w a i i - e n s i s b u t l a t e r a u t h o r s (Amadon 1 9 5 0 ; B e r g e r 1 9 7 2 ) u s e C. t r o p - i c u s w i t h o u t g i v i n g a r a t i o n a l e . Mayr and S h o r t ( 1 9 7 0 ) s t a t e d - t h a t C o r v u s t r o p i c u s a p p e a r e d t o b e d e r i v e d f rom C. c o r a x , t h e Common Raven o f N o r t h Amer ica . Henshaw ( 1 9 0 2 ) , ~ e r x i n s ( l g O 3 ) , and Munro ( 1 9 4 4 ) p r o v i d e f i r s t - h a n d a c c o u n t s o f i t s r a n g e , f o o d , and b e h a v i o r . Tomich ( 1 9 7 1 ) d e s c r i b e d i t s n e s t and e g g s . B e r g e r ( 1 9 7 2 ) i n t e g r a t e d t h e s e and o t h e r a c c o u n t s i n a g e n e r a l t r e a t - ment . Of 72 known s p e c i m e n s , 1 9 a r e i n B e r n i c e P a u a h i B i s h o p Museum; 1 3 i n t h e Amer i can Museum o f N a t u r a l H i s t o r y ; and 1 0 i n t h e U . S . N a t i o n a l Museum o f N a t u r a l H i s t o r y , w i t h t h e b a l a n c e b e i n g s c a t t e r e d i n 11 o t h e r U . S. and f o r e i g n museums (Banko 1978 m s . ) .

OBSERVATIONS, REPORTS, AND SPECIMEN RECORDS

Drawing c o n c l u s i o n s f rom a l a r g e volume o f h i s t o r i c a l i n f o r - m a t i o n o n r e l a t i v e abundance and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f 'A la lz r e q u i r e d t h a t d a t a b e g e o g r a p h i c a l l y a r r a n g e d and c h r o n o l o g i c a l l y o r d e r e d i n a s y s t e m a t i c f a s h i o n , a s o u t l i n e d i n t h e I n t r o d u c t i o n t o P a r t I (CPSU/UH Av ian H i s t o r y R e p o r t 4 ) . R e c o r d s p r e s e n t e d i n Appendix I s a t i s f y c r i t e r i a n e c e s s a r y f o r b a s i c d o c u m e n t a t i o n and c o m p a r a t i v e a n a l y s i s .

I n t h e f o l l o w i n g d e s c r i p t i v e a c c o u n t , s o u r c e s o f p u b l i s h e d i n f o r m a t i o n a r e c i t e d by a u t h o r and y e a r i n t h e u s u a l s t y l e . One, two, o r t h r e e d i g i t numbers i n p a r e n t h e s e s r e f e r t o s p e c i f i c r e c o r d s i n Appendix I . S o u r c e s o f p u b l i s h e d and u n p u b l i s h e d i n f o r m a t i o n l i s t e d i n Appendix I may b e t r a c e d t o c o m p l e t e r e f - e r e n c e s i n t h e b i b l i o g r a p h y .

E a r l y S t a t u s and D i s t r i b u t i o n (1778 -1886) :

C a p t a i n James Cook ( 1 7 8 4 ) o b s e r v e d two tame ' A l a l z i n t h e v i l l a g e o f Kakooa ( K a ' a w a l o a ?/now C a p t a i n Cook) and n o t e d t h a t t h i s s p e c i e s was v e r y s c a r c e ( 3 0 8 , 3 0 9 ) . W i l s o n and Evans ( 1 8 9 3 ) s t a t e d t h a t t h e ' A l a l z was d e s c r i b e d f rom s p e c i m e n s c o l l e c t e d on C o o k ' s voyage , p r e s u m a b l y n e a r K e a l a k e k u a Bay, b u t t h i s p o s s i - b i l i t y was n o t r e c o g n i z e d by S t r e s e m a n n ( 1 9 5 0 ) . Townsend ( 1 8 3 9 ) f a i l e d t o f i n d ' A l a l h i n a b r i e f s e a r c h i n t h e K e a l a k e k u a a r e a i n

F e b r u a r y 1837 ( 3 l O ) , a l t h o u g h two s p e c i m e n s c r e d i t e d t o Townsend a r e i n museum c o l l e c t i o n s ( 3 1 0 a ) . s p e c i m e n s we re t a k e n f rom 1840 t o 1 8 4 5 i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f K a ' a w a l o a , i n a n unknown l o c a t i o n a d a y ' s j o u r n e y f rom K a i l u a and i n v a r i o u s u n d e s i g n a t e d l o c a l i t i e s ( p r o b a b l y a l l i n Kona D i s t r i c t ) by v a r i o u s u n r e c o r d e d c o l l e c t o r s ( 8 , 1 5 , 311 , 3 1 2 ) . Dole ( 1 8 7 9 ) , commenting t h a t 'A la lz were "by no means a b u n d a n t , " was a p p a r e n t l y unde r t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t a l l s p e c i m e n s had o r i g i n a t e d f rom K e a l a k e k u a ( K a ' a w a l o a ) a r e a ( 7 ) .

P e n e t r a t i o n s i n t o h i g h e r f o r e s t s d u r i n g t h i s e a r l y p e r i o d r e v e a l e d ' A l a l g i n g r e a t e r abundance t h a n a l o n g t h e c o a s t . I n h i s d i a r y p u b l i s h e d many y e a r s l a t e r , M e n z i e s ( 1 9 2 0 ) r e p o r t e d s e e i n g them i n 1792 i n a " d e s e r t v a l l e y " a t a b o u t 5000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n a l o n g a t r a i l i n n o r t h e r n Kona D i s t r i c t , p o s s i b l y n e a r w h a t i s now c a l l e d Ahua'Umi H e i a u ( 5 2 0 9 f t e l e v . ) i n t h e a r i d Hua l a l a i -Mauna Loa s a d d l e ( 2 9 7 ) . P e a l e ( 1 8 4 8 ) s t a t e d t h a t ' A l a l z w e r e o b s e r v e d " i n s m a l l s o c i e t i e s i n t h e wooded d i s t r i c t s o f t h e i n t e r i o r , s e ldom i f e v e r v i s i t i n g t h e c o a s t " ( 2 4 ) . D o l e ( 1 8 6 9 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t s e v e r a l we re s e e n by W. T. Br igham and H . Mann i n t h e f o r e s t s o f Kona a t a b o u t 6000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n ( 2 5 ) . T. Ba l - l i e u c o l l e c t e d two s p e c i m e n s i n 1 8 7 6 , p o s s i b l y i n t h e c o l l e c t i n g a r e a h e f r e q u e n t e d on P u l e h u a Ranch ( 1 5 ) . ..

L a t e r A c c o u n t s (1887-1909) :

Kona D i s t r i c t

O b s e r v a t i o n a l n o t e s l e f t b y W i l s o n and Evans ( 1 8 9 3 ) , Henshaw ( 1 9 0 2 ) , P e r k i n s ( 1 9 0 3 ) , and Munro ( 1 9 4 4 ) we re more d e f i n i t i v e c o n c e r n i n g r e l a t i v e abundance and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f ' A l a l Z t h a n e a r l i e r r e p o r t e r s . C o l l e c t i o n r e c o r d s i n d i c a t e t h a t a b o u t 43 ( 6 0 % ) o f t h e 72 museum s p e c i m e n s c o l l e c t e d f rom a b o u t 1840 t o 1 9 0 1 were t a k e n i n Kona D i s t r i c t , t h e r e m a i n i n g 29 b e i n g s e c u r e d i n K a ' t D i s t r i c t .

S. B. W i l s o n c o l l e c t e d t h r e e s p e c i m e n s a t P u ' u a n a h u l u i n March 1888 f o r t h e o n l y r e c o r d o f 'A l a l z i n t h e Pu 'uwa ' awa ' a - H u a l z l a i a r e a d u r i n g t h e 1887 t o 1909 p e r i o d ( 4 1 ) .

A number o f o b s e r v a t i o n s and c o l l e c t i o n s e s t a b l i s h e s t h e s p e c i e s a s a common, i f n o t a b u n d a n t , r e s i d e n t o f t h e K a ' a w a l o a ( C a p t a i n Cook) area b e f o r e 1900 . W i l s o n ( W i l s o n & Evans 1 8 9 3 ) c o l l e c t e d a s p e c i m e n i n 1887 o r 1 8 8 8 , c a l l e d i t "numerous" i n ' o h i ' a ( M e t r o s i d e r o s c o l l i n a ) f o r e s t s a f e w miles a b o v e Ka' a w a l o a i n J u n e , and r e p o r t e d a n e s t i n a P a n d a n u s t r e e a t t h e end o f A p r i l ( 2 8 6 , 313 , 3 1 4 ) . H . C . Pa lmer t o o k f i v e s p e c i m e n s f rom "Holo K a l i l i " ( H o l o k a a l e l e ) and f i v e f r o m Ka ' awa loa i n 1 8 9 1 ( 2 8 7 , 2 8 7 a ) . A c c o r d i n g t o Ba ldwin ( l 9 6 9 ) , t h e f i e l d d i a r y o f G . C . Munro, P a l m e r ' s a s s i s t a n t a t t h e time, c o n f i r m s t h e p r e s e n c e o f ' A l a l z a t H o l o k a a l e l e ( O n o u l i 1 - 2 ) , and r e c o r d s t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f 1 0 s p e c i m e n s f rom t h a t a r e a d u r i n g 8 S e p t e m b e r t o 1 0 November 1 8 9 1 ( 2 8 8 , 2 8 9 ) . P e r k i n s ( 1 9 0 3 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t ' A l a l z w e r e "common" a t a b o u t 2500 f e e t e l e v a t i o n i n 1 8 9 2 , p r e s u m a b l y i n Kona, and t h a t t h e y came down t o t h e r o a d a t K a ' a w a l o a i n t h e w i n t e r o f 1894 ( 3 1 , 32 , 290 , 2 9 1 ) .

A t h i g h e r e l e v a t i o n s , Pa lmer c o l l e c t e d two ' ~ l a l s o n o r n e a r P u l e h u a Ranch some t ime d u r i n g S e p t e m b e r t o November 1 8 9 1 ( 2 9 9 ) . P e r k i n s s e c u r e d a s p e c i m e n a t P u l e h u a Ranch a b o u t a y e a r l a t e r , o n 1 2 A u g u s t 1892 ( 2 9 9 a ) .

The o n l y e a r l y r e c o r d o f 'A la lg s o u t h o f t h e Ka 'awaloa- P u ' u l e h u a a r e a seems t o b e t h a t o f Pa lmer who c o l l e c t e d two s p e c - imens a t Honomalino somet ime f rom Sep tember t o November 1 8 9 1 ( 4 2 3 ) .

W i l s o n , P a l m e r , Munro, and P e r k i n s a l s o t o o k s p e c i m e n s a t u n d e s i g n a t e d l o c a l i t i e s and made g e n e r a l s t a t e m e n t s r e g a r d i n g r e l a t i v e abundance and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f ' ~ l a l z i n Kona. W i l s o n o b t a i n e d two s p e c i m e n s i n March 1 8 8 8 , Munro s e c u r e d o n e , a n d P e r k i n s c o l l e c t e d s i x a t 3000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n , a l l i n u n s p e c i f i e d l o c a l i t i e s b u t p r o b a b l y i n c e n t r a l Kona w h e r e , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r d i a r i e s , t h e y s p e n t t h e m o s t t i m e ( 1 7 , 1 8 , 2 0 ) . A . S e a l e t o o k f i v e ' A l a l s somewhere i n n o r t h e r n Kona o n 20 A p r i l 1 8 9 1 ( 2 1 ) .

W i l s o n ( W i l s o n & Evans 1 8 9 3 ) summarized h i s i m p r e s s i o n s o f ' A l a l z d i s t r i b u t i o n and r e l a t i v e abundance f rom h i s mon ths - long t r a v e l s i n Kona i n 1887 and 1888 by c a l l i n g it " f a i r l y common," o c c u r r i n g f rom 1100 t o 6000 f e e t and p r o b a b l y h i g h e r ( 9 , 3 0 ) , and s t a t i n g t h a t n a t i v e H a w a i i a n s r e p o r t e d i t t o f e e d on s h e e p c a r - casses. A c c o r d i n g t o Ba ldwin ( 1 9 6 9 ) , Munro c o n c l u d e d t h a t ' A l a l z r a n g e d f rom 1000 t o 8000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n i n Kona, f i n d i n g them " p r e t t y f a r down" on 1 7 O c t o b e r 1 8 9 1 ( 1 9 ) . Henshaw ( 1 9 0 2 ) c a l l e d ' A l a l s "numerous" and " s i n g u l a r l y l o c a l ' ' i n Kona f o r e s t s (11).

The r e l a t i v e a b u n d a n c e and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e s e b i r d s i n Kona was p a r t i c u l a r l y commented upon by P e r k i n s ( 1 8 9 3 , 1 9 0 3 ) who s a i d t h a t ' ~ l a l z o c c u r r e d i n " l a r g e numbers" ( 2 6 ) , w e r e " l o c a l l y a b u n d a n t " ( l o ) , and " b e l o n g e d c h i e f l y t o t h e l o w e r f o r e s t s " f rom a b o u t 1700 t o o v e r 3000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n , b u t moved up a s h i g h a s 4000 f e e t i n t h e i n t e r v a l b e t w e e n f l o w e r i n g o f ' i e ' i e ( F r e y - c i n e t i a a r b o r e a ) ( 2 5 , 2 6 ) . P e r k i n s ( 1 9 0 3 ) r e c o r d e d them as b e i n g " e x t r e m e l y numerous" i n t h e we t b e l t o f Kona d u r i n g h i s v i s i t s i n 1 8 9 2 , 1 8 9 4 , and 1 8 9 5 , b u t f ound them less a b u n d a n t upon h i s r e t u r n i n 1896 ( 3 1 , 3 2 ) . why t h e r a n g e o f ' A l a l z was r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e a d j o i n i n g d i s t r i c t s o f Kona and Ka 'E was a n u n s o l v e d en igma t o P e r k i n s ( 1 2 ) .

K a ' c D i s t r i c t (1887-1909)

A 1 t h o u g h P e r k i n s ( 1 9 0 3 ) s t a t e d t h a t ' A l a l Z we re a b u n d a n t l o c a l l y i n t h e f o r e s t s o f Ka'c, h e d i d n o t m e n t i o n any l o c a l i t i e s i n p a r t i c u l a r ( 1 0 ) . H. W . Henshaw, o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , c o l l e c t e d a number o f s p e c i m e n s i n K a ' c o b t a i n i n g t h r e e i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f NZ 'Zlehu o n 14 and 1 5 December 1 9 0 1 ( 4 8 4 ) ; e i g h t ' ( s e v e n i n o n e d a y ) a t ~ a p z p a l a on 4 and 1 5 December 1 9 0 1 ( 4 5 3 ) ; f i v e a t ~ a ' u H a l f y a y House on 25 O c t o b e r and 25 November 1 8 9 9 ( 4 5 2 ) ; and s e v e n a t ' ~ i n a p z f rom 26 F e b r u a r y t o 3 March 1902 ( 4 5 4 ) . M . W a l t o n c o l l e c t e d a few ' ~ l a l s and o b s e r v e d them i n f l o c k s o f 1 0 t o 1 5 d u r i n g t h i s same p e r i o d , e n c o u n t e r i n g a b o u t o n e s u c h g r o u p per d a y a f i e l d i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f P Z h a l a ( 4 7 6 ) .

H a w a i i V o l c a n o e s N a t i o n a l P a r k (1887-1909)

N o r t h o f P Z h a l a , Henshaw ( 1 9 0 2 ) o b s e r v e d ' ~ l a l z r a n g i n g i n t o t h e s p a r s e woods o n t h e l a v a a l o n g t h e Ka 'E r o a d be low t h e V o l c a n o House ( 4 8 9 ) , w i t h i n w h a t i s now H a w a i i V o l c a n o e s N a t i o n a l P a r k . 0. Sh ipman t o l d Henshaw ( 1 9 0 2 ) t h a t a few p a i r s used t o b r e e d i n t h e koa ( A c a c i a a) f o r e s t some 2 miles west of t h e V o l c a n o House , p e r h a p s n e a r ~ i p u k a p u a u l u ( B i r d P a r k ) ( 4 9 0 ) . L a t e r , D . P a r i s t o l d P. H . Ba ldwin t h a t t h i s s p e c i e s l i v e d and n e s t e d i n t h e ~T~ukapuaulu-~rpukakulalio a r e a p r i o r t o t h e e a r l y 1 9 0 0 ' s ( 4 9 1 ) .

' A l a l = o f t h e 1 8 9 0 ' s we re n o t r e c o r d e d n o r t h o r e a s t o f ~ T l a u e a C r a t e r . Henshaw ( 1 9 0 2 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e y d i d n o t r a n g e f r o m ~ a ' 3 i n t o t h e a d j o i n i n g ' E l a ' a f o r e s t s o r i n d e e d anywhere t o t h e n o r t h o r e a s t ( 5 0 5 , 506 , 5 1 9 ) , a n o b s e r v a t i o n r e p e a t e d l a t e r by Bryan ( 1 9 1 5 ) ( 1 3 ) . H. C . Shipman, a r e s i d e n t o f ' G l a ' a s i n c e b e f o r e 1 9 0 0 , r e c a l l e d t h a t h e n e v e r saw ' A l a l z anywhere i n t h e Hawa i i an d i s t r i c t o f Puna ( 5 0 7 ) .

O b s e r v a t i o n s b y L i f e - l o n q R e s i d e n t s and O t h e r s (1910 -1939) :

Kona D i s t r i c t

R e c o l l e c t i o n s o f l o n g - t i m e r a n c h e r s i n n o r t h Kona a r e i n s u b s t a n t i a l a g r e e m e n t r e g a r d i n g t h e r e l a t i v e a b u n d a n c e o f ' A l a l z on H u a l z l a i d u r i n g t h e 1 9 2 0 ' s and 1 9 3 0 ' s . On t h e f o r e s t e d n o r t h s l o p e s o f Pu ' uwa ' awa ' a Ranch, W. P a r i s b e l i e v e d t h a t s e v e r a l hun- d r e d we re p r e s e n t d u r i n g t h e 1 9 3 0 ' s ( 7 2 ) . R. Hind e s t i m a t e d a t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n o f a b o u t 200 on H u a l z l a i f rom 1 9 3 5 t o 1940 ( 3 6 ) , s e e i n g and h e a r i n g them e v e r y d a y a t Pu ' uwa' awa' a , Pu ' u h i n a h i n a , and K i l e o a s h e r o d e f o r c a t t l e ( 7 3 ) . Munro ( 1 9 4 4 , 1 9 4 6 ) r e - p o r t e d 'A la lz p r e s e n t on Pu 'uwa ' awa ' a Ranch f rom 1 9 3 5 t o 1 9 3 7 , t h o u g h i n g r e a t l y r e d u c e d numbers , p r e s u m a b l y i n r e l a t i o n t o t h o s e h e saw o n p r e v i o u s v i s i t s ( 7 4 , 7 8 ) . G r e g o r y ( 1 9 2 4 ) h e a r d them b u t d i d n o t s e e a n y i n a v i s i t t o t h e r a n c h i n 1 9 2 3 ( 7 1 ) .

On t h e s o u t h s l o p e s o f H u a l Z l a i , l i f e - l o n g r e s i d e n t R. G r e e n w e l l r e c a l l e d t h e p r e s e n c e o f 'A la l z f l o c k s o f f rom e i g h t t o 1 2 i n d i v i d u a l s , e s t i m a t i n g a t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n o f " h u n d r e d s " i n t h e 1 9 2 0 ' ~ ~ a l l a b o v e 2000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n on l a n d s p a s t u r e d by h i s f a t h e r i n and a d j a c e n t t o Honokzhau 1 and 2 , K e a l a k e h e Mauka T r a c t , H o n u a ' u l a T r a c t 2 , Keahuo-LG, H o n u a ' u l a F o r e s t R e s e r v e , Ka ' i ipElehu F o r e s t R e s e r v e , and H o n u a ' u l a T r a c t 3 ( 3 4 ) . H e r e - c a l l e d t h a t h e n e v e r saw many ' A l a l Z f a r t h e r t o t h e s o u t h , i n H E l u a l o a 1 and 2 , e i t h e r i n t h e 1 9 2 0 ' s o r l a t e r ( 2 6 3 ) .

W . P a r i s , a l i f e - l o n g r e s i d e n t i n c e n t r a l Kona, remembered t h a t 'A la lz were numerous above K a i n a l i u b e f o r e t h e 1 9 2 0 ' ~ ~ t h o u g h G . H e n r i q u e s , r a n c h fo r eman i n t h i s g e n e r a l a r e a f rom 1 9 2 7 t o 1 9 6 0 1 s , d i d n o t r e c a l l t h a t t h e y r a n g e d be low 3000 f e e t e l e v a - t i o n ( 2 9 2 , 2 9 6 ) . F a r t h e r u p s l o p e , a r o u n d 5000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n , H . Baybrook t o l d Ba ldwin ( 1 9 6 9 ) t h a t h e d i d n o t see a n y ' A l a l Z o n P u l e h u a Ranch d u r i n g t h e 1922 t o 1939 p e r i o d ( 3 O 2 ) , n o r had S. G r e e n w e l l n o t e d a n y a t P a p a l o a s i n c e 1928 ( 3 0 4 ) .

I n s o u t h e r n Kona, W . ~ a a l i l i o , a l o g g e r and s a w m i l l o p e r - a t o r , r e c a l l e d t h e ' A l a l Z a s a v e r y a b u n d a n t b i r d and e s t i m a t e d t h a t t h e r e we re "more t h a n a h u n d r e d n i n ' x l i k a Homes t eads when h e b e g a n work o n Yee Hop Ranch i n 1927 ( 3 8 7 ) . H e m e n t i o n e d t h a t d u r i n g t h o s e y e a r s t h e s p e c i e s r a n g e d a l l t h e way up f rom ' z l i k a Homes t eads t o Ka 'ohe Ranch ( 5 3 0 0 f t e l e v . i n K a ' o h e 4 ) and down t o Government Road ( B e l t Highway, a b o u t 1500 f t e l e v . ) ( 3 5 ) .

S . Kumakahi, a r e s i d e n t o f Honomalino s i n c e 1 9 2 2 , s a i d h e was accus tomed t o s e e i n g " s e v e r a l h u n d r e d n e v e r y y e a r f rom a b o u t 1 9 3 5 t o 1 9 3 8 when t h e s e b i r d s came down d u r i n g Kona s t o r m s , f rom a b o u t 3000 t o 4000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n i n t h e m o u n t a i n s t o a b o u t 1600 f e e t e l e v a t i o n a r o u n d h i s home ( 4 2 4 ) . Somewhat f a r t h e r s o u t h a t ManukZ, n e a r t h e Kona-Ka'E b o u n d a r y , l o n g - t i m e r e s i d e n t o f Wai- ' Z h i n u , W. Meinecke , r e c a l l e d t h a t 'Alalz w e r e a b u n d a n t i n t h e d a y s b e f o r e a u t o m o b i l e t r a v e l was common, f rom 1 9 0 9 t o a b o u t 1 9 3 1 ( 4 4 3 ) .

Ka 'E D i s t r i c t (1910-1939)

H . C . Shipman remembered t h a t h e saw " l o t s " o f 'Ala lz a b o u t 1 9 1 1 w h i l e camping a t a b o u t 5000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n i n Kahuku ( 4 6 3 ) . W . Meinecke a l s o r e c a l l e d t h e i r abundance f rom 1 9 0 9 t o a b o u t 1 9 3 1 i n t h e uppe r r e a c h e s o f Kahuku Ranch, above w h a t is now t h e B e l t Highway ( 4 6 2 , 4 7 7 ) .

F a r t h e r e a s t , i n Sep t ember 1 9 3 6 , Ba ldwin ( 1 9 6 9 ) n o t e d t h a t Munro saw o n e and h e a r d o t h e r s c a l l i n g w h i l e on t h e K i l o l a k a a ( K i o l a k a ' a ) - K e a ' Z T r a i l , n o r t h w e s t o f W a i ' z h i n u , t o Moun ta in House a b o v e Honu 'apo ( 4 8 5 ) . Munro ( 1 9 4 4 ) l a t e r c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h i s s p e c i e s was g r e a t l y r e d u c e d i n ~ a ' t f rom l e v e l s f o u n d o n e a r l i e r v i s i t s ( 4 4 9 ) . I . Yonemi t su and J . K . Kauwe, S r . , r e - c a l l e d t h a t 'A l a l s were common o r a b u n d a n t i n t h e f o r e s t a b o v e N z ' z l e h u i n t h e e a r l y d a y s , Kauwe t h o u g h t a b o u t 1920 ( 4 8 7 , 4 8 8 ) .

Hawa i i V o l c a n o e s N a t i o n a l P a r k (1910-1939)

A t t h e n o r t h e r n l i m i t s o f t h e i r r a n g e i n Ka 'E, H . C . Sh ipman s a i d t h a t ' A l a l Z were p r e s e n t a b o u t 1910 j u s t beyond t h e V o l c a n o House (~ipukapuaulu-~ipukakulalio a r e a ? ) ( 4 9 2 ) .

R e p o r t s and E a r l y S u r v e y s (1940 -1966) :

The r e l a t i v e abundance and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f ' A l a l Z f r o m 1 9 4 0 u n t i l 1966 is known f rom f i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n s b y W. R. Donaghho, P. H . B a l d w i n , L. P. R i c h a r d s , and a few o t h e r s . B a l d w i n and t h e s e n i o r a u t h o r a l s o r e c o r d e d what l o n g - t i m e r a n c h e r s r e c a l l e d a b o u t t h e s t a t u s o f 'A la lz i n a r e a s f a m i l i a r t o them.

Kona D i s t r i c t

On Pu 'uwa ' awa ' a Ranch, R . Hind r e c a l l e d t h a t ' A l a l z w e r e found r e g u l a r l y d u r i n g t h e 1935 t o 1950 p e r i o d f rom r a n c h head- q u a r t e r s ( 2 7 0 0 f t e l e v . ) on t h e s o u t h s i d e o f Pu ' u a n a h u l u down t o 1600 f e e t e l e v a t i o n be low w h a t i s now t h e o l d B e l t Highway ( 4 4 ) , and i n P u ' u a n a h u l u on t h e n o r t h e a s t s i d e o f t h e 1859 l a v a f l o w , t h o u g h i n l e s s e r numbers t h a n u p s l o p e f rom r a n c h h e a d q u a r t e r s ( 4 2 ) I n t h e r a t h e r d r y paddocks l y i n g be tween 3500 and 3000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n west o f P u ' u w a ' a w a ' a , Ba ldwin ( 1 9 6 9 ) found no 'Ala lz d u r i n g h i s 1 6 t o 2 1 November 1944 v i s i t , a l t h o u g h h e d i d r e c o r d t h e i r p r e s e n c e u p s l o p e on ~ u a l z l a i ( 4 5 , 8 5 ) . R i c h a r d s n o t e d t h i s s p e c i e s on h i s 25 A u g u s t 1950 h o r s e b a c k r i d e f rom r a n c h h e a d q u a r t e r s u p s l o p e t o S h a n g r i l a and o n f o o t 0 .25 mile beyond ( 7 5 ) , and saw f i v e o r s i x and h e a r d p o s s i b l y 1 0 on a t r i p a r o u n d t h e west s i d e o f Pu' uwa' a w a ' a t o beyond S h a n g r i l a t h e n e x t d a y ( 7 6 ) . L a t e r , i n Sep t ember and O c t o b e r 1 9 5 0 , R i c h a r d s f o u n d them t o b e " q u i t e p l e n t i f u l , " s e e i n g p e r h a p s e i g h t and h e a r i n g 1 2 i n t h e S h a n g r i l a a r e a d u r i n g a b r i e f 2 .5 hou r v i s i t ( 2 6 9 ) . On 28 S e p t e m b e r , h e o b s e r v e d them f l y i n g back and f o r t h " a l l d a y l o n g " s o u t h o f S h a n g r i l a ( 2 7 1 ) .

Ba ldwin ( 1 9 5 2 ) r e c o r d e d s e v e n a t P u ' u w a ' a w a ' a e a r l y i n 1952 ( 7 9 ) , and t h r e e a t r a n c h h e a d q u a r t e r s i n mid-August 1 9 5 8 ( 4 8 ) . I n 1 9 5 8 , a r a n c h e r , W . P a r i s , t o l d Eas tman and Eas tman ( 1 9 5 8 ) t h a t h e had n e v e r s e e n more t h a n 1 2 ( ? a t o n e t i m e ) on Pu 'u - w a ' a w a ' a Ranch ( 8 0 ) . I n J u n e 1 9 6 0 , E isenmann ( 1 9 6 1 ) and Dunmire ( 1 9 6 0 ) r e c o r d e d s e e i n g a t l e a s t f o u r and h e a r i n g o t h e r s o n t h e r a n c h ( 5 1 , 8 1 ) . W . Ward o b s e r v e d f i v e o r s i x n e a r r a n c h head- q u a r t e r s o n 1 2 Augus t 1 9 6 1 ( 5 2 ) , b u t King ( 1 9 6 4 ) f o u n d none a f t e r a b r i e f s e a r c h a b o v e h e a d q u a r t e r s on 1 9 A p r i l 1964 ( 5 3 , 8 2 ) . Tomich ( 1 9 7 1 ) n o t e d t h a t C . K e p l e r saw s e v e n o n h i s 20 December 1 9 6 5 v i s i t t o r a n c h h e a d q u a r t e r s , o n e o f which was b e g g i n g f o r f o o d ( 5 4 ) , and r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e r a n c h g a r d e n e r was commonly a w a r e o f t h e i r p r e s e n c e i n t h e g r o v e o f t r e e s a b o v e t h e r a n c h - h o u s e ( 5 5 ) . V. Lewin r e p o r t e d t h a t h e saw two a t r a n c h head- q u a r t e r s o n 5 J u l y , 1 0 O c t o b e r , and 30 November and h e a r d a n u n d e t e r m i n e d number on 11 O c t o b e r 1 9 6 6 ( 5 6 - 5 9 ) .

' A l a l z were n o t e d f rom 1940 t o 1 9 6 6 on P u ' u w a ' a w a ' a Ranch more commonly u p s l o p e t h a n downs lope f rom h e a d q u a r t e r s . B a l d w i n ( 1 9 6 9 ) h e a r d them a t P o l o h o h o ' o and w e s t o f S h a n g r i l a on 11 A p r i l 1 9 4 1 , and d u r i n g a l o n g e r s t a y f rom 1 6 t o 21 November 1944 h e made many s i g h t i n g s i n t h e same a rea , f i n d i n g s i x t o e i g h t s l i g h t l y w e s t o f s o u t h f rom P o ' o h o h o ' o ( 2 6 6 - 2 6 8 ) . I n May 1 9 4 0 , Donaghho ( 1 9 4 0 ) n o t e d e i g h t s o u t h o f P u ' u w a ' a w a ' a Ranch i n t h e u p p e r f o r e s t s ( A c a c i a m), and saw two more u n u s u a l l y h i g h up i n t h e mamane ( S o p h o r a c h r y s o p h y l l a ) b e l t ( 2 7 , 2 8 ) . On t h e west s l o p e o f H u a l Z l a i , two 'A la l z were o b s e r v e d on 9 F e b r u a r y 1966 s o u t h o f Pu ' uwa ' awa ' a Ranch and f o u r o t h e r s were s e e n a b o u t 6000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n a l o n g t h e j e e p t r a i l n e a r two d e e p p i t c r a t e r s ( 8 7 , 8 8 ) .

' A l a l z o f t h e 1940 t o 1966 p e r i o d a l o n g t h e n o r t h s l o p e o f H u a l Z l a i were found t o r a n g e a l l t h e way t o t h e summit ( 8 2 7 5 f t e l e v . ) . On h i s 16 t o 2 1 November 1944 v i s i t , Ba ldwin ( 1 9 6 9 ) saw two f l y up and o v e r a h i g h v o l c a n i c c o n e a d j a c e n t t o t h e summit c r a t e r o f Ha inoa ( 2 8 4 ) . R i c h a r d s n o t e d t h e i r p r e s e n c e on h i s h i k e f rom S h a n g r i l a t o t h e summit o f ~ u a l z l a i on 27 S e p t e m b e r 1 9 5 0 , b u t d i d n o t r e c o r d t h e i r e l e v a t i o n ( 2 7 0 ) .

On t h e l ower west and s o u t h s l o p e s o f H u a l z l a i , on H u ' e h u ' e Ranch , T. V r e d e n b e r g r e c a l l e d t h a t t h e r e we re " p l e n t y " o f ' A l a l Z i n t h e e a r l y 1 9 4 0 ' ~ ~ p e r h a p s 100 t o 200 ( 1 7 9 , 1 8 2 ) , b u t t h a t t h e r e w e r e v e r y few (10 -12 ) when h e l e f t t h e Ranch i n 1958 ( 1 8 3 ) . Ba ldwin ( 1 9 6 9 ) c o l l e c t e d a s p e c i m e n , h e a r d a b o u t 1 2 , and saw some f l y by s i n g l y and i n g r o u p s o f u p t o f o u r n e a r c i n d e r c o n e s a t 3500 t o 4000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n i n a 6- t o 8 - s q u a r e mi le a r e a h e s u r - veyed above Hu' e h u ' e Ranch h e a d q u a r t e r s i n S e p t e m b e r 1949 ( 8 6 , 1 8 0 , 1 8 1 ) . R. W i l l i a m s r e c a l l e d s e e i n g f rom two t o s i x a r o u n d Hu' e h u ' e Ranch h e a d q u a r t e r s d u r i n g 1 9 6 2 t o 1964 when t h e y h a b i t - u a l l y came down a r o u n d 2000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n d u r i n g w i n t e r s t o r m s ( 1 8 4 ) .

I n 1 9 4 2 , Ba ldwin ( 1 9 6 9 ) d i s c u s s e d t h e s t a t u s o f ' A l a l Z o n t h e s o u t h e r n s l o p e s o f H u a l z l a i w i t h l i f e - l o n g r a n c h e r F. Green - w e l l . G r e e n w e l l i n d i c a t e d t h e 2500 f o o t c o n t o u r on B a l d w i n ' s map a s t h e l ower l i m i t o f no rma l r a n g e and 3500 t o 4000 f e e t a s t h e u p p e r e l e v a t i o n a l l i m i t , w i t h b i r d s r a n g i n g f rom Ka loko t o some- w h a t s o u t h o f K a h a l u ' u F o r e s t R e s e r v e ( 3 7 - 3 9 ) . G r e e n w e l l a d d i - t i o n a l l y i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e species was r e s t r i c t e d t o a n a r e a l y i n g be tween 2000 and 5500 f e e t e l e v a t i o n f rom H o n u a ' u l a F o r e s t R e s e r v e n o r t h w a r d a r o u n d t h e s o u t h e r n and w e s t e r n f l a n k o f H u a l z l a i t o K a ' u p c l e h u ( 2 3 7 ) . Donaghho ( 1 9 4 0 ) n o t e d s e v e r a l p a i r s a t 4000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n i n . t h e H s l u a l o a F o r e s t R e s e r v e a n d , a c c o r d i n g t o Ba ldwin ( 1 9 6 9 ) , a Mr. S h i f f e r t s a w them i n unspec - i f i e d numbers a t ~ u ' u l a ' a l Z ' a u a b o v e t h e R e s e r v e a t 6500 f e e t e l e v a t i o n ( 2 3 5 , 2 3 6 ) . E . Pung r e c a l l e d t h a t 'Ala lz were a b u n d a n t d u r i n g t h e summers o f 1949 t o 1 9 5 1 a r o u n d 6000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n on t h e s o u t h w e s t e r n f l a n k o f H u a l z l a i ( 2 3 8 ) . H . F e r g e r s t r o m r e - c o r d e d " l o t s " i n h i s F o r e s t r y c a b i n l o g e n t r y d u r i n g a s t a y f rom 2 t o 4 March 1 9 5 2 , and A. J o h a n s e n , J r . , r e p o r t e d s e e i n g them when h u n t i n g be low t h e F o r e s t r y c a b i n i n t h e e a r l y 1 9 6 0 ' s ( 2 3 8 - 2 4 0 ) .

I n t h e Wa i ' aha S p r i n g s F o r e s t R e s e r v e , S . Kawahara r e c a l l e d t h a t h e saw ' A l a l z a l m o s t e v e r y weekend p r i o r t o 1 9 4 8 , s o m e t i m e s a s many as 30 o r 4 0 , f rom 2000 t o 3000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n ( 2 6 4 ) . T . V r e d e n b e r g i n d i c a t e d t o B a l d w i n ( 1 9 6 9 ) i n 1949 t h a t h i s c h a n c e s o f s e e i n g b i r d s i n t h e W a i ' a h a S p r i n g s a r e a we re n o t t o o good and t h a t " o n e m i g h t h a v e t o g o a l l t h e way up" ( ? t o Honua- ' u l a F o r e s t R e s e r v e ) ( 2 6 5 ) . A f e w mi les t o t h e s o u t h o f W a i ' a h a S p r i n g s , i n Kaumalumalu, E . Pung r e c a l l e d s e e i n g s c a t t e r e d f l o c k s o f ' ~ l a l z o n u n r e c o r d e d d a t e s f r o m 1 9 4 9 t o 1959 ( 2 9 5 ) .

I n l ower c e n t r a l Kona, A . G r e e n w e l l r e c a l l e d t h a t u p t o a b o u t 1955 ' ~ l a l s f r e q u e n t l y came down f rom h i g h e r f o r e s t s d u r i n g w i n t e r mon ths t o a b o u t 1500 f e e t e l e v a t i o n ( 2 9 3 ) . S i m i l a r l y , W . P a r i s d i d n o t remember h e a r i n g a n y i n L e h u ' u l a Mauka n e a r Keauhou 1 and 2 s i n c e 1955 ( 2 9 4 ) .

H i g h e r up , f rom 4500 t o 6500 f e e t e l e v a t i o n , Ba ldwin ( 1 9 6 9 ) f a i l e d t o f i n d ' A l a l Z i n a 1944 t h r e e - d a y 40 -mi l e h o r s e b a c k t r i p c o v e r i n g v a r i o u s p a r t s o f P u l e h u a Ranch i n Keauhou 2 ( 3 0 0 , 3 0 1 ) . B a l d w i n ' s g u i d e , N i c h o l a s , and F. G r e e n w e l l c o n f i r m e d t h a t t h e y had no knowledge of ' A l a l z on P u l e h u a Ranch a r e a ( 3 0 0 ) , t h o u g h H . Baybrook r e c a l l e d s e e i n g two some t ime b e t w e e n 1922 and 1942 i n t h i s g e n e r a l a r e a , a c c o r d i n g t o Ba ldwin ( 1 9 6 9 ) ( 3 0 2 ) . I n 1 9 4 4 , F. G r e e n w e l l t o l d Ba ldwin ( 1 9 6 9 ) t h a t t h e s p e c i e s was p r e s e n t i n t h e Hcnaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e , a few miles s o u t h o f Keauhou 1 and 2 ( 3 1 5 ) . I n h i s v i s i t t o t h e R e s e r v e f rom 29 F e b r u a r y t o 4 March 1 9 4 4 , Ba ldwin ( 1 9 6 9 ) r e p o r t e d s e e i n g o r h e a r i n g t h r e e i n t h e s o u t h e a s t s e c t i o n ( 3 1 6 , 3 1 7 ) . L. P. R i c h a r d s o b s e r v e d a f a m i l y o f t h r e e ' ~ l a l z on a h i k e f rom Hzpu 'u Camp t o G a s p a r s D a i r y ( a b a n d o n e d ) o n 22November 1950 ( 3 1 8 ) . N . C a r l s o n h e a r d them a l o n g t h e u p s l o p e e d g e o f t h e Hcnaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e a b o u t 1 0 December 1966 ( 3 1 9 ) .

Ba ldwin ( 1 9 6 9 ) t r a v e r s e d much o p e n p a s t u r e and ' E h i ' a f o r e s t o n h o r s e b a c k a t c o m p a r a t i v e l y h i g h e l e v a t i o n s i n s o u t h c e n t r a l Kona D i s t r i c t d u r i n g 29 F e b r u a r y t o 4 March 1944 and r e p o r t e d s e e i n g o n e n e a r HZpu'u Camp, h e a r i n g o t h e r s i n a few l o c a l i t i e s s o u t h o f K e a n a p a ' a k a i , i n c l u d i n g KaungnF and Lumiawi , and f i n d - i n g o n e p r o b a b l e n e s t n e a r Kamakawai W a t e r h o l e ( 3 9 a , 3 4 7 ) . On 20 November 1 9 5 0 , R i c h a r d s n o t e d t h e p r e s e n c e o f ' A l a l z o n a 5 . 5 hou r h i k e c o v e r i n g a r o u t e s imi la r t o B a l d w i n ' s , b u t d i d n o t r e c o r d numbers e n c o u n t e r e d ( 3 9 c ) . V. Lewin r e p o r t e d t h a t G . K n i g h t h e a r d ' A l a l z i n t h e KaunFnF a r e a 8 miles eas t o f Kealia ( v i l l a g e ) o n 24 March 1966 ( 3 5 1 ) .

I n 1 9 4 4 , S h i f f e r t r e p o r t e d t o B a l d w i n ( 1 9 6 9 ) t h a t ' A l a l Z c o n t i n u e d t o b e common i n some o f t h e m i d d l e and uppe r e l e v a t i o n f o r e s t s o f s o u t h e r n Kona ( 3 9 b ) and l a t e r o b s e r v a t i o n s p roved t h e r e l i a b i l i t y o f S h i f f e r t ' s r e p o r t . W . Haal i l i o o b s e r v e d t h a t ' A l a l z o n t h e Yee Hop Ranch, ' x l i k a Homes t eads , had become n o t i c e a b l y f e w e r by 1 9 5 5 t h a n t h e h u n d r e d s s e e n i n t h e 1 9 3 0 ' s and 1 9 4 0 ' s ( 3 8 8 ) . I n PZpZ 1, a d j a c e n t t o ' x l i k a Homes teads , G . S c h a t t a u e r r e c a l l e d s e e i n g " p l e n t y , " p e r h a p s 1 5 t o 20 ( s i x b e i n g t h e m o s t s e e n p e r c h e d i n o n e t r e e ) , i n O c t o b e r 1 9 6 0 , b u t c o u l d f i n d o n l y two ( o n e o f wh ich l o o k e d s i c k l y ) when h e s e a r c h e d f o r them i n 1966 ( 3 8 9 , 3 9 0 ) .

I n t h e f o r e s t s o f Ho15pGloa and Honomal ino a d j o i n i n g ' x l i k a Homes t eads t o t h e s o u t h , R. Hind e s t i m a t e d t h a t a p o p u l a t i o n o f f rom 30 t o 40 'Alala were p r e s e n t b e t w e e n 2000 and 4000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n f rom 1950 t o 1957 ( 4 2 5 ) . However, f r o m w h a t Hind c o u l d r e c a l l , ' ~ l a l z were n o t r e s i d e n t i n l o w e r f o r e s t s (1000-1800 f t e l e v . ) c l e a r e d f o r Honomalino a i r s t r i p , p a s t u r e , o r macadamia n u t o r c h a r d s ( 4 2 6 ) . Hind knew o f o n e f l e d g l i n g t h a t was t a k e n f rom a n e s t a t 4200 f e e t e l e v a t i o n n e a r Honomal ino Camp, H o l ~ p ~ l o a r i n 1954 ( 4 2 7 ) .

S t i l l f u r t h e r s o u t h , n e a r t h e b o u n d a r y o f Kona-Ka'Z d i s - t r i c t s , L. W . B ryan r e c a l l e d t h a t p e r h a p s 1 2 w e r e p r e s e n t s e a s o n - a l l y i n t h e 1 9 4 0 ' s a t 1760 f e e t e l e v a t i o n a r o u n d t h e ManukZ (now S t a t e P a r k ) r a n g e r c a b i n ( 4 4 4 ) . G . S c h a t t a u e r remembered s e e i n g ' A l a l z a f ew times d u r i n g 1952 t o 1 9 5 8 a l o n g t h e h ighway a b o u t a

mile s o u t h o f ~ a n u k s S t a t e P a r k ( 4 4 4 a ) . However, A . J o h a n s e n , J r . , P a r k c a r e t a k e r , r e p o r t e d t h a t h e had n e v e r s e e n a n y i n t h a t a r e a f r o m 1960 t o 1 9 6 9 ( 4 4 6 ) .

B a l d w i n ( 1 9 6 9 ) s t a t e d t h a t 0. B r e i t h a u p t r e p o r t e d ' A l a l z t o b e s t i l l common and tame i n f l o c k s o f u p t o s i x a t u p p e r e l e v a - t i o n s i n ~ a n u k z and a r o u n d 5300 f e e t e l e v a t i o n n e a r t h e Kapu 'a - Ho' 5 p C l o a b o u n d a r y f r o m a b o u t 1 9 4 9 t o 1 9 5 5 , t h i s c o i n c i d i n g w i t h a s i m i l a r r e c o l l e c t i o n by E . M o l c i l i o ( 4 4 5 , 4 4 7 ) .

Ka'B D i s t r i c t (1940-1966)

D u r i n g 1 9 5 1 t o 1 9 5 8 , E . M o l c i l i o saw many ' A l a l a , u p t o 1 2 i n a f l o c k , a l o n g t h e jeep t r a i l a b o v e P a l i - o - K a ' e o (3400-4000 f t e l e v . ) on Kahuku Ranch ( 4 7 8 ) . F. R i c e d i d n o t remember s e e i n g a n y o n Kahuku Ranch s i n c e a b o u t 1960 ( 4 7 9 ) . However, M o l c i l i o saw two twice i n o n e month a b o u t 1964 n e a r t h e b o u n d a r y o f K i o l a k a ' a - K e a ' Z Homes t eads a d d i t i o n and Ka 'B F o r e s t R e s e r v e ( 4 8 0 ) .

Ba ldwin ( 1 9 6 9 ) , l e a r n i n g f r o m 0. B r e i t h a u p t t h a t h e c o u l d s t i l l e x p e c t t o f i n d 'Ala lz i n u p l a n d s o f Ka'li, s p e n t t h r e e d a y s i n a n u n s u c c e s s f u l s e a r c h a l o n g t h e 1 2 m i l e s o f u p p e r Ka 'B F o r e s t R e s e r v e be tween ~ i p u k a ' a k a l a a t 5372 f e e t e l e v a t i o n and a p o i n t 4 miles n o r t h e a s t o f P u n a l u ' u Kahawai a t 7000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n ( 4 6 4 , 4 6 5 ) . T. Sumner r e c a l l e d s e e i n g t h e s e b i r d s i n Kahuku a t a b o u t 6200 f e e t e l e v a t i o n a t P u ' u K i n i k i n i a b o u t 1 m i l e s o u t h o f t h e S t a t e F o r e s t r y c a b i n , and h e a r i n g some a t P Z ' a u ' a u 2 n e a r a w a t e r h o l e 4 miles n o r t h e a s t o f P u n a l u ' u Kahawai d u r i n g h i s 1949 t o 1 9 5 1 p e r i o d o f employment a t K a p z p a l a Ranch ( 4 5 0 , 4 5 1 ) . Sumner r e p o r t e d t h a t d u r i n g t h e 1950 Mauna Loa e r u p t i o n , t h e b u r n i n g f o r e s t a b o u t 1 m i l e s o u t h o f t h e S t a t e F o r e s t r y c a b i n a t P u n a l u ' u Kahawai was " f u l l o f 'Ala ls" ( 4 6 8 ) .

Ba ldwin ( 1 9 6 9 ) h e a r d i n 1940 t h a t t h e s p e c i e s was p r e s e n t i n l o w e r e l e v a t i o n f o r e s t s a b o v e N Z ' Z l e h u , b u t was u n a b l e t o c o n f i r m t h e r e p o r t ( 4 8 6 ) ; howeve r , I . Y o n e m i t s u , r e s i d e n t o f t h e NZ 'Zlehu a r e a s i n c e 1924 , r e c a l l e d them b e i n g f o r m e r l y a b u n d a n t i n f o r e s t s o f NZ 'Zlehu P l a n t a t i o n ( 4 8 7 ) .

F a r t h e r n o r t h , i n u p l a n d p a s t u r e s and f o r e s t s b o r d e r i n g t h e Ka'B F o r e s t R e s e r v e , T . Sumner remembered s e e i n g ' A l a l Z a t many d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s o n K a p z p a l a Ranch d u r i n g 1 9 4 9 t o 1951 : a t 3800 f e e t e l e v a t i o n n e a r a s p r i n g i n W a i a k a l o a G u l c h , K a p Z p a l a ; a t a b o u t 4000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n r o u g h l y 1 m i l e w e s t o f s o u t h w e s t o f ' x i n a p s ( m o u n t a i n h o u s e ) ; a t a b o u t 4700 f e e t e l e v a t i o n a b o u t 4 miles w e s t - s o u t h w e s t and 3 miles w e s t o f 'Z inapG; a t 5950 f e e t e l e v a t i o n i n A n i p e a h i a b o u t 4 . 5 miles west o f 'A inapb ; and i n a n a i o (Myoporum s a n d w i c e n s e ) f o r e s t a t 5600 t o 6200 f e e t e l e v a t i o n 4 miles w e s t - n o r t h w e s t o f ' X i n a p 5 ( 4 5 5 - 4 6 0 ) .

I n t h e K a i h o l e n a a r e a , A. Yamamoto r e c a l l e d s e e i n g o n e i n a p a s t u r e i n t h e l a t e 1 9 5 0 ' s ( 4 6 9 ) . W . P a i v a saw i n d i v i d u a l s , s o m e t i m e s s e v e r a l p e r d a y , i n t h e f o r e s t be low K a i h o l e n a i n t h e l a t e 1 9 5 0 g s , t h o u g h n o t i n t h e e a r l y 1 9 6 0 ' s ( 4 7 0 , 4 7 1 ) .

R . Bachman h e a r d them d u r i n g a s e v e r a l hour h i k e a b o v e Moun ta in House o n 30 J a n u a r y 1966 ( 4 7 2 ) , and r e p o r t e d f r e q u e n t s i g h t i n g s by o t h e r s , s i x s e e n o n c e i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f Moun ta in House and K a i h o l e n a i n Ka'E F o r e s t R e s e r v e ( 4 7 3 ) . V. Hansen r e p o r t e d t h e i r p r e s e n c e n e a r K a i h o l e n a on 16 December 1966 ( 4 7 4 ) .

Hawai i V o l c a n o e s N a t i o n a l P a r k (1940-1966)

T h e r e a r e t h r e e vague r e c o r d s o f lala la s e e n o r h e a r d i n t h e P a r k i n 1940 and 1 9 4 1 , p e r h a p s a l l r e f e r r i n g t o t h e " l a r g e b l a c k sguawk ing b i r d " s e e n by C. Blacow and o t h e r s i n a n d / o r n e a r K i l a u e a C r a t e r ( 4 9 3 - 4 9 5 ) .

Con tempora ry O b s e r v a t i o n s ( 1 9 6 7 - 1 9 7 8 ) :

R e l a t i v e abundance and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f 'A la la were s t u d i e d by t h e s e n i o r a u t h o r f o r t h e U . S . F i s h and W i l d l i f e S e r v i c e f rom 1967 t o 1 9 7 3 . P r i n c i p a l s u r v e y g o a l s w e r e t o l e a r n f rom o l d - t i m e r e s i d e n t s wha t was p o s s i b l e o f t h e i r f o r m e r r a n g e , l o c a t e contem- p o r a r y p o p u l a t i o n s , a n d , w i t h a s 1 i t t l e d i s t u r b a n c e t o n e s t i n g p a i r s a s p o s s i b l e , m o n i t o r p r o d u c t i o n and s u r v i v a l o f young f rom a n y n e s t s t h a t c o u l d b e f o u n d . S i g h t i n g s f rom v o l u n t e e r r e p o r t e r s we re a l s o s o l i c i t e d d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d .

I n 1974 t h e j u n i o r a u t h o r c a r r i e d o u t f i e l d s t u d i e s , i n - c l u d i n g b a n d i n g o f f l e d g l i n g s , f o r Hawaii S t a t e D i v i s i o n o f F i s h and Game ( f i n a n c e d by World W i l d l i f e Fund) and i n 1975 c o n t i n u e d t h e work f o r t h e Hawai i N a t u r a l H i s t o r y A s s o c i a t i o n . A c t i v i t i e s i n 1 9 7 6 , f i n a n c e d by a g r a n t f r o m World W i l d l i f e Fund and U . S . F o r e s t S e r v i c e c o n t r a c t , were l i m i t e d p r i m a r i l y t o m o n i t o r i n g n e s t s . Band ing i n 1976 was c u r t a i l e d b e c a u s e p e r m i s s i o n f rom t h e U . S . F i s h and W i l d l i f e S e r v i c e was n o t g r a n t e d . J. G i f f i n con- d u c t e d s t u d i e s f o r H a w a i i S t a t e D i v i s i o n o f F i s h and G a m e i n 1977 and 1978 .

The r e c o r d s and a n a l y s e s wh ich f o l l o w t h u s r e p r e s e n t r e s u l t s o f 1 0 b r e e d i n g s e a s o n s work b y t h r e e b i o l o g i s t s f o r a c o n s o r t i u m o f f u n d i n g a g e n c i e s , a s w e l l as o b s e r v a t i o n s v o l u n t e e r e d by o t h e r s . I n f o r m a t i o n o b t a i n e d f rom J . G i f f i n ' s s t u d i e s f o r 1 9 7 7 and 1 9 7 8 , and f rom 1976 t o 1 9 7 8 f o r e s t b i r d s u r v e y s b y U. S . F i s h and W i l d l i f e S e r v i c e , h a s n o t b e e n f o r m a l l y p u b l i s h e d and s h o u l d b e r e g a r d e d a s p r e l i m i n a r y .

De t a i l s o f n e s t m o n i t o r i n g and s u r v i v a l o f f l e d g l i n g s a r e n o t i n c l u d e d unde r Con tempora ry O b s e r v a t i o n s ( 1 9 6 7 - 1 9 7 8 ) , b u t a r e t r e a t e d s e p a r a t e l y l a t e r unde r t h e s u b j e c t o f N e s t i n g .

Kona D i s t r i c t (1967-1978)

J . G i f f i n found none i n P u ' u a n a h u l u on s u r v e y s c a r r i e d o u t f r o m 1 J u l y 1977 t o 30 J u n e 1978 ( 4 2 a ) , t h e pa i r which n e s t e d u n s u c c e s s f u l l y i n 1964 h a v i n g a p p a r e n t l y v a n i s h e d .

I n t h e P u t uwa' awa' a Ranch a r e a v a r i o u s i n d i v i d u a l s r e p o r t e d ' A l a l z d u r i n g t h e c o n t e m p o r a r y p e r i o d . P. C r o s l a n d saw o n e w i t h a t w i g i n i t s b i l l f l y i n g a c r o s s t h e B e l t Highway n e a r t h e j u n c t i o n w i t h H u a l s l a i j e e p r o a d on 23 J u n e 1967 ( 4 0 ) . J . W . A l d r i c h saw two a t r a n c h h e a d q u a r t e r s on 16 J a n u a r y 1967 ( 6 0 ) . R . K e a k e a l a n i and S . Yano, r a n c h e m p l o y e e s , r e p o r t e d s e e i n g f rom o n e t o t h r e e i n t h e S t o n e C o r r a l and P u ' u i k i a r e a s i n J u n e 1970 ( 6 2 - 6 4 ) . One o r two were h e a r d u p s l o p e f rom t h e f i r s t w a t e r t a n k o n t h e j e e p t r a i l t o S h a n g r i l a on 16 J u n e 1 9 7 1 by t h e s e n i o r a u t h o r ( 6 5 ) . A r e p o r t i n U. S. F i s h and W i l d l i f e S e r v i c e f i l e s d o c u m e n t s t h r e e b e i n g n o t e d i m m e d i a t e l y a b o v e r a n c h h e a d q u a r t e r s i n Sep t ember 1 9 7 1 ( 8 4 ) . C . v an R i p e r I11 o b s e r v e d a few on t h e r a n c h , some a s low a s h e a d q u a r t e r s ( 2700 f t e l e v . ) , i n 1 9 7 3 ( 8 3 ) . A n e s t and a few unemployed b i r d s we re l o c a t e d o n t h e r a n c h d u r - i n g 1 9 7 3 t o 1976 ( 1 3 1 - 1 4 2 ) . J . G i f f i n found f i v e i n a s u r v e y o f t h e r a n c h o n 5 A p r i l 1977 ( 8 4 a ) , b u t l o c a t e d o n l y two on e a c h o f two v i s i t s l a t e r i n 1977 and 1978 ( 8 4 c , d ) .

A f ew w e r e a l s o n o t e d on t h e uppe r s l o p e s o f P u ' u w a ' a w a ' a Ranch f rom 1967 t o 1 9 7 8 . Four we re found on 17 Sep t ember 1969 on a s u r v e y f rom P o ' o h o h o ' o t o P u ' u Henahena , b u t none we re r e c o r d e d i n r e p e a t s e a r c h e s o f t h i s a r e a a week l a t e r d u r i n g two d a y s ( 2 7 4 - 2 7 6 ) . However, S . Montgomery h e a r d a s i n g l e c a l l a t Po 'o - h o h o ' o o n 2 1 December 1 9 6 9 , and J . J a c o b i saw and h e a r d t h r e e n e a r P o ' o h o h o ' o o n 3 1 A u g u s t 1 9 7 1 ( 2 7 3 , 2 7 7 ) .

N e s t i n g , wh ich w i l l b e t r e a t e d i n d e t a i l l a t e r , was o b s e r v e d i n u p p e r e l e v a t i o n s o f P u ' u w a ' a w a ' a Ranch e a c h y e a r d u r i n g 1 9 7 3 t o 1 9 7 6 . One n e s t e a c h y e a r i n 1 9 7 3 , 1 9 7 4 , and 1 9 7 5 r e s u l t e d i n t o t a l p r o d u c t i o n o f two f l e d g l i n g s w h i l e t h r e e n e s t s i n 1976 p ro - d u c e d t h r e e young. No n e s t s we re found on P u ' u w a ' a w a ' a Ranch i n 1977 o r 1978 .

F a r t h e r west, i n t h e H u a l a l a i Ranch a r e a ( K a t C p 5 1 e h u ) , ' A l a l z were h e a r d o r s e e n i n s m a l l numbers f rom 1967 t o 1 9 7 3 and f rom 1976 t o 1 9 7 8 by t h e f o l l o w i n g o b s e r v e r s : L. W . B r y a n , J . G i f f i n , R . K e a s t , E . Kosaka , C . v a n R i p e r 111, S. Montgomery, N . C a r l s o n , M . M i r a n d a , P. C . Banko, and W . E . Banko ( 8 9 - 1 1 0 ) . Of t h e f i v e r e c o r d s i n d i c a t i n g r e s u l t s o f ranch-wide s u r v e y s ( 1 0 3 , 1 0 4 , 1 0 7 , 1 0 9 , 1 1 0 p ) , none r e p o r t e d a t o t a l o f more t h a n e i g h t o r n i n e a d u l t s o r i m m a t u r e s s e e n o r h e a r d i n o n e d a y ( 1 0 7 , 1 1 0 p ) . Of 1 5 s u r v e y s i n 1 9 7 6 , 1 9 7 7 , and 1978 (1lOa-o) , more t h a n f o u r we re r e p o r t e d l y s e e n o n l y t h r e e t i m e s i n o n e d a y ( 1 1 0 c , 1 1 0 k , 1 1 0 n ) . S i x w e r e t a l l i e d on two o c c a s i o n s . S . Kawahara , howeve r , e s t i m a t e d h e a r i n g many more t h a n t h e e i g h t a c t u a l l y s e e n on 6 F e b r u a r y 1 9 7 1 ( 9 8 ) . I n Ka'TipCilehu ' A l a l z were s e e n i n w i d e l y s e p a r a t e d l o c a l i t i e s , f r om Pu ' uwa' awa' a Ranch a l o n g t h e H u a l Z l a i j e e p a c c e s s t r a i l west t o t h e unnamed v o l c a n i c c o n e s a b o v e H u a l z l a i Ranch h e a d q u a r t e r s and up t o t h e S h e e p S t a t i o n a b o v e t h e r a n c h .

N e s t i n g was o b s e r v e d on H u a l z l a i Ranch e a c h y e a r f rom 1 9 7 0 t o 1 9 7 8 , t h e number o f n e s t i n g i n d i c a t i o n s found e a c h y e a r r a n g i n g f rom o n e t o f i v e . A t o t a l o f 1 6 f l e d g l i n g s r e s u l t e d f rom t h e 20 known n e s t i n g a t t e m p t s . P r o d u c t i o n o f a t l e a s t f o u r young f r o m f i v e n e s t s i n 1977 was t h e maximum o b s e r v e d . N e s t i n g de - t a i l s a r e t r e a t e d l a t e r .

I n t h e a d j a c e n t H u ' e h u ' e Ranch a r e a t o t h e s o u t h , ' A l a l z w e r e r e c o r d e d o n l y i n t e r m i t t e n t l y d u r i n g t h e 1967 t o 1 9 7 8 p e r i o d . R. W i l l i a m s d i d n o t r e c a l l s e e i n g any a r o u n d Ranch h a d q u a r t e r s a f t e r 1964 ( 1 8 5 ) . S e a r c h e s w e r e c o n d u c t e d a l o n g Ka loko r o a d s by U . S . F i s h and W i l d l i f e S e r v i c e and ~ a w a i i S t a t e D i v i s i o n o f F i s h and Game p e r s o n n e l i n 1969 and 1 9 7 1 , and a g a i n i n 1 9 7 6 , 1 9 7 7 , and 1 9 7 8 ( 3 9 d , 1 8 6 , 1 8 9 a - e ) . J . G i f f i n saw ' A l a l Z o n f o u r o c c a s i o n s i n 1976 and 1 9 7 7 , i n c l u d i n g a g r o u p o f e i g h t t o 1 0 on 21 Sep- t e m b e r 1 9 7 6 , b u t none on v i s i t s f r o m 1 J u l y 1977 t o 30 J u n e 1978 ( 1 8 9 a - e ) . F. Z e i l l e m a k e r ' s r e p o r t o f two a t t h e u p s l o p e e n d o f Kaloko s u b d i v i s i o n r o a d o n 5 November 1976 ( 1 8 9 ) and P. C r a c k e l ' s o b s e r v a t i o n o f two s o u t h o f H u ' e h u ' e Ranch n e a r t h e F o r e s t R e s e r v e bounda ry i n 'O'oma 1 on 20 A u g u s t 1 9 7 5 , and r a r e l y o n p r e v i o u s o c c a s i o n s ( 1 8 7 , l 8 8 ) , a r e a d d i t i o n a l r e c o r d s o f s i g h t i n g s i n t h e ~ u ' e h u ' e Ranch a r e a i n r e c e n t y e a r s .

F a r t h e r s o u t h , o n P a l a n i Ranch (HonokEhau l ) , t h e r e h a v e b e e n r e p e a t e d o b s e r v a t i o n s t o t a l i n g 35 r e c o r d s f rom 1 9 6 8 t o 1 9 7 5 and i n 1977 and 1978 ( 1 9 0 - 2 1 3 j ) . Of t h e n i n e r e c o r d s o f e i g h t o r more ' ~ l a l z s e e n t o g e t h e r (194 -196 , 208-212, 2 1 3 f ) , t h r e e r e p r e - s e n t s i g h t i n g s made f rom 26 A u g u s t t o 26 O c t o b e r 1970 ( 1 9 4 - 1 9 6 ) ; o n e on 27 J u n e 1973 ( 2 0 8 ) ; f o u r f rom 2 1 J u l y t o November 1974 ( 2 0 9 - 2 1 2 ) ; and o n e on 26 O c t o b e r 1977 ( 2 1 3 f ) . T o t a l numbers s e e n o r h e a r d i n l o o s e a s s o c i a t i o n t o g e t h e r on any o n e o f t h e s e o c c a - s i o n s r a n g e f rom e i g h t ( 1 9 5 , 1 9 6 ) t o 2 1 ( 2 0 9 ) . I t a p p e a r s t h a t s u c h p o s t - b r e e d i n g f l o c k s a r e composed o f s u c c e s s f u l and unsuc- c e s s f u l a d u l t s , i m m a t u r e s , and f l e d g l i n g s ( 2 0 8 - 2 1 1 ) . The f l o c k o f more t h a n e i g h t s e e n n e a r t h e t e l e p h o n e r e l a y s t a t i o n a l o n g t h e H u a l z l a i j e e p t r a i l n o r t h o f H u a l z l a i Ranch b y S . Kawahara i n 1 9 7 1 ( 9 8 ) , was p r o b a b l y o f s i m i l a r c o m p o s i t i o n . A l l s u c h mixed- a g e c o n g r e g a t i o n s h a v e b e e n o b s e r v e d f rom 27 J u n e t o 6 F e b r u a r y .

I n c o n t r a s t t o t h e number o f s i g h t i n g s o f e i g h t o r more t o g e t h e r , f l o c k s composed o f f i v e t o s e v e n members h a v e b e e n r e c o r d e d o n l y twice ( 1 9 9 , 204 ) and on o n e o f t h e s e o c c a s i o n s t h e number o f b i r d s p r e s e n t may a c t u a l l y h a v e b e e n a s h i g h a s 10 ( 1 9 9 ) . From two t o f o u r h a v e b e e n c o u n t e d o n P a l a n i Ranch o n 1 0 o c c a s i o n s ( 1 9 0 , 200 , 201 , 213 , 213a , 213c , 213d , 2 1 3 9 - i ) , w h i l e o n l y o n e i n d i v i d u a l h a s b e e n r e c o r d e d f i v e times ( 2 0 2 , 207 , 2 1 3 b , 2 1 3 e , 2 1 3 j ) . D u r i n g t h r e e v i s i t s t o t h e r a n c h i n s e a r c h o f ' A l a l Z , none we re s e e n o r h e a r d ( 1 9 2 , 203 , 2 0 6 ) . J . G i f f i n con- c l u d e d a t t h e end o f 1977 and 1 9 7 8 s u r v e y s t h a t t h e P a l a n i Ranch p o p u l a t i o n c o n s i s t e d o f a t l e a s t o n e s u c c e s s f u l b r e e d i n g p a i r and a s i n g l e f l e d g l i n g ( 2 1 3 k ) .

I n a r e a s b o r d e r i n g P a l a n i Ranch o n t h e n o r t h and e a s t , A l a l Z were r e c o r d e d s e v e r a l t i m e s , two o r t h r e e b e i n g h e a r d i n ' une 1 9 7 3 i n H o n u a ' u l a T r a c t 2 a t a b o u t 5850 f e e t e l e v a t i o n , two

s e e n i n K e a l a k e h e Mauka T r a c t a t 4000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n o n 1 O c t o b e r 1 9 7 4 , and two, p o s s i b l y d r i v e n down by bad w e a t h e r , s e e n t h e n e x t d a y i n t h e same T r a c t a t 2650 f e e t e l e v a t i o n ( 2 4 1 - 2 4 3 ) .

N e s t i n g on P a l a n i Ranch was o b s e r v e d e a c h y e a r d u r i n g 1 9 7 2 t o 1 9 7 8 , t h e number o f n e s t i n g i n d i c a t i o n s f o u n d e a c h y e a r r a n g i n g f rom o n e t o f o u r . A t o t a l o f 1 5 f l e d g l i n g s r e s u l t e d f r o m t h e 1 3 known n e s t i n g a t t e m p t s . P r o d u c t i o n o f a t l e a s t s i x young f rom f o u r n e s t s i n 1974 was t h e maximum o b s e r v e d . D e t a i l s o f n e s t i n g a r e p r e s e n t e d l a t e r .

F a r t h e r t o t h e s o u t h , i n c e n t r a l Kona, t h e r e seem t o h a v e b e e n no o b s e r v a t i o n s i n t h e K e a l a k e k u a a r e a d u r i n g t h e contem- p o r a r y p e r i o d and o n l y t h r e e r e c o r d s a r e known f o r t h e a r e a up- s l o p e . N . S a n t o s saw and h e a r d o n e on 8 November 1967 a l o n g t h e J u d d T r a i l a b o u t a mile f rom t h e H u a l X a i NEnZ S a n c t u a r y ( 2 8 5 ) . G . Ackerman r e p o r t e d them t o b e p r e s e n t i n t h e P a p a l o a - P a u a h i a r e a on E a s t e r Sunday 1969 and two, p e r h a p s t h e same o n e s ob- s e r v e d by Ackerman, w e r e s e e n by t h e s e n i o r a u t h o r i n t h e same g e n e r a l a r e a on 1 2 J u n e 1969 ( 3 0 6 , 3 0 7 ) .

I m m e d i a t e l y t o t h e s o u t h o f P a u a h i , i n and n e a r Hsnaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e n e a r McCandless Ranch , N . C a r l s o n saw and h e a r d f o u r on 7 A p r i l 1970 ( 3 2 0 ) . Lower down, I a u k e a r e p o r t e d h e a r i n g ' A l a l S f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e on h i s c o f f e e p l a n t a t i o n a t 1700 f e e t e l e v a t i o n o n a b o u t 20 May 1 9 7 0 , b u t none w e r e f o u n d i n a f o l l o w - u p s e a r c h i n t h e a d j a c e n t f o r e s t on 4 J u n e ( 3 2 1 ) . N . C a r l s o n , L. W . B r y a n , and b o t h a u t h o r s r e c o r d e d ' A l a l z i n and n e a r t h e Hbnaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e d u r i n g t h e f a l l and s p r i n g mon ths i n 1 9 7 0 , 1971 , and 1 9 7 3 , b u t e x c e p t f o r b r e e d i n g b i r d s n o t e d l a t e r , numbers we re l i m i t e d t o i n d i v i d u a l s and p a i r s ( 3 2 3 - 3 2 6 ) . W i n t e r and e a r l y s p r i n g s u r v e y s i n t h e R e s e r v e by J . G i f f i n i n 1977 and 1 9 7 8 r e v e a l e d a s many as f o u r o r f i v e o n o c c a s i o n , b u t u s u a l l y o n l y two o r t h r e e ( 3 2 7 - 3 2 7 e ) . A f t e r t h e 1978 b r e e d i n g s e a s o n G i f f i n c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e HEnaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e p o p u l a t i o n con- s i s t e d o f a t l e a s t o n e s u c c e s s f u l n e s t i n g p a i r , two u n s u c c e s s f u l n e s t i n g p a i r s , o n e immature i n d i v i d u a l , and o n e f l e d g l i n g f o r a t o t a l o f e i g h t ( 3 2 7 ~ ) .

N e s t i n g i n o r a d j a c e n t t o HEnaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e was ob- s e r v e d e a c h y e a r f rom 1 9 7 2 t o 1 9 7 8 , t h e number o f n e s t i n g i n d i c a - t i o n s found e a c h y e a r r a n g i n g f rom o n e t o f o u r . A t o t a l o f 1 0 f l e d g l i n g s r e s u l t e d f rom t h e 14 known n e s t i n g a t t e m p t s . P roduc- t i o n o f two young f rom f o u r n e s t i n g a t t e m p t s i n 1978 was t h e maximum o b s e r v e d . D e t a i l s o f n e s t i n g a r e p r e s e n t e d l a t e r .

On McCandless Ranch, a d j o i n i n g Hbnaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e o n t h e e a s t and s o u t h , t h e r e a r e many r e c o r d s o f ' A l a l Z ( 3 4 8 , 349 , 3 5 1 a , 352, 3 5 9 a - k ) , a s w e l l a s a b s e n c e on some o c c a s i o n s ( 3 5 0 , 3 5 1 , 3 5 9 ) . Rancher P. L ' O r a n g e l s r e c o l l e c t i o n o f s e e i n g e i g h t t o g e t h e r somet ime d u r i n g t h e 1960 ' s i s n o t e w o r t h y ( 3 5 2 1 , s i n c e m o s t o t h e r o b s e r v a t i o n s up t o 1976 a r e o f o n l y o n e t o f o u r b i r d s t o g e t h e r . J . G i f f i n ' s r e c o r d o f e i g h t o n 1 7 A p r i l 1 9 7 8 a l m o s t c e r t a i n l y i n c l u d e d b r e e d i n g p a i r s , b u t i t i s n o t known f rom h i s r e p o r t w h e t h e r t h e s e e i g h t we re s e e n s e p a r a t e l y o r t o g e t h e r ( 3 5 9 i ) . Acco rd ing t o G i f f i n , t h e McCand le s s Ranch p o p u l a t i o n a f t e r t h e 1978 b r e e d i n g s e a s o n c o n s i s t e d o f a t l e a s t o n e suc - c e s s f u l and two u n s u c c e s s f u l p a i r s , two unemployed a d u l t s , and two immature i n d i v i d u a l s f o r a t o t a l o f 1 0 ( 3 5 9 l ) , t h e o n e f l e d g - l i n g p r o d u c e d b e i n g t a k e n f o r c a p t i v e b r e e d i n g l a t e r .

I n Honokua and PZhoehoe 1 and 2 on McCandless Ranch , C . M e d e i r o s d i d n o t r e c a l l t h e p r e s e n c e o f ' A l a l E i n Honokua i n 1 9 7 1 i n l o c a t i o n s where h e remembered many i n t h e e a r l y 1 9 5 0 ' s ( 3 7 3 ) . P. L I O r a n g e s i g h t e d t h r e e o n c e d u r i n g J a n u a r y 1 9 6 8 t o J u n e 1969 a l o n g t h e j e e p t r a i l i n Honokua, b u t d i d n o t see o r h e a r any a t e l e v a t i o n s whe re h e l a t e r o b s e r v e d them i n 1970 and 1 9 7 1 ( 3 7 4 , 376 , 3 7 8 ) .

N e s t i n g on McCandless Ranch was o b s e r v e d e a c h y e a r f rom 972 t o 1 9 7 8 , t h e number o f n e s t i n g i n d i c a t i o n s found e a c h y e a r a n g i n g f rom o n e t o t h r e e . A t o t a l o f 11 f l e d g l i n g s r e s u l t e d 'rom t h e 1 2 known n e s t i n g a t t e m p t s . P r o d u c t i o n o f t h r e e young 'rom two n e s t s i n 1975 and a g a i n i n 1977 was t h e maximum ob-

s e r v e d . N e s t i n g d e t a i l s a r e t r e a t e d l a t e r .

S o u t h o f McCandless Ranch, D . K a l e a l o h a saw a b o u t s i x w h i l e w o r k i n g o n a b o u n d a r y s u r v e y i n ~ p r i l 1969 n e a r a p l a c e on t h e map d e s i g n a t e d a s " ~ o u n t a i n " i n PZhoehoe 2 , S o u t h Kona F o r e s t R e s e r v e ( 3 7 5 ) . M . M e d e i r o s remembered s e e i n g ' A l a l z i n Honokua a t a b o u t 3000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n i n F e b r u a r y 1 9 7 1 ( 3 7 7 ) . However, t h i s a r e a was s e a r c h e d w i t h o u t s u c c e s s o n 1 8 J u n e 1 9 7 1 ( 3 7 9 , 3 8 0 ) .

F a r t h e r s o u t h i n ' x l i k a Homes t eads and PZpZ 1, t h e s p e c i e s was r e c o r d e d a number o f t i m e s f rom 1969 t o 1 9 7 2 by s e v e r a l ob- s e r v e r s ( 3 9 1 - 4 0 2 ) . A l l o f t h e r e c o r d s o f p o s i t i v e f i n d i n g s w e r e o f o n l y o n e o r two i n d i v i d u a l s , m o s t o f wh ich w e r e s e e n a t a b o u t 3400 f e e t e l e v a t i o n on Yee Hop Ranch i n t h e H a u o l i R e s e r v o i r - K o a M i l l a r e a .

I n d i v i d u a l s and p a i r s w e r e r e c o r d e d a few t imes i n 1 9 7 1 and 1 9 7 2 a t a b o u t 3400 f e e t e l e v a t i o n i n Ho16p'uloa n e a r t h e 1926 l a v a f l o w a b o u t 1 .25 miles s o u t h w e s t o f Honomalino Camp ( 4 2 8 - 4 3 3 ) .

J . G i f f i n s t a t e d i n h i s r e p o r t t h a t 'A la lz were r e p o r t e d by o t h e r s b u t n o t f ound by him i n Honomal ino d u r i n g 1 J u l y 1977 t o 30 J u n e 1978 ( 4 3 3 a ) .

H i g h e r u p , a t a b o u t 5300 f e e t e l e v a t i o n , and i n K a p u ' a t o t h e s o u t h , ' A l a l Z w e r e n o t f o u n d o n s e v e r a l t r i p s t o l o c a l i t i e s w h e r e t h e y had b e e n s e e n i n t h e 1 9 5 0 ' s ( 4 4 8 ) . None were f o u n d i n Kapu ' a d u r i n g t h e summers o f 1974 t o 1976 ( 4 4 8 b ) . J . G i f f i n a l s o r e p o r t e d f i n d i n g none i n Kapu ' a on s u r v e y s d u r i n g 1 J u l y 1977 t o 30 J u n e 1978 ( 4 4 8 a ) .

N e s t i n g i n t h e Honomalino a r e a , m o s t l y i n ' x l i k a Homes t eads , was o b s e r v e d e a c h y e a r d u r i n g 1969 t o 1 9 7 4 , e x c e p t f o r 1 9 7 1 . A t o t a l o f o n e f l e d g l i n g p r o d u c e d i n 1 9 7 3 r e s u l t e d f rom t h e s i x known n e s t i n g a t t e m p t s . N e s t i n g d e t a i l s i n t h e Honomal ino a r e a a r e t r e a t e d l a t e r .

K a ' c D i s t r i c t ( 1967 -19781

T h e r e a r e o n l y a few r e c o r d s o f ' A l a l z i n K a ' E d u r i n g t h e c o n t e m p o r a r y p e r i o d , none o f wh ich we re o f b i r d s known o r s u s - p e c t e d t o b e n e s t i n g . J . F r e i t a s r e c a l l e d s e e i n g a few e a s t o f Kahuku Ranch a b o u t f o u r times f rom 1960 t o 1 9 6 9 , t h r e e b e i n g s e e n t o g e t h e r i n 1968 a b o u t 1 mile n o r t h e a s t o f K i o l a k a ' a i n Ka'C F o r e s t R e s e r v e ( 4 8 1 ) . E . ~ o l c i l i o r e p o r t e d t h a t h e h e a r d ' A l a l a i n t h e K i o l a k a ' a f o r e s t , n e a r Kahuku Ranch, a b o u t O c t o b e r 1 9 7 1 ( 4 8 2 , 4 8 3 ) , b u t none we re f o u n d i n t h e a r e a d u r i n g a s u r v e y b y t h e s e n i o r a u t h o r on 1 3 J u n e 1972 ( 4 6 6 ) . lala la w e r e h e a r d by M o l c i l i o on 29 A u g u s t 1974 a t a b o u t 4500 f e e t e l e v a t i o n 0 .25 m i l e i n t o K i o l a k a ' a f o r e s t f rom Kahuku Ranch ( 4 6 7 ) .

I n t h e PZha la a r e a , W. D e r a s i n r e c a l l e d t h a t h e l a s t h e a r d ' A l a l Z a b o u t 1972 above Mounta in House ( 4 7 5 ) and N . C a r l s o n saw o n e o.n 1 5 September 1968 a b o u t a mile downslope from t h e KalG e n t r a n c e t o Hawaii V o l c a n o e s N a t i o n a l P a r k ( 4 6 1 ) .

The U . S . F i s h and w i l d l i f e S e r v i c e r e p o r t e d t h a t f o u r pos- s i b l e t r a n s i e n t s were h e a r d b u t none were s e e n d u r i n g f o r e s t b i r d s u r v e y s i n Ka'E i n 1976 ( 4 4 9 a ) .

Hawai i Vo lcanoes N a t i o n a l P a r k (1967-1978)

I n Hawaii V o l c a n o e s N a t i o n a l Pa rk ' A l a l Z have b e e n o b s e r v e d on t h r e e r e c e n t o c c a s i o n s . G . Bauer saw one a t c l o s e r a n g e on 11 J a n u a r y 1975 a t ~ i ~ u k a ~ u a u l u ( B i r d P a r k ) ( 4 9 6 ) . J . Mermel ob- s e r v e d a l a r g e b l a c k b i r d wh ich , f rom h i s d e s c r i p t i o n , c o u l d o n l y h a v e been a n ' A l a l z on 29 Augus t 1976 n e a r ~ i p u k a p u a u l u i n t h e S e r v i c e h o r s e p a s t u r e ( 4 9 7 ) . J . P u n i w a i saw one i n March 1977 f rom t h e window o f h e r home i n t h e S e r v i c e r e s i d e n c e a r e a ( 4 9 8 ) .

E x t r a - l i m i t a l O b s e r v a t i o n s

Records o f b i r d s s e e n o r h e a r d w i t h i n t h e i r e x p e c t e d r a n g e h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n d i s c u s s e d . R e p o r t s o f ' A l a l z o u t s i d e t h e i r normal r a n g e r e c e i v e d from f e d e r a l and s t a t e c o n s e r v a t i o n agen- c i e s and i n t e r e s t e d c i t i z e n s , t o g e t h e r w i t h some e a r l y p u b l i s h e d s t a t e m e n t s o n l i m i t s o f h i s t o r i c a l r a n g e , a r e p r e s e n t e d by i s l a n d and d i s t r i c t i n t h e f o l l o w i n g a c c o u n t s .

Koha la D i s t r i c t :

J . F i t c h , o n a t empora ry f i e l d a s s i g n m e n t f o r t h e Smith- s o n i a n I n s t i t u t i o n , r e p o r t e d s e e i n g a crow f l y i n g o v e r a c a n e f i e l d a b o u t 1 . 5 miles from N i u l i ' i toward ~ o l o l c V a l l e y l o o k o u t o n 22 September 1968 ( 5 0 0 ) .

Mrs. A. C . S t e a r n s , a l o n g - t i m e r e s i d e n t o f Koha la , saw o n e a t c l o s e r a n g e a t t h e j u n c t i o n o f KahuZ f e n c e l i n e and t h e j e e p t r a i l a t t h e head o f P o l o 1 5 V a l l e y on two o c c a s i o n s , o n c e d u r i n g t h e f i r s t week i n September 1970 and l a t e r a g a i n t h a t y e a r on 4 , 5 , o r 6 November ( 4 9 9 ) .

Kona and KalG D i s t r i c t s :

S e v e r a l s i g h t i n g s of ' ~ l a l z o u t s i d e t h e i r e x p e c t e d r a n g e i n Kona and Ka 'E were logged . D. w h i t e saw o n e a t Wai - 'Ahukin i , i n P Z k i n i N u i , w h i l e on h i s way t o S o u t h P o i n t i n A p r i l o r May 1969 ( 5 0 4 ) . I n KalE, n o r t h o f Hawai i V o l c a n o e s N a t i o n a l P a r k , Ba ldwin ( 1 9 4 1 ) r e p o r t e d a t a m e e t i n g o f Manu I k i S o c i e t y t h a t o n e had been s e e n n e a r P u ' u ~ t l a n i , b u t g a v e no d a t e ( 5 0 1 ) . More r e c e n t l y , on 6 Augus t 1971 , S t a t e F o r e s t e r L . Landgraf and

compan ion D . C a r l s m i t h h e a r d two 'A la l z a b o u t 200 f e e t o f f t h e P u ' u ' 5 ' 5 T r a i l be tween Keawewai Camp and P u ' u k i p t ( 5 0 2 ) . F o r e s t e r s C . Wakida , E . P e t t y s , S . Kamelamela , and H . H o r i u c h i h e a r d two f o r c e r t a i n and p o s s i b l y more n e a r P u ' u L Z ' a u , ~ i l a u e a F o r e s t R e s e r v e , o n 27 F e b r u a r y 1974 ( 5 0 3 ) .

Hawaii V o l c a n o e s N a t i o n a l P a r k :

T h e o c c u r r e n c e o f ' A l a l Z i n h i s t o r i c r a n g e w i t h i n t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k h a s a l r e a d y b e e n m e n t i o n e d ( 4 8 9 - 4 9 8 ) . ' A l a l z h a v e a l s o b e e n r e c o r d e d i n t h e P a r k w h e r e t h e i r o c c u r r e n c e may b e r e g a r d e d a s e x t r a - l i m i t a l . B a l d w i n ( 1 9 4 1 ) n o t e d t h a t G . O l s o n saw o n e i n f l i g h t n e a r t h e e a s t e n t r a n c e o n 27 November 1940 ( 5 1 3 ) . Much l a t e r , a b o u t 1 9 6 0 , P a r k e m p l o y e e L . C r u z r e c a l l e d s e e i n g and h e a r i n g o n e a b o u t 1 mile n o r t h e a s t o f Nhpau C r a t e r ( 5 1 4 ) . C r u z n o t e d a n o t h e r n e a r K o ' o k o ' o l a u C r a t e r a f t e r a h a r d Kona s t o r m d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r o f 1 9 6 3 t o 1 9 6 4 ( 5 1 5 ) . On 5 Sep- t embe r 1976 t e m p o r a r y r a n g e r J . Mermel l o g g e d t h e r e p o r t o f a l a r g e b l a c k squawk ing b i r d m a t c h i n g t h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f a n ' A l a l Z s e e n t h a t d a y by s e v e r a l t o u r i s t s a t T h u r s t o n Lava Tube ( 5 1 6 ) .

' A l a l Z h a v e a l s o o c c u r r e d i n r e c e n t y e a r s i n e v e n more u n e x p e c t e d l o c a t i o n s i n t h e P a r k . J . B e y e r , H . M a k i z u r u , and K . Mak izu ru examined o n e t h r o u g h b i n o c u l a r s o n l y a b o u t 7 5 f e e t away a t 8500 t o 9000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n a l o n g t h e Mauna Loa Summit T r a i l o n 3 A p r i l 1 9 6 9 ( 5 1 2 a ) - - a n a l t i t u d i n a l r e c o r d f o r t h i s s p e c i e s . On t h e s e a c o a s t , K . R o b e r t s and L . Pau h e a r d and saw o n e o n two d i f f e r e n t o c c a s i o n s i n e a r l y F e b r u a r y 1978 a t a n d n e a r W a h a ' u l a H e i a u ( 5 1 7 , 5 1 8 ) . The j u n i o r a u t h o r a l s o h e a r d a t l e a s t o n e n e a r Waha ' u l a H e i a u on 1 0 J u n e 1978 and was t o l d by M . P l o t t h a t o n e p o s s i b l e s i g h t i n g i n t h e same a r e a had b e e n made p r i o r t o t h i s d a t e b,y t h e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l s u r v e y c r e w ( 5 1 8 a ) .

~ i l a u e a D i s t r i c t :

Henshaw ( 1 9 0 2 ) and H . C . Shipman r e p o r t e d s e p a r a t e l y t h a t t h e H a w a i i a n d i s t r i c t o f Puna was o u t s i d e t h e h i s t o r i c r a n g e o f ' A l a l Z ( 5 0 5 - 5 0 7 ) . J . M . S c o t t saw o n e f l y i n g n e a r V o l c a n o o n 1 7 November 1974 ( 5 0 8 ) . W . P. M u l l , f r o m h i s V o l c a n o r e s i d e n c e window, s a w o n e f l y i n t o and t h e n o u t o f t h e m i d s t o r y o f a n ' E h i ' a t r e e ( M e t r o s i d e r o s c o l l i n a ) on 1 6 O c t o b e r 1977 ( 5 0 9 ) . C. Key lon saw o n e n e a r PZhoa S c h o o l f l y i n g s i l e n t l y t o w a r d t h e s e a c o a s t a b o u t 0730 h o u r s i n mid-October 1977 ( 5 1 0 ) . I n Kala- p a n a , a l o n g t h e c o a s t j u s t o u t s i d e H a w a i i V o l c a n o e s N a t i o n a l P a r k , J . J u d d saw a n ' A l a l Z a t a d i s t a n c e o f a b o u t 40 f e e t o n 1 May 1 9 7 1 a b o u t 1 m i l e n o r t h o f Q u e e n ' s B a t h ( 5 1 1 ) . B. R o b e r t s s a w and h e a r d o n e a b o u t 1 m i l e n o r t h e a s t o f W a h a ' u l a H e i a u i n e a r l y F e b r u a r y 1 9 7 8 ( 5 1 2 ) n e a r w h e r e t h i s s p e c i e s was s e e n d u r i n g t h e same p e r i o d by K . R o b e r t s and L . Pau ( 5 1 7 , 5 1 8 ) .

Mauna Kea D i s t r i c t :

' A l a l z have a l s o been s e e n a number of times by v a r i o u s o b s e r v e r s i n r e c e n t y e a r s a round H i l o and n o r t h w a r d a l o n g t h e s l o p e s o f Mauna Kea where t h e r e a r e no p r e v i o u s r e c o r d s o f t h e i r o c c u r r e n c e ( 5 1 9 ) . P. Q. Tomich n o t e d o n e s e e n o f f Waikahe Road above H i l o a t 1000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n a b o u t 0 .25 mile f rom t h e n a t i v e f o r e s t i n WaiZkea Uka i n March 1970 ( 5 3 0 ) . E . Pung, Hawai i S t a t e D i v i s i o n o f F o r e s t r y , was c e r t a i n o f t h e i d e n t i t y o f two ' A l a l Z s e e n n e a r Ainako Avenue i n H i l o a t a b o u t 700 f e e t e l e v a t i o n , f l y i n g t o w a r d s Mauna Kea a t d u s k on 1 3 A p r i l 1977 ( 5 3 1 ) . A c t i n g on a r e p o r t f rom J . Pun iwa i t h a t h e r f a t h e r , A. C r a v a l h o , some- times saw ' A l a l z i n h i s c a t t l e p a s t u r e a t a b o u t 900 f e e t e l e v a - t i o n i n H i l o , t h e s e n i o r a u t h o r c o n t a c t e d him a t h i s home on 9 May 1977 . H e d r o v e m e o u t t o h i s p a s t u r e l a n d o f f Ako lea Road, P i ' i h o n u a , and though we d i d n o t happen t o s e e any ' A l a l z , C r a v a l h o b r i e f e d me on an a p p a r e n t h i s t o r y o f t h i s s p e c i e s i n t h a t a r e a . H e s a i d t h a t two had come t o h i s p a s t u r e a b o u t 10 t o 1 2 y e a r s e a r l i e r a f t e r which h e saw them r e p e a t e d l y u n t i l o n e d i s a p p e a r e d s e v e r a l y e a r s l a t e r . I t s companion remained and he had s e e n i t f a i r l y r e g u l a r l y i n t h e y e a r s t h a t f o l l o w e d , t h e l a t e s t s i g h t i n g b e i n g o n l y a few d a y s p r i o r t o my v i s i t . C r a v a l h o r e c a l l e d t h a t t h e l o n e b i r d was some t imes s e e n f o r a g i n g n e a r t h e marshy ponds o f h i s p a s t u r e , a p p a r e n t l y s e a r c h i n g f o r b u l l f r o g s which C r a v a l h o b e l i e v e d i t a t e ( 5 2 9 ) .

To t h e n o r t h o f H i l o , and h i g h e r on t h e s l o p e s o f Mauna Kea, S t a t e F o r e s t e r L. Landgraf h e a r d two 'Ala lz a t a b o u t 5200 f e e t e l e v a t i o n a l o n g Maulua T r a i l , o n e - f i f t h o f t h e way t o Shack Camp f rom W a i p u n a l e i T r a i l , on 11 J a n u a r y 1 9 6 9 , and a g a i n on 21 May 1969 ( 5 2 2 , 5 2 3 ) . I n 1971 Landgra f a l s o r e p o r t e d two a l o n g t h e Maulua T r a i l on 17 o r 1 8 and a g a i n on 25 September ( 5 2 4 , 5 2 5 ) . On 24 J u l y 1975 a t 0700 h o u r s i n t h e same g e n e r a l a r e a , Landgra f and S. Kamelamela h e a r d two a t Pua ' x k a l a , 6300 f e e t e l e v a t i o n ( 5 2 6 ) .

Much f u r t h e r n o r t h , b u t a t a l ower e l e v a t i o n , G . D a h l b e r g saw and h e a r d t h r e e ' ~ l a l s a t a b o u t 3500 f e e t e l e v a t i o n n e a r KEka ' i au Ranch ( 'Umikoa ) on 11 J a n u a r y 1974 ( 5 2 1 ) .

Some 30 miles west o f H i l o , a l o n g t h e w e s t e r n edge o f t h e U . S . Army PEhakuloa T r a i n i n g A r e a , o n t h e n o r t h w e s t s l o p e s o f Mauna Loa, t h e r e a r e two r e c o r d s o f ' A l a l Z . L. W . Bryan n o t e d a s m a l l f l o c k , h e t h o u g h t a b o u t s i x , a t a b o u t 6000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n i n a n o l d pzhoehoe k i p u k a , ~ i p u k a ' A l a l Z , on 1 9 Sep tember 1950 ( 5 2 7 ) . E . Ladd saw o n e and h e a r d a n o t h e r downslope i n t h e same g e n e r a l a r e a a t a b o u t 4700 f e e t e l e v a t i o n i n December 1975 ( 5 2 8 ) . S h a l l e n b e r g e r ( 1 9 7 7 ) found no ' A l a l z and knew o f no r e c e n t h i s - t o r y o f t h e i r o c c u r r e n c e i n t h e PEhakuloa T r a i n i n g Area when h e c o n d u c t e d b i o l o g i c a l s u r v e y s t h e r e f o r t h e U . S. Army f rom 1976 t o 1977 ( 5 2 0 ) .

Maui

T. Vaughn, N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e n a t u r a l i s t , r e p o r t e d a b i r d m a t c h i n g t h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f a n ' A l a l z o n Maui i n 1970 ( 5 3 2 ) , t h e o n l y r e c o r d of t h i s s p e c i e s o c c u r r i n g on a n i s l a n d o t h e r t h a n Hawai' i . Vaughn r e p o r t e d s e e i n g a l a r g e d a r k b i r d which h e r e - a c t e d t o a s a crow b e f o r e i t dawned on him t h a t " i t c o u l d n ' t be" on Maui. Vaughn saw what was p r o b a b l y a n ' A l a l Z from h i s v e h i c l e n e a r t h e Pu'unEnE t u r n o f f a t a b o u t 1730 h o u r s on 26 O c t o b e r 1970 . T h i s d a t e i s b r a c k e t e d by t h e t w i n r e p o r t s o f a s i n g l e ' A l a l Z s e e n i n t h e Kohala Moun ta ins d u r i n g t h e f i r s t w e e k i n September and a g a i n t h e f i r s t week i n November 1970 by Mrs. A. C . S t e a r n s ( 4 9 9 ) . The f a c t t h a t a s i n g l e n o r t h w a r d wande r ing b i r d was n e a r t h e t i p o f H a w a i ' i and i n p o s i t i o n f o r t h e r o u g h l y 30-mi le o v e r - w a t e r f l i g h t t o Maui i n O c t o b e r s t r e n g t h e n s t h e c r e d i b i l i t y o f V a u g h n ' s r e p o r t . Maui i s p l a i n l y v i s i b l e f rom t h e n o r t h end o f t h e Kohala Mounta ins .

F r e s u e n c v and S e a s o n o f E x t r a - l i m i t a l S i g h t i n q s :

T h i r t y - o n e o f a b o u t 36 e x t r a - l i m i t a l r e c o r d s e x t a n t r e p r e - s e n t s i g h t i n g s made d u r i n g t h e 39-year p e r i o d 1940 t o 1978 . How- e v e r , o n l y s e v e n ( 2 3 % ) of t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s were made i n t h e f i r s t 29-year p e r i o d w h i l e 24 ( 7 7 % ) s i g h t i n g s were r e p o r t e d i n t h e l a s t 1 0 y e a r s .

Of t h e 31 e x t r a - l i m i t a l s i g h t i n g s made f rom 1940 t o 1 9 7 8 , 25 a r e c l a s s i f i a b l e by month. S e v e n t e e n ( 6 8 % ) of t h e s e 25 o b s e r v a - t i o n s were made d u r i n g t h e s ix-month p e r i o d September t h r o u g h F e b r u a r y , 11 ( 4 4 % ) b e i n g r e c o r d e d d u r i n g S e p t e m b e r , O c t o b e r , and November a l o n e . Only e i g h t ( 3 2 % ) s i g h t i n g s o c c u r r e d f r o m March t h r o u g h Augus t .

Whi l e t h e r e i s l i t t l e d o u b t t h a t v a r i o u s f a c t o r s i n h e r e n t i n t h e r e c o r d s b i a s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f s i g h t i n g s i n f a v o r o f i n - c r e a s e d f r e q u e n c y i n r e c e n t y e a r s , i t seems p r o b a b l e t h a t a t l e a s t p a r t o f t h e a p p a r e n t s i t u a t i o n i s r e a l . Movement o f i n d i - v i d u a l s o u t o f t r a d i t i o n a l h a b i t a t s , m o s t l y d u r i n g t h e f a l l and w i n t e r mon ths , i n t o l o c a l i t i e s where t h e y h a v e b e e n h i s t o r i c a l l y a b s e n t , r e p r e s e n t s a h e r e t o f o r u n r e p o r t e d b e h a v i o r a l phenomenon.

NESTING

I n t r o d u c t i o n

P r i o r t o 1964 when t h e f i r s t n e s t was d e s c r i b e d (Tomich 1 9 7 1 ) , v i r t u a l l y n o t h i n g was known o f ' A l a l z b r e e d i n g b i o l o g y . U n t i l 1973 o n l y o n e t o t h r e e a c t i v e n e s t s had been l o c a t e d i n any o n e y e a r , b u t s i n c e t h e n f rom 5 t o 11 a c t i v e n e s t s have been d i s - c o v e r e d and m o n i t o r e d a n n u a l l y . N e s t i n g r e s u l t s a r e summarized and d i s c u s s e d i n u n p u b l i s h e d r e p o r t s by P . Banko ( 1 9 7 4 , 1 9 7 6 , 1 9 7 6 ~ ) ~ W . Banko and P. Banko ( 1 9 7 5 ) , and G i f f i n ( 1 9 7 7 , 1 9 7 8 ) .

The s t u d y of ' A l a l z b r e e d i n g b i o l o g y was d i r e c t e d t o w a r d s m o n i t o r i n g n e s t s w i t h a s l i t t l e d i s t u r b a n c e t o p a r e n t b i r d s a s p o s s i b l e r a t h e r t h a n d e t a i l e d s c r u t i n y o f r e p r o d u c t i v e e v e n t s . W h i l e some i n f o r m a t i o n on c l u t c h - s i z e , f e e d i n g of n e s t l i n g s , and o t h e r a s p e c t s o f n e s t i n g was o b t a i n e d , s t u d i e s by b o t h a u t h o r s a f t e r 1969 f o c u s e d p r i n c i p a l l y on f i n d i n g a s many n e s t s a s pos- s i b l e , d e t e r m i n i n g t h e number o f f l e d g l i n g s produced p e r n e s t , and l e a r n i n g what was p o s s i b l e o f f l e d g l i n g s u r v i v a l and r e c r u i t - ment i n t o t h e b r e e d i n g p o p u l a t i o n .

S i n c e o b s e r v a t i o n s o f b i r d s made e a r l y i n t h e b r e e d i n g c y c l e a p p e a r e d t o a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t n e s t i n g s u c c e s s , t h e a u t h o r s d e l i b - e r a t e l y d e l a y e d c l o s e i n s p e c t i o n o f s u s p e c t e d n e s t s i t e s u n t i l i t was s a f e t o assume t h a t t h e a v e r a g e n e s t was well a l o n g i n i n c u b a t i o n . Whi le t h i s p r o c e d u r e r e s u l t e d i n l i t t l e o r no o b s e r - v a t i o n s o f some r e p r o d u c t i v e e v e n t s , s u c h a s c o u r t s h i p b e h a v i o r , c o p u l a t i o n , n e s t c o n s t r u c t i o n , e g g l a y i n g , and e a r l y i n c u b a t i o n , s u c h l o s s e s were more t h a n compensa ted f o r by s e c u r i n g in fo rma- t i o n f r e e f rom t h e e f f e c t s o f o b s e r v e r i n t r u s i o n . E a r l y expe- r i e n c e s r e l a t i n g t o a p p a r e n t o b s e r v e r - i n d u c e d n e s t i n g f a i l u r e s were p a s s e d a l o n g i n f o r m a l l y t o Hawai i S t a t e D i v i s i o n o f F i s h and Game b i o l o g i s t s who were i n a p o s i t i o n t o p r o f i t from s u c h i n f o r m a t i o n . I n 1975 , n e s t s i t e s were p l o t t e d on c o n t o u r maps and f u r n i s h e d t o t h e ' ~ l a l z Recove ry Team s o t h a t s u p p l e m e n t a r y s t u d i e s m i g h t be e f f i c i e n t l y imp lemen ted .

R e s u l t s o f n e s t i n g s u r v e y s by J . G. G i f f i n i n 1977 and 1978 a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h i s r e p o r t . E x a c t l o c a t i o n s o f n e s t s t h o s e y e a r s a r e n o t g i v e n by r e q u e s t o f Hawai i S t a t e D i v i s i o n o f F i s h and Game.

N e s t i n g R e c o r d s

Kona D i s t r i c t

P u t u a n a h u l u :

Tomich ( 1 9 7 1 ) d e s c r i b e d a n ' A l a l z n e s t w i t h f i v e e g g s found i n P u ' u a n a h u l u on 26 March 1 9 6 4 , and r e p o r t e d on i t s f a i l u r e ( 6 6 - 6 8 ) . Tomich ( 1 9 7 1 ) and o t h e r s l a t e r found o l d n e s t s n e a r b y , d e m o n s t r a t i n g t h a t t h e a r e a was a t r a d i t i o n a l b r e e d i n g g round ( 6 6 , 7 0 ) . S u b s e q u e n t o b s e r v a t i o n s up t o 1978 f a i l e d t o r e v e a l any f u r t h e r e v i d e n c e o f ' A l a l Z a c t i v i t y i n P u l uanahu lu ( 6 9 , 4 2 a ) .

P u ' u w a ' a w a ' a Ranch:

Rancher R. Hind r e c a l l e d t h a t t h e m o s t r e l i a b l e n e s t i n g a r e a f rom 1935 t o 1950 was i n t h e d r y ' Z h i ' a ( M e t r o s i d e r o s c o l l i n a ) zone which e x t e n d e d n o r t h e a s t o f P o ' o h o h o ' o t o t h e b a s e o f P o t a t o H i l l ( 2 7 8 ) . N o t i n g t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s o f lala la which had b e e n made i n t h i s g e n e r a l a r e a i n t h e 1 9 6 0 ' s and e a r l y 1 9 7 0 ' s ( 2 6 8 - 2 7 7 ) , s e v e r a l d e t e r m i n e d b u t u n s u c c e s s f u l s e a r c h e s were made d u r i n g 1974 t o 1976 ( 2 8 0 , 281 , 2 8 3 ) . Somet imes a p a i r o r two w a s f ound b u t n o n e s t o r e v i d e n c e o f s u c c e s s f u l b r e e d i n g was e v e r d i s c o v e r e d ( 2 7 9 , 2 8 2 ) .

I n t h e H a l e p i u l a R a i n s h e d a r e a , f r o m 4600 t o 5600 f e e t e l e - v a t i o n , o n e n e s t h a s b e e n l o c a t e d and p r o d u c t i o n m o n i t o r e d e a c h y e a r f rom 1 9 7 3 t o 1976 . P r e s u m a b l y t h e same p a i r h a s b e e n r e s p o n s i b l e f o r n e s t s f ound i n a l l f o u r y e a r s . Below t h e Ra in - s h e d , E. Kosaka , R. W a l k e r , and D . Woodside d i s c o v e r e d a n e s t w i t h u n d e t e r m i n e d c o n t e n t s a t 4600 f e e t e l e v a t i o n on 26 A p r i l 1 9 7 3 ( 1 3 1 ) , b u t i t was l a t e r f o u n d d e s e r t e d ( 1 3 2 , 1 3 3 ) . On 1 3 J u n e 1974 a n e s t w i t h t h r e e n e s t l i n g s was d i s c o v e r e d a t 4680 f e e t e l e v a t i o n a b o u t 0 .5 m i l e e a s t - s o u t h e a s t o f t h e R a i n s h e d , b u t o n l y o n e n e s t l i n g was p r e s e n t by 3 J u l y ( 1 3 4 , 1 3 5 ) . The n e s t l i n g was banded o n 1 5 J u l y and o b s e r v e d 0 .2 mile w e s t - n o r t h w e s t o f t h e n e s t o n 9 O c t o b e r ( 1 3 6 , 1 3 7 ) . On 17 J u n e 1975 a n e s t was l o c a t e d 0 .2 m i l e w e s t - n o r t h w e s t o f t h e R a i n s h e d . The s o l e f l e d g l i n g was b a n d e d , and was l a t e r s e e n 1 . 8 miles e a s t o f t h e n e s t on 1 2 J u l y ( 1 3 8 , 1 3 9 ) . A p a i r was found a t a n empty n e s t 0 .65 mile s o u t h - eas t o f t h e Ra inshed on 27 May 1 9 7 6 , b u t v i s i t s on 16 J u n e and 22 J u l y f a i l e d t o p r o d u c e any e v i d e n c e o f p r o d u c t i o n ( 1 4 0 - 1 4 2 ) .

' A l a l Z were found a b o v e H a l e p i u l a R a i n s h e d , be tween 4720 and 5600 f e e t e l e v a t i o n , b u t t h e r e was no i n d i c a t i o n o f p r o d u c - t i o n on 8 J u l y and 9 O c t o b e r 1974 o r o n 1 7 J u n e and 11 J u l y 1 9 7 5 ( 1 2 1 - 1 2 4 ) . A p a i r was l o c a t e d o n 28 May 1 9 7 6 , and on 8 J u l y a n e s t w i t h o n e f l e d g l i n g w a s d i s c o v e r e d 0 .75 m i l e n o r t h e a s t o f Ka'CpGlehu n e a r t h e P u ' u w a ' a w a ' a R a n c h - H u a l z l a i Ranch b o u n d a r y ( 1 2 6 , 1 2 7 ) . S t i l l i n t h e same a r e a t h i s f a m i l y s u b s e q u e n t l y merged w i t h a n o t h e r f a m i l y w i t h two f l e d g l i n g s , a p p a r e n t l y p r o - d u c e d on n e i g h b o r i n g ~ u a l z l a i Ranch d u r i n g 2 1 t o 23 J u l y ( 1 2 8 - 1 3 0 ) .

J . G . G i f f i n e n c o u n t e r e d two 'A la lz on Pu 'uwa ' awa ' a Ranch o n 9 November 1977 and 8 J u n e 1 9 7 8 , b u t d e t e r m i n e d a f t e r t h e 1 9 7 8 b r e e d i n g s e a s o n t h a t t h e y w e r e b o t h unemployed ( 8 4 a - c ) .

H u a l z l a i Ranch:

' ~ l a l z p r o d u c t i o n on H u a l z l a i Ranch h a s b e e n documen ted s i n c e 1970 . I n Ka 'CpGlehu, n e a r 3550 f e e t e l e v a t i o n , a b o u t 1 . 3 m i l e s e a s t - n o r t h e a s t o f Moanuia-Hea r a d i o r e l a y s t a t i o n , two n e s t s we re found a b o u t 0 .25 m i l e a p a r t and a p o x - l e s i o n e d f l e d g - l i n g was s a l v a g e d f rom e a c h f rom 1 2 t o 1 9 J u n e 1970 ( 1 4 3 - 1 4 5 ) . I n t h e same a r e a o n 7 and 29 J u n e and 9 J u l y 1 9 7 1 , two p a i r s w e r e l o c a t e d , b u t o n l y a s i n g l e n e s t l i n g was p r e s e n t , which f o r unde- t e r m i n e d r e a s o n s n e v e r f l e d g e d ( 1 4 6 - 1 4 8 ) . T h r e e a d u l t s w e r e

o b s e r v e d a s s o c i a t i n g t o g e t h e r i n t h e same l o c a l i t y on 3 J u n e 1972 , b u t no b r e e d i n g a c t i v i t y was n o t i c e d ( 1 4 9 ) . A n e s t was found e v e r y y e a r f rom 1 9 7 3 t o 1976 i n t h e same p l a c e , u n d o u b t e d l y i n v o l v i n g t h e same p a i r e a c h time. On 1 2 May 1 9 7 3 , a n e s t con- t a i n i n g f o u r e g g s w a s found and b y 1 0 J u l y two young had f l e d g e d ( 1 5 0 - 1 5 4 ) . The f a t e o f t h e two o t h e r e g g s was u n d e t e r m i n e d . On 2 J u n e 1974 a n e s t l i n g was p r e s e n t , b u t by 27 J u n e t h e n e s t was empty and no young o r a d u l t s w e r e h e a r d i n t h e a r e a ( 1 5 5 , 1 5 6 ) . A n o t h e r n e s t l i n g was found o n 1 3 J u n e 1 9 7 5 , b u t by t h e n e x t v i s i t t o t h e n e s t a r e a on 1 3 J u l y , no b i r d s c o u l d b e l o c a t e d ( 1 5 7 , 1 5 8 ) . A n e s t l i n g found 26 May 1 9 7 6 f l e d g e d a b o u t 1 6 J u n e ( 1 6 0 , 1 6 1 ) .

I n t h e H i n a k a p o u l a a r e a o f H u a l z l a i Ranch, r e p r o d u c t i o n o f o n e o r p o s s i b l y two p a i r s was m o n i t o r e d f rom 1972 t o 1 9 7 6 . On 3 J u n e 1972 a n e s t was l o c a t e d 1.1 miles n o r t h w e s t o f H i n a k a p o u l a wh ich was d e s e r t e d by 20 J u n e when a s i n g l e b a d l y c r u s h e d egg was found o n t h e g r o u n d u n d e r n e a t h ( 1 6 2 , 1 6 3 ) . The p a i r f ound i n t h e same p l a c e on 11 May 1973 w a s n o t o b s e r v e d t o h a v e a n e s t . A g a i n , i n t h e same l o c a l i t y on 1 2 J u n e and on 3 and 11 J u l y 1 9 7 4 , a p a i r w i t h o n e f l e d g l i n g was o b s e r v e d w i t h i n 1 . 8 miles n o r t h - w e s t o f H i n a k a p o u l a ( 1 6 5 - 1 6 9 ) . I n 1975 no n e s t c o u l d b e l o c a t e d d e s p i t e t h e p r e s e n c e o f a p a i r i n t h i s a r e a on 1 3 and 1 7 J u n e , and by 2 A u g u s t t h e a r e a was a p p a r e n t l y d e s e r t e d ( 1 7 0 - 1 7 4 ) . On 26 May 1976 a p a i r was s e e n b u i l d i n g a n e s t b u t by 8 J u l y t h e n e s t was m i s s i n g ( 1 7 5 , 1 7 6 ) . The a r e a was a p p a r e n t l y c o m p l e t e l y d e s e r t e d by 1 6 J u l y ( 1 7 7 , 1 7 8 ) .

B r e e d i n g i n t h e n o r t h Ka 'EpClehu c r a t e r a r e a o f ~ u a l z l a i Ranch was f i r s t s u s p e c t e d when a p o s s i b l e f l e d g l i n g was s e e n w i t h two a d u l t s a t 4750 f e e t e l e v a t i o n 1 . 2 miles n o r t h - n o r t h e a s t o f ~ a ' c p u l e h u c r a t e r n e a r t h e b o u n d a r y w i t h P u t uwa' awa ' a Ranch on 29 J u n e 1 9 7 3 (111). Nests a n d / o r f l e d g l i n g s , p r o b a b l y o f t h e same p a i r , w e r e l o c a t e d h e r e f rom 1974 t o 1 9 7 6 . Two young d i s - c o v e r e d i n t h e n e s t on 1 2 J u n e 1974 were found t o h a v e f l e d g e d by 4 J u l y ( 1 1 2 , 1 1 3 ) . A p a i r w i t h o n e f l e d g l i n g was s e e n o n 1 7 J u n e and 1 0 J u l y 1975 ( 1 1 5 , 1 1 6 ) , b u t c o u l d n o t b e found o n 3 A u g u s t ( 1 1 7 ) . A n e s t was b e i n g c o m p l e t e d on 27 May 1976 b u t was empty and abandoned when v i s i t e d l a t e r t h a t y e a r on 1 7 J u n e and 8 J u l y , a l t h o u g h a p a i r was h e a r d d i s t a n t l y on b o t h o c c a s i o n s ( 1 1 8 - 1 2 0 ) .

I n 1 9 7 7 , J . G . G i f f i n o b s e r v e d f o u r n e s t i n g a t t e m p t s on H u a l z l a i Ranch, f o u r f l e d g l i n g s r e s u l t i n g f rom t h r e e o u t o f a t o t a l o f f o u r n e s t s ( 1 4 2 a - e ) . I n 1 9 7 8 , G i f f i n o b s e r v e d a n e s t i n g and r e - n e s t i n g f a i l u r e o f o n e p a i r ( 1 4 2 f , g ) , and p r o d u c t i o n o f two f l e d g l i n g s by a s e c o n d p a i r ( 1 4 2 h ) i n u n d e s c r i b e d l o c a l i t i e s .

P a l a n i Ranch:

lala la r e p r o d u c t i o n on P a l a n i Ranch h a s b e e n m o n i t o r e d s i n c e 1 6 J u n e 1972 when t h r e e o r f o u r a d u l t s w e r e h e a r d and a n e s t was found i n Honokzhau 1 ( 2 1 4 ) . Two p a i r s were h e a r d a t 4200 f e e t e l e v a t i o n o n 4 J u l y when t h e p r e v i o u s l y l o c a t e d n e s t was f o u n d t o b e d e s e r t e d and t h e r e m a i n i n g p a i r was d e t e r m i n e d t o b e w i t h o u t a n e s t ( 2 1 5 ) . A n e s t f ound on 8 J u n e 1973 i n ~ o n o k c h a u 1 a t 4850 f e e t e l e v a t i o n had f l e d g e d o n e y o u n g s t e r by 1 3 J u n e ( 2 1 6 , 2 1 7 ) .

Two n e s t s , b o t h w i t h two n e s t l i n g s , we re l o c a t e d i n Hono- kbhau 1 i n 1 9 7 4 , o n e a t 4850 f e e t e l e v a t i o n on 3 1 May and t h e o t h e r a t 4650 f e e t e l e v a t i o n on 1 J u n e ( 2 1 9 - 2 2 1 ) . The two young- s t e r s a t 4650 f e e t e l e v a t i o n had f l e d g e d by 26 J u n e and t h o s e a t 4850 f e e t had f l e d g e d by 4 J u l y ( 2 2 2 , 2 2 3 ) . On ly o n e p a i r w i t h a f l e d g l i n g was found d u r i n g a s e a r c h o f t h e same n e s t i n g a r e a s on 1 2 J u n e 1975 ( 2 2 6 - 2 2 9 ) . One n e s t w i t h two f l e d g l i n g s was found on 1 J u l y 1976 a t 4850 f e e t e l e v a t i o n i n Honokshau 1 ( 2 3 1 ) . On 1 0 A u g u s t 1 9 7 6 , a p a i r w i t h o n e j u v e n i l e f rom a n unknown n e s t s i t e , and a n o t h e r p a i r w i t h two y o u n g s t e r s , assumed t o b e t h e same a s t h o s e found 1 J u l y , we re s e e n a t 4000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n i n Honokbhau 1 ( 2 3 4 ) .

I n H o n u a ' u l a T r a c t 2 on P a l a n i Ranch, two p a i r s h a v e a h i s t o r y o f r e p r o d u c t i o n . A p a i r w i t h o n e f l e d g l i n g was s e e n a t 5480 f e e t e l e v a t i o n o n 9 J u n e 1973 and o n c e l a t e r b e f o r e t h e n e s t t e r r i t o r y was found d e s e r t e d o n 27 J u n e ( 2 4 4 - 2 4 6 ) . Two well- d e v e l o p e d n e s t l i n g s found on 26 J u n e 1974 a t 5500 f e e t e l e v a t i o n 0 .4 m i l e e a s t - s o u t h e a s t o f t h e P a l a n i Ranch c a b i n , f l e d g e d on 21 J u l y ( 2 4 7 - 2 4 9 ) . T h i s p a i r was p r e s e n t a g a i n i n 1 9 7 5 , b u t no n e s t was found and t h e a r e a was a p p a r e n t l y abandoned by 14 J u l y ( 2 5 7 , 2 5 8 ) . Nests o r young were n o t e n c o u n t e r e d h e r e d u r i n g 1976 t o 1 9 7 8 . A n o t h e r p a i r n e s t e d a t 5700 f e e t e l e v a t i o n 0 .4 m i l e west o f Lae Koa and was d i s c o v e r e d w i t h o n e o r two n e s t l i n g s on 26 J u n e 1974 , b u t was presumed t o h a v e f a i l e d when t h e n e s t t e r r i t o r y and s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a was found v a c a n t o n 2 1 J u l y ( 2 5 0 , 2 5 1 ) . However, t h e n e s t l i n g ( s ) may h a v e f l e d g e d and moved o u t o f t h e a r e a w i t h t h e p a r e n t s p r i o r t o 21 J u l y . The Lae Koa t e r r i - t o r y was o c c u p i e d by 25 May 1976 b u t no n e s t was l o c a t e d and t h e a r e a was found d e s e r t e d d u r i n g v i s i t s o n 9 J u l y and 11 A u g u s t ( 2 5 4 - 2 5 6 ) . No s u c c e s s f u l n e s t i n g a t t e m p t s we re documen ted h e r e i n 1977 o r 1 9 7 8 .

J . G . G i f f i n m o n i t o r e d P a l a n i Ranch i n 1977 and 1 9 7 8 , ob- s e r v i n g u n s u c c e s s f u l n e s t s b o t h y e a r s ( 2 6 2 a , b ) .

Hznaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e ( G a s p a r s D a i r y ) :

R e p r o d u c t i o n o f ' ~ l a l s h a s been documented i n Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e s i n c e 1972 when p a r e n t s w i t h a w e l l - d e v e l o p e d f l e d g l i n g was o b s e r v e d 0 .25 m i l e u p s l o p e f rom G a s p a r s D a i r y ( a b a n d o n e d ) on 5 J u l y ( 3 2 9 ) . On 3 May 1 9 7 3 , a n e s t i n g p a i r was l o c a t e d a t 4280 f e e t e l e v a t i o n downs lope f rom G a s p a r s D a i r y ( 3 3 0 ) . A w e l l - d e v e l o p e d n e s t l i n g was d i s c o v e r e d d e a d i n t h e n e s t on 26 May and t h e i n t a c t c a r c a s s was s t i l l p r e s e n t w i t h b o t h p a r e n t s i n t h e t e r r i t o r y on 31 May ( 3 3 1 , 3 3 2 ) . One o f two n e s t l i n g s found i n t h e same a r e a on 24 May 1974 had f l e d g e d by 22 J u n e b u t i t s s i b l i n g was n o t s e e n ( 3 3 3 , 3 3 4 ) . I n 1 9 7 5 , a s i n g l e y o u n g s t e r was f l e d g e d f rom a n unknown n e s t l o c a t i o n and was o b s e r v e d w i t h t h e p a r e n t s a t 4440 f e e t e l e v a t i o n n e a r G a s p a r s D a i r y on 1 9 J u n e and n e a r t h e b o u n d a r y w i t h K e a l a k e k u a on 1 0 A u g u s t ( 3 3 5 , 3 3 6 ) . No ' A l a l z were s e e n o r h e a r d i n t h e same a r e a on 4 J u n e 1 9 7 6 , b u t wha t p r e s u m a b l y was t h e same p a i r s e e n i n 1975 was f o u n d w i t h a f l e d g l i n g a t 4350 f e e t e l e v a t i o n 0 . 3 m i l e n o r t h w e s t o f G a s p a r s D a i r y on 1 4 J u l y ( 3 3 7 , 3 3 8 ) .

m r ' b r 0 0 r B m r - ' C 0 r t 3 m 3 r n 2 H O r w O O m * w c o w W O ~ r . ( D ( D r D ) - 1 W r - 3 3 ( ~ 4 m o r t c n 4 ~ c - ~ m ~ m o r n o m m r a ~ m b m u l m c r t m m 3 r ~ ~ r r r t r t ~ r m w s a w r t 3 C n T * - a r C C " W C ) (D W P - m a , r t ~ c 1 r r - 4 ~ 3 m a 4 r o r . 3 n, (D O r - m a , % 3 h ) D r u

* L C J ~ P - W m a * r t r m o = I W o r r a , a , r t w c r w r m - - e n w a a 3 'b L C ( D P - C ~ P ( b c a , m C m w T r t r l (D 1 r - 1 o v r r m c w o o \ r - ~ = ~ ( ~ r -

rD 3 r r m m 0 3 r t c h ) m m m 3 ~ ~ n m r m r c l a o c r o r - 3 - m m O P - I D ~ I D O r-a, m a , a3 3 r - u o a 3 o r t - c m 3 3 c r t m r - r - c 0 a r m 3 W n , m r - y r 3 m r t c D m r t Y r - c Z 1 r c C ) ( D O 0 m m ~ P I W cO r - l u = T 0 r t ct rC ' W r t U 2 3 m ~ Z O M E I o c x r - m ~ < o a W m o w r t 3f21-D 3 m r . l O r - m m a , 3 * 1 r . ' d 3 - n, Y O m r r - 3 a O W 3 P I a D m o r m l a m rrt 3 3 c r r - m w a r n

n m PI m a 3 0 ( ~ r t m w r ~ m c 0 - - m a r - r ~ . n o m T (D m X c n c w ( ~ 4 m m m m m a , n o r t o la ctr-1 r - 3 4 1 . 1 3 r - a r t ~ r t c m 0 4 m a, r - ra , 3 a N C r m w a a s u l a 1 1 o o 3 c o r - r r m a W I D r 3 0 1 3 m r r r c m + o --a p l a P - o o r ~ w ( D L C rt o m 2 3

a , r x 3 ( ~ 3 m a a , ~ 3 t f z a , p r r - r - ( ~ m m r - a m r r t 4 w f l r I r - 0 3 m m

a, D r r P ( D P - ( D r - m w m r t r t ' b 0 0 l a m m r s w a ~ s a 0 o c r

3 w m a a , m a r r 4 1 w c C W C P . ~ m m a , a m m Q r r t m c x a , r t r t m r t m m m r t r n O C P - 3 3 r . m - - = r € m P. 3 rt o r - w m s ' ~ 3 r . o ( ~ r w ~ o o a ( ~ r t ( ~

o r r t r g n , ( ~ a t n m - r r m n , 3 g a m c u m a w n , r + m o a m m w rt rt 3 3-e m n ~ ] - r r ~ ~ ~ = f w

a , m z o c b w r w r r ~ a , a , ~ n, (D 3 a w ~ p r 4 a , c n ( ~ 3 g r t o a r r m w q m

r t = t m m m a a g n , m c a c m m m w = ' 3 Q m W UI r - c a - w a r . a,+ p r o o m O X r m m 0 r 0 - 3 m r . ~ ~ r t 1

m L C ( D Q a r t a , C r a , 3 - r t G Z m a m c w ~ m a , 3 r t m r t r a m ( D T D P , (D r = 1 3 w m a o a s r - w w m w r m c n a ( D ~ W mar- a x C ( D W a , r t - 4 ~ r t a , c r - m a . w a r - h r r e 7r

0 a m a (D 3 - m r-rrt a , u - r r a , ( D O w w m p r a oa, P O r r t n , o I W X - P . ~ ( D - r . O ' d U E l a , r - ( ~ a, cb w 3 o m w 3 r r . 0 m m W C ] m o l a a r -

- r - 4 - 0 W - r r 6 ;.& C G L J O V G o r 1 r m m r ~ w t r r t 3 3 ~ 3 0 a , o r r 3 - a , a, T O w 4 0 P-a PI r t r m ~a=r.n,

3 r r a , ~ - - a , m u l O U I ~ C 0 r t 4 m I a o r t a , . 3 0 3 r r - o m + T 3- rt rt a c o r m r r a w a c l o w o r . I 3 Z r . r ta ,c ( D c c a m ~ ~ G o & P o H a , ( D p r o H 3 3 3 0 m w m ( D u 3 h , a ( D r 3 m c n m 3 3 4 I a a m m I w oaarc ID u l * m

mu^-r r c o w 0 r ~ r t m a n a m m a ,

a o m a , c t ~3 C - r - H r 0 3 3 L C - 0 - 3 a m r t o . w

3 3 r .4 0-0 3 4

LC w x - 3 (Dx

r o a , 0 1 4 w m 3 r 3 *

rt a0 a, 4 O C G I C M P a , 3 3 0 r r t r u f D C ( D C G )

a r - - a w q m w w 3 o m IP (D 1 r - m ~ r m (D 3 0 w r t m I 4 m r i . o

Q E W - Cr w Y m ' L C @ ( D m

a, r m r l 3 m m c

1 a o 1 (D DJ c a m a, r-(D

3 m r r t

m rD c 31 c I 3 r . 0 c l 3 a n 0 m m r ( D m m 3 m r t o h m m r - m r m m 3 r-(D IT c a + o m r a m - w a r n

rt aa, rt rt

l a (Da,o - 3 1 3 0 '6 (D (D C a r r a , 3 c m w a n o on , F . 3 c m

0 P, r t X r t @ r t r a, r n (D O L C (D 3-a

r. run; (Dz * a , w 3 hr-a, r r - I m N m r m w m a , m a . l a m 4 m a , z D m m 3 Q o a , m ( D

a, 3 - I - - C 0 % m a, a , c ( D 3 3 3 P 3 r - a , (D rtr a a z m w ( D W C U D

a a w 3 4 m r - r t 4- rt w r . 1

0 9 , o m w m 3 Y 3 3 m 9 a 0 3 o r r r r p r w

(D r 3 - w (D m r m m w m a o o

m r t r 3 P w w m c ~ z a 0 1 4 a o a m m a r - c w w c r r t m art 3 3 - 3 0 r 3 - m hl

I T O a * a3 I m rt w

m c a o r ~ r t ,+a 3 w w m 3-3 w m - r 3-w m a - r t m o r r n w o r a

h ) r . r Z I 1 1 a r n r r N N -Ow P o r n o 0 3 o m w m m m r t w a r o > l = ~ = r o= l r t0

= r w r n w r n c m m r - c r a w mw 4 r t l r ) m a r t m w w 3 r - w ~ w c n c 3-0 m- r r a r - a , a x m 3 m a 3 m m 0 r - o m o * 3 w m 0 tn3P

r - n, 3 a

c O m ' = l a,

r m ww rt 413 3- w a n ,

1 rt o r-cn

3 0 C

w rt 4 x 3 m 0 . - p.

rt I-'. 0 3

s w a r - m 3 r . 3 aarn

C) C TY N O J m r c m 0 m Z 1 a 4 m m c c m C ) r 1 3 a r . ( D m m a I-'.

- w m o ww a 3 4 (Dm r

w c r o - r - C ) m 30 , CJn ct (D - r - a . 0 0

3 3 r m r - 4 3 t r r o ID 0 4 3

y e a r s , n i n e i n 1 9 7 3 ; 1 2 i n 1974 ; e i g h t i n 1975 ; and 11 i n 1 9 7 6 , a r e be1 i e v e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e t o t a l numbers b r e e d i n g t h e n . Cove r ing much t h e same a r e a i n 1977 and 1 9 7 8 , J . G . G i f f i n found n i n e b r e e d i n g p a i r s b o t h y e a r s . C o n s i d e r i n g t h e c u r r e n t r a t h e r nar row e l e v a t i o n a l e x t e n t o f b r e e d i n g r a n g e and t h e l a r g e l y nega- t i v e r e s u l t s o f r e p e a t e d s e a r c h e s o f p o t e n t i a l r a n g e f rom 1972 t o 1978 by t h r e e i n v e s t i g a t o r s , i t is e s t i m a t e d t h a t 7 5 % o r more of t h e t o t a l number o f b r e e d i n g a d u l t s e x t a n t d u r i n g 1 9 7 3 t o 1978 were f o u n d . Annual e f f o r t s t o f i n d e v i d e n c e o f r e p r o d u c t i o n were p r o b a b l y r e l a t i v e l y e f f i c i e n t d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d b e c a u s e t h e number o f f l e d g l i n g s f rom u n d i s c o v e r e d n e s t s was s m a l l e r t h a n t h e number o f n e s t s f o u n d , and b e c a u s e l a r g e numbers o f immature o r u n s u c c e s s f u l b r e e d e r s were n o t e v i d e n t . A b r e e d i n g p o p u l a t i o n o f a b o u t 1 5 p a i r s is t h e r e f o r e p o s t u l a t e d f o r t h e 1974 t o 1976 p e r i o d , w h i l e p e r h a p s some f ewer were e x t a n t d u r i n g 1977 t o 1978 .

N e s t i n q R e s u l t s

Whi le t h e g o a l s o f t h e b r e e d i n g s t u d y were o r i g i n a l l y d i r e c t e d more toward d e t e r m i n i n g s u c c e s s i n f l e d g i n g young t h a n i n l e a r n i n g d e t a i l s o f r e p r o d u c t i v e b i o l o g y , no o p p o r t u n i t y was l o s t t o c o l l e c t o t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n of p o t e n t i a l o r n i t h o l o g i c a l o r management v a l u e . N e s t i n g r e s u l t s , w i t h r e f e r e n c e o f e a c h o b s e r - v a t i o n t o t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e c o r d i n Appendix I , is p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 1. Because n e s t s were o n l y o c c a s i o n a l l y m o n i t o r e d , t h e t e rm " f l e d g l i n g " a s used i n T a b l e 1 and e l s e w h e r e is a p p l i e d t o we l l -deve loped n e s t l i n g s which may n o t h a v e been c o m p l e t e l y i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e n e s t a s w e l l a s t h o s e p e r h a p s a w e e k o r two o l d e r and c a p a b l e o f s h o r t s u s t a i n e d f l i g h t s .

E l e v a t i o n a l Range of Nests:

The e l e v a t i o n of 60 n e s t s l i s t e d i n T a b l e 1 ranged from a b o u t 2400 t o 5700 f e e t above s e a l e v e l , a v e r a g i n g 4450 f e e t . The 1 5 f l e d g l i n g s produced from 1 2 u n l o c a t e d n e s t s were d i s - c o v e r e d a t e l e v a t i o n a l r a n g e s from 4000 t o 5400 and a v e r a g i n g a b o u t 4700 f e e t above sea l e v e l . J u d g i n g from P e r k i n s ' ( 1 8 9 3 ) o b s e r v a t i o n s i n t h e 1 8 9 0 t s , t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n t h e n e x t a n t a r e presumed t o have b r e d be tween 1700 and 3000 f e e t e le- v a t i o n . Most o f t h e s e l ower f o r e s t s have s i n c e b e e n h i g h l y a l t e r e d by a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s and a r e g e n e r a l l y u n a v a i l a b l e o r u n s u i t a b l e f o r f e e d i n g o r b r e e d i n g t o d a y .

S i t e S e l e c t i o n :

The t e n d e n c y o f ' ~ l a l z t o r e t u r n t o t r a d i t i o n a l n e s t i n g a r e a s i s w e l l documented by t h e p r o d u c t i o n h i s t o r i e s c i t e d i n Appendix I . A t r e e n e a r t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r ' s n e s t s i t e was usu- a l l y s e l e c t e d i n s u c c e e d i n g y e a r s . I t is n o t known what f a c t o r s d e t e r m i n e s e l e c t i o n o f n e s t s i t e s by p a i r s b r e e d i n g f o r t h e i r f i r s t time, b u t p o s s i b l y t h e y c h o o s e a s i t e i n o r n e a r t h e t e r r i - t o r y i n which one o r t h e o t h e r was r e a r e d .

TABLE 1. Summary r e s u l t s o f n e s t i n g , 1964-1978.

N e s t B r e e d i n g S i t e N e s t Date o f O b s e r v a t i o n Number E l e v . Record A t t e m p t s E l e v . C o n t e n t s Mar Apr May J u n J u l Au9 F l e d g e d Obse rved Nos.

5 e g g s 4/12 26 1 2 , ( 2 6 )

u n o b s e r v a b l e

u n o b s e r v a b l e

u n o b s e r v a b l e

none 6/26

1 n e s t l i n g a t l e a s t , 6/29

u n o b s e r v a b l e

1 e g g a t l e a s t , 6/20

u n o b s e r v a b l e

no n e s t f o u n d

u n o b s e r v a b l e

1

0 - S u b t o t a l 2

0

0

1 4500

0 - S u b t o t a l 1

\D 03 4 m I I l l 4 -4 -4 4 W W W W

W A W N 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 W W W W

I-' I 4 W

3 (D rn rt I-' P . I s rn

W I-'

- y r + I-'. +' m- . - I- ' W 0 0 V .

I-' N . N W

I-' h) . h

N m Y

m I-' . n

I-' W V

- -I-' I-' N y r & N I V Y *

W - . & n V

I-' yr -

h

I-' 0 Y

A W W W N N P I - ' w m w W r P I - ' L n W I b I p l o o b P m o I - ' I . I . I I A W W h ) w + ' P rP W P y r W 4 0 N 4 W W

TABLE 1--Cont inued. N 00

N e s t B r e e d i n g S i t e N e s t Da te o f O b s e r v a t i o n Number E l e v . Record A t t e m p t s E l e v . C o n t e n t s Mar Apr May J u n J u l Aug F ledged Observed Nos.

2 n e s t l i n g s

1 o r 2 n e s t l i n g ( s )

2 n e s t l i n g s

unobse rved

unobse rved

3 e g g s

no n e s t found

1 n e s t l i n g

1 f l e d g l i n g

1 f l e d g l i n g

2 f l e d g l i n g s

no n e s t found

2 f l e d g l i n g s

1 f l e d g l i n g

2 4 ( 2 2 )

25 ( 2 2 )

26 ( 2 7 )

1 0 ( 2 3 )

S u b t o t a l

1 7

17 ( 1 2 )

( 1 3 )

( 1 2 )

( 1 8 )

1 9

( 1 9 ) 6 , 7

( 8 )

S u b t o t a l

1-76 4580 u n o b s e r v e d

2-76 ---- no n e s t f o u n d

3-76 ---- no n e s t f o u n d

4-76 4920 none

5-76 3580 1 n e s t l i n g

6-76 4850 2 f l e d g l i n g s

7-76 ---- no n e s t f o u n d

8-76 ---- no n e s t f o u n d

9-76 ---- no n e s t f o u n d

10-76 ---- no n e s t f o u n d

11-76 4920 u n o b s e r v e d

1-77 ---- no n e s t f o u n d

2-77 3500 u n o b s e r v e d

3-77 4550 u n o b s e r v e d

4-77 4640 u n o b s e r v e d ( r e n e s t )

5-77 5000 u n o b s e r v e d

6-77 5050 u n o b s e r v e d

1

1

1

1

1 - S u b t o t a l 11

2

1

0

TABLE 1- -Cont inued . W

N e s t B r e e d i n g S i t e Nest Date of O b s e r v a t i o n Number E l e v . Record A t t e m p t s E l e v . C o n t e n t s Mar Apr May J u n J u l Aug F l e d g e d Obse rved No.

u n o b s e r v e d

u n o b s e r v e d

u n o b s e r v e d

u n o b s e r v e d

1 a d u l t 2 1 5 , 1 3 5 on n e s t 1 3 Apr

u n o b s e r v e d 1 0 , 2 2 ( r e n s e t )

2 n e s t l i n g s 1 0 May 5 , 1 3 1 0 , 2 2 8 * ( 1 5 )

1 a d u l t 23 1 7 ( 2 1 ) on n e s t 1 7 Apr

1 n e s t l i n g 22 1 7 24 1 4 , 24 May ( 2 1 ) *

1 a d u l t 1 7 ( 2 4 ) o n n e s t 1 7 Apr

1 n e s t l i n g 26 1 6 ( 2 0 ) 1 6 May

1 1 4 2 e

1 372b

1 346a

1 - 3 4 6 b

S u b t o t a l 9

0 142 f

0 1429

2 142h

372c

372d

372e

262c

8-78 4 5 0 0 1 a d u l t on n e s t 2 May

9-78 4 2 2 0 1 a d u l t on n e s t 3 May

10-78 4 2 2 0 unobserved ( r e n e s t )

11-78 4 5 0 0 unobserved 0 -

S u b t o t a l 6

T o t a l . .. 58

( ) = d a t e when f l e d g l i n g ( s ) f i r s t observed o r n e s t found d e s e r t e d * = f l e d g l i n g s a l v a g e d f o r p r o p a g a t i o n

S e a s o n a l P a r a m e t e r s o f N e s t i n g :

The a d v e n t and sequence o f e g g - l a y i n g c a n n o t b e d a t e d f o r c e r t a i n w i t h o u t d a i l y m o n i t o r i n g o f n e s t s - - a n i m p r a c t i c a l t a s k i n t h i s s t u d y f o r many r e a s o n s . ~ n i t i a t i o n , t e r m i n a t i o n , and a v e r - a g e d a t e s o f e g g - l a y i n g may n e v e r t h e l e s s b e r o u g h l y c a l c u l a t e d from a few d a t a on i n c u b a t i o n p e r i o d and n e s t l i n g deve lopmen t found i n T a b l e 1 and Appendix I .

One n e s t w i t h f o u r e g g s found on 1 2 May r e s u l t e d i n two downy n e s t l i n g s by 1 J u n e ( 1 9 d a y s ) and t h e f l e d g i n g of b o t h on 10 J u l y ( 3 9 d a y s ) , y i e l d i n g a t o t a l p e r i o d from p o s s i b l e i ncep - t i o n o f i n c u b a t i o n t o f l e d g i n g o f a t l e a s t 58 d a y s ( 1 5 0 - 1 5 3 ) . Us ing s i m i l a r a s s u m p t i o n s f o r d a t a c o l l e c t e d by J . G . G i f f i n ( 1 4 2 h ) a p e r i o d o f from 56 t o 6 3 d a y s may be i n f e r r e d . An a p p r o x i m a t e p e r i o d o f t i m e f rom h a t c h i n g t o f l e d g i n g c a n be c a l - c u l a t e d from a n e s t (414-417) where a h a t c h l i n g and one egg were p r e s e n t on 11 May, and t h e s i n g l e s u r v i v i n g o f f s p r i n g was v e r y c l o s e t o l e a v i n g t h e n e s t on 22 J u n e ( 4 3 d a y s e l a p s e d ) . These f i g u r e s f a l l w i t h i n t h e r a n g e f o r o t h e r Corvus s p e c i e s g i v e n by Goodwin ( 1 9 7 6 ) where t h e normal i n c u b a t i o n p e r i o d is 1 8 . 5 d a y s ( 1 6 - 2 2 ) ; t h e normal n e s t l i n g p e r i o d i s 37 .5 d a y s ( 3 0 - 4 5 ) ; and t h e combined i n c u b a t i o n and n e s t l i n g p e r i o d is 56 d a y s ( 4 7 - 6 5 ) .

I n c a l c u l a t i n g b r e e d i n g s e a s o n p a r a m e t e r s f rom a p r o j e c t i o n o f d a t a which i n c l u d e d a y s r e q u i r e d f o r deve lopmen t o f n e s t l i n g s , i t i s w e l l t o r e c o g n i z e t h a t a s h o r t e r p e r i o d of t i m e may be needed t o f l e d g e o n e r a t h e r t h a n s e v e r a l n e s t l i n g s . The a v e r a g e d a t e of f l e d g i n g one n e s t l i n g i n t h e 21 examples c i t e d i n T a b l e 1 was 22 J u n e , w h i l e t h e a v e r a g e d a t e o f f l e d g i n g two young from 1 2 n e s t s was 28 J u n e . The mean f l e d g i n g d a t e o f a l l 33 n e s t s was 25 J u n e .

Using a mean p e r i o d o f 60 d a y s f rom t h e a d v e n t o f i n c u b a t i o n t o f l e d g i n g and a n a v e r a g e f l e d g i n g d a t e o f 25 J u n e , e g g - l a y i n g i n a n a v e r a g e fou r -egg c l u t c h would b e g i n on a b o u t 23 A p r i l , as- suming one egg is l a i d e a c h d a y a f t e r i n c e p t i o n . Us ing e x t r e m e s o f e a r l y and l a t e f l e d g i n g d a t e s l i s t e d i n T a b l e 1 (6-73 , 8 - 7 5 ) , t h e i n i t i a t i o n o f e g g - l a y i n g may be i n f e r r e d t o o c c u r a s e a r l y a s 24 March t o a s l a t e a s 5 J u n e , a s p r e a d o f n e a r l y 2 .5 months ( 7 2 d a y s ) .

N e s t i n q S u c c e s s :

Of 72 known n e s t i n g a t t e m p t s documented i n T a b l e 1, 44 ( 6 1 % ) were s u c c e s s f u l and 25 ( 3 5 % ) f a i l e d , w h i l e r e s u l t s o f t h r e e n e s t s (3 -74 , 8-74, 11-74) were unknown. A s shown i n T a b l e 2 , 30 ( 6 8 % ) of t h e s e s u c c e s s f u l n e s t i n g a t t e m p t s r e s u l t e d i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f o n e f l e d g l i n g and 1 4 ( 3 2 % ) y i e l d e d two f l e d g l i n g s f o r a t o t a l o f 58 f l e d g l i n g s , o r 1 . 3 2 f l e d g l i n g s p e r s u c c e s s f u l n e s t and 0.84 f l e d g l i n g f o r t h e 69 n e s t a t t e m p t s where t h e r e s u l t s were known.

TABLE 2. N e s t i n g s u c c e s s ( % I .

T o t a l Known Nests Nests Nests R e s u l t s Nest A t t e m p t s Found Not Found Unknown

S u c c e s s f u l

F l e d g e d 1

F l e d g e d 2

T o t a l F l e d g e d

F l e d g l i n g s P e r S u c c e s s f u l N e s t

F l e d g l i n g s P e r T o t a l N e s t Attempts

U n s u c c e s s f u l

Of t h e 57 n e s t s l o c a t e d where t h e p r o d u c t i o n r e s u l t s were known, 32 ( 6 6 % ) were s u c c e s s f u l and 25 ( 4 4 % ) f a i l e d . Twenty-one ( 6 6 % ) of t h e s e n e s t s p roduced one f l e d g l i n g e a c h and 11 ( 3 4 % ) y i e l d e d two f l e d g l i n g s e a c h f o r a t o t a l o f 43, o r 1 .34 f l e d g - l i n g s p e r s u c c e s s f u l n e s t and 0 .75 f l e d g l i n g f o r a l l 57 n e s t s ( T a b l e 2 ) .

Nine ( 7 5 % ) o f t h e n e s t s which were n o t l o c a t e d produced one f l e d g l i n g e a c h and t h r e e ( 2 5 % ) y i e l d e d two f l e d g l i n g s e a c h f o r a t o t a l o f 1 5 , o r 1 . 2 5 f l e d g l i n g s p e r n e s t i n g e f f o r t ( T a b l e 2 ) . P a i r s which n e s t e d u n s u c c e s s f u l l y and whose n e s t i n g e f f o r t s were n o t d e t e c t e d a r e n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h i s a n a l y s i s , b u t i f t h e y c o u l d h a v e been , f i g u r e s f o r t h e number o f f l e d g l i n g s p e r n e s t a t t e m p t would b e lower t h a n t h o s e g i v e n h e r e .

The 58 f l e d g l i n g s r e c o r d e d i n T a b l e 1 were produced d u r i n g 1970 t o 1 9 7 8 , a s f o l l o w s : 1970 ( 2 ) ; 1 9 7 1 ( 0 ) ; 1972 (1); 1973 ( 8 ) ; 1974 (1) ; 1975 ( 1 0 ) ; 1976 (11); 1977 ( 9 ) ; 1978 ( 6 ) .

O b s e r v e r I n f l u e n c e on N e s t i n q S u c c e s s :

I n m o n i t o r i n g n e s t i n g s u c c e s s i t was e a r l y s u s p e c t e d t h a t r e a c t i o n o f n e s t i n g p a i r s t o o b s e r v e r p r e s e n c e m i g h t b e an ad- v e r s e i n f l u e n c e . The a p p e a r a n c e o f f l e d g l i n g s f rom u n d i s c o v e r e d n e s t s l a t e i n t h e b r e e d i n g s e a s o n s o f 1 9 7 2 , 1 9 7 3 , and 1 9 7 4 , and e s p e c i a l l y i n 1975 and 1976 , added t o s u s p i c i o n s t h a t e a r l y s e a - s o n d i s r u p t i o n s m i g h t be p a r t i c u l a r l y i n i m i c a l .

A n a l y s i s o f f i r s t v i s i t s t o t h e 57 n e s t s w i t h h i s t o r i e s by semi-monthly p e r i o d would seem t o c o n f i r m t h e s e e a r l y impres- s i o n s ; however , d a t e s o f f i r s t v i s i t s t o n e s t t e r r i t o r i e s were n o t a l w a y s r e c o r d e d , and t h o s e g i v e n i n Appendix I may i n d i c a t e when n e s t s were f i r s t found r a t h e r t h a n when t e r r i t o r i e s were f i r s t v i s i t e d . Of 11 n e s t s f i r s t v i s i t e d f rom l a t e March t h r o u g h l a t e A p r i l , o n l y f o u r ( 3 6 % ) were s u c c e s s f u l i n f l e d g i n g young. Only f i v e ( 5 0 % ) o f 10 n e s t s f i r s t v i s i t e d i n e a r l y May were suc - c e s s f u l . T h e r e a f t e r , however, t h e s u c c e s s r a t e o f n e s t s v i s i t e d by semi-monthly p e r i o d r o s e s t e a d i l y , as e x a m i n a t i o n of d a t a i n T a b l e 1 w i l l r e v e a l . Numbers, and p e r c e n t a g e s o f s u c c e s s f u l n e s t s by semi-monthly f i r s t v i s i t s , a r e a s f o l l o w s : t h r e e ( 3 3 % ) o f n i n e n e s t s i n l a t e May; 1 0 ( 6 7 % ) of 1 5 n e s t s i n e a r l y J u n e ; e i g h t ( 8 0 % ) o f 1 0 n e s t s i n l a t e J u n e ; and two ( 1 0 0 % ) of two n e s t s i n J u l y and Augus t . Thus , o f 30 n e s t s f i r s t v i s i t e d b e f o r e 1 J u n e o n l y 1 2 ( 4 0 % ) were s u c c e s s f u l , w h i l e 20 ( 7 4 % ) of 27 n e s t s f i r s t v i s i t e d a f t e r 1 J u n e f l e d g e d young. T h e r e d o e s n o t , how- e v e r , a p p e a r t o be a c o r r e l a t i o n be tween number o f v i s i t s p a i d t o a n e s t and n e s t i n g s u c c e s s . Of 22 n e s t f a i l u r e s n i n e were known t o have been v i s i t e d t w i c e , n i n e t h r e e times, and f o u r more t h a n t h r e e times.

Obse rve r p r e s e n c e a t n e s t s e a r l y i n t h e b r e e d i n g s e a s o n would t end t o o c c u r e a r l i e r i n t h e b r e e d i n g c y c l e o f most p a i r s - - e s p e c i a l l y d u r i n g o r b e f o r e n e s t c o m p l e t i o n , e g g - l a y i n g , and e a r l y incuba t ion- -when d e s e r t i o n o f t h e n e s t m i g h t b e e x p e c t e d t o o c c u r more f r e q u e n t l y t h a n i f t h e f i r s t v i s i t had o c c u r r e d a f t e r a b o u t t h e f i r s t w e e k o f i n c u b a t i o n .

The a p p a r e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p be tween o b s e r v e r p r e s e n c e and n e s t i n g s u c c e s s i s , however , q u a l i f i e d by f a c t o r s n o t c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e s t u d y . ~ o s t n e s t i n g s i t e s a r e l o c a t e d i n a r e a s v i s i t e d w i t h v a r y i n g f r e q u e n c y by r a n c h e r s , p i g h u n t e r s , f o r e s t e r s , l a n d m a n a g e r s , and o t h e r s . No a t t e m p t was made t o g a t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n o n f r e q u e n c y and d u r a t i o n o f a l l s u c h p o s s i b l e d i s t u r b a n c e f a c - t o r s . I t i s a l s o p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e r a t e o f n e s t i n g s u c c e s s i n c r e a s e s a s t h e b r e e d i n g s e a s o n p r o g r e s s e s f o r r e a s o n s t h a t d o n o t i n v o l v e g r e a t e r human d i s t u r b a n c e e a r l i e r i n t h e s e a s o n . For example , food a v a i l a b i l i t y may i n c r e a s e l a t e r i n t h e b r e e d i n g s e a s o n .

I n any c a s e , t h e c i r c u m s t a n t i a l e v i d e n c e s u g g e s t s t h a t human p r e s e n c e n e a r t h e n e s t e a r l y i n t h e b r e e d i n g s e a s o n p o s e s a n un- n a t u r a l r i s k t o n e s t i n g s u c c e s s . Measu res t a k e n t o r e s t r i c t o r r e d u c e human a c t i v i t y i n known o r s u s p e c t e d n e s t t e r r i t o r i e s d u r i n g A p r i l and May s h o u l d s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e f l e d g l i n g p r o d u c t i o n .

C l u t c h - s i z e , H a t c h i n q , and F l e d q i n q S u c c e s s :

On o n l y f o u r o c c a s i o n s were t h e number o f e g g s p o s s i b l y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f maximum c l u t c h - s i z e d e t e r m i n e d (1-64, 2-73, 8-73, 1 2 - 7 4 ) . The number o f e g g s o b s e r v e d i n e a c h c a s e was f i v e , f o u r , t h r e e , and two ( i n c l u d i n g one h a t c h l i n g ) - - y i e l d i n g an a v e r - a g e c l u t c h - s i z e o f 3.5 e g g s p e r n e s t . Based o n i n f o r m a t i o n found i n Goodwin ( 1 9 7 6 ) , t h e mean c l u t c h - s i z e f o r 22 o t h e r s p e c i e s o f C o r v u s is 4.2 ( T a b l e 3 ) .

Two e g g s were known t o have h a t c h e d and b o t h young f l e d g e d f rom t h e fou r -egg n e s t , one egg was known t o h a v e h a t c h e d and t h e y o u n g s t e r f l e d g e d from t h e two-egg n e s t , w h i l e no e g g s h a t c h e d i n t h e t h r e e - and f i v e - e g g n e s t s . I t i s u n c e r t a i n w h e t h e r o r n o t t h r e e e g g s which a r e unaccounted f o r i n t h e f o u r - and two-egg n e s t s h a t c h e d b e c a u s e t h e n e s t s were n o t m o n i t o r e d f r e q u e n t l y enough t o d e t e r m i n e t h e i r f a t e s . One egg from t h e t h r e e - e g g n e s t w a s d e t e r m i n e d t o be i n f e r t i l e ( n o t r a c e o f b l o o d o r embryo) when it b r o k e a f t e r c o l l e c t i o n . The 14 e g g s t h u s r e s u l t e d i n a t o t a l o f o n l y t h r e e f l e d g l i n g s f o r a n a p p a r e n t h a t c h i n g and f l e d g i n g r a t e o f 21%. F i g u r e s c i t e d on a v e r a g e c l u t c h - s i z e , h a t c h a b i l i t y , and f l e d g l i n g p r o d u c t i o n a r e based on a s m a l l s a m p l e s i z e and s h o u l d t h e r e f o r e b e r e g a r d e d a s p r e l i m i n a r y .

S u r v i v a l o f F l e d q l i n g s

The f l e d g l i n g s u r v i v a l r a t e and t h e a g e a t which n e s t i n g is i n i t i a t e d is b e i n g s t u d i e d by r e s i g h t i n g i n d i v i d u a l s which were marked w i t h a u n i q u e c o m b i n a t i o n o f s e r i a l l y numbered aluminum and c o l o r e d p l a s t i c l e g bands . T h r e e f l e d g l i n g s were banded i n 1 9 7 3 , s i x i n 1974 , and s e v e n i n 1975. None were marked i n 1976 d u e t o f a i l u r e o f t h e U. S. F i s h and W i l d l i f e S e r v i c e t o p r o v i d e t h e n e c e s s a r y b a n d i n g p e r m i t i n t i m e . Two f l e d g l i n g s marked i n 1977 r a i s e d t h e t o t a l number banded by t h e a u t h o r s t o 1 8 . Unused b a n d s were g i v e n t o J. G. G i f f i n who banded o n e i n 1977 and two i n 1978 . I n f o r m a t i o n on r e s i g h t i n g s o f banded f l e d g l i n g s , i n - c l u d i n g t h o s e marked and s i g h t e d by G i f f i n , is g i v e n i n T a b l e 4 .

TABLE 3. Clutcksize, incubation, an3 nestling period of Corvus. - (Data f r m Goodwin 1976--except canbined incubation & nestling period.)

- -

Combined Species Clutch Incubation Nestling Incubation and

Size Per iod Period Nestling Per i d (Days) (Days) (Days )

Corvus monedula

C. frugilequs -

C. brachyrhynchos

C . ossif r aqus -

C. macrorhynchos - C. enca - - C. orru - -

C. coronoides - C. mellori - C. t r i s t i s - C. moneduloides

C. corone - C. torquatus - C. capensis -

C . ruf icol l is - cryptoleucos

C. rhipidurus - C. albicollis -

Mean (Range)

TABLE 4 . P o s t - r e l e a s e s i g h t i n g s o f b a n d e d f l e d g l i n g s .

Band S e r i a l L o c a t i o n , R e s i g h t i n g s : R e f e r e n c e Nos. E l e v a t i o n , Date Banded Date, D i s t a n c e , D i r e c t i o n , E l e v a t i o n S o u r c e s

0 . 4 0 m i l e SE P a l a n i R. ' c a b i n ; 5 4 8 0 ; 9 J u n 7 3

1 3 J u n 7 3 ; n e a r n e s t

0 . 5 0 m i l e WNW P a l a n i R. c a b i n ; 4 8 5 0 ; 1 3 J u n 7 3

28 J u n 7 3 ; 0 . 2 0 mile W N W ; 2 5 S e p 7 4 ; 0 .80 m i l e W ; 3900 1 2 O c t 7 4 ; 0 .80 mile W; 3900 1 0 J a n 7 6 ; 0 .60 mile NE; 5600

1 . 3 0 miles ENE R a d i o R . S t a t i o n ; 3 4 4 0 ; 11 J u l 7 3

- None -

0 . 5 0 m i l e WNW P a l a n i R. c a b i n ; 4 8 5 0 ; 4 J u l 7 4

25 S e p 7 4 ; 0 . 7 5 m i l e W S W ; 3900 1 , 2 O c t 7 4 ; 0 .75 mile WSW; 3900

0 . 4 0 m i l e ESE P a l a n i R. c a b i n ; 5 5 0 0 ; 4 J u l 7 4

- None -

0 . 4 0 m i l e ESE P a l a n i R. c a b i n ; 5 5 0 0 ; 4 J u l 74

9 J a n 7 6 ; 1 . 2 0 miles N ; 5640

1 . 5 0 m i l e N ~ a ' G p Z l e h u c r a t e r ; 4 6 6 0 ; 4 J u l 74

2 O c t 7 4 ; n e a r n e s t

1 . 5 0 mile N ~ a ' 1 p ; l e h u c r a t e r ; 4 6 6 0 ; 4 J u l 74

2 O c t 7 4 ; n e a r n e s t

0 . 5 0 m i l e ESE H a l e p i u l a R a i n s h e d ; 4 6 8 0 ; 1 5 J u l 7 4

9 O c t 7 4 ; 0 . 2 0 mile W N W ; 4680

TABLE 4--Con t i n u e d .

Band S e r i a l L o c a t i o n , R e s i g h t i n g s : R e f e r e n c e

Nos. E l e v a t i o n , Date Banded D a t e , D i s t a n c e , D i r e c t i o n , E l e v a t i o n S o u r c e s

0 .65 m i l e WNW P a l a n i R. c a b i n ; 4650; 1 2 J u n 7 5

1 . 3 0 miles ENE R a d i o R. S t a t i o n ; 3480 ; 1 3 J u n 7 5

0 .30 m i l e ESE H a l e p i u l a R a i n s h e d ; 4680 ; 1 7 J u n 7 5

0 .40 m i l e W o f L a e Koa; 5700 ; 1 8 J u l 7 5

0 .40 mile W o f L a e Koa; 5700 ; 1 8 J u l 7 5

1 . 0 0 mile SSW B i g H i l l Camp; 4760; 1 9 J u n 7 5

1 6 0.80 mile WSW Hooper Camp; 4920 ; 8 Aug 7 5

- None -

2 Aug 7 5 ; 2 .25 miles S ; 3900

1 2 J u l 7 5 ; 1 . 8 0 miles E ; 4700 26 O c t 7 7 ; 4 .20 miles SW; 3400

- None -

- None -

6 Aug 75 ; 0 .30 m i l e NE; 4950 7 Aug 7 5 ; 1 . 0 0 m i l e S ; 4800

1 5 J u l 7 6 ; 0 .50 m i l e SE; 4920 25 J a n 7 7 ; 0 .80 m i l e E ; 5300

9 J a n 78 ; 1 . 5 0 miles S ; 4940 1 0 J a n 7 8 ; 1 . 0 0 mile S ; 5150 1 7 Apr 78 ; 1 . 0 0 mile S ; 4900 2 1 J u n 7 8 ; 2 .20 miles S ; 4830

- None -

1 7 No i n f o r m a t i o n - None -

No i n f o r m a t i o n

0 .60 mile W S W H o o p e r Camp; 5 0 7 0 ; 24 J u n 7 7

0 . 6 0 m i l e W S W H o o p e r Camp; 5 0 7 0 ; 24 J u n 7 7

No i n f o r m a t i o n

N o i n f o r m a t i o n

No i n f o r m a t i o n

No i n f o r m a t i o n

No i n f o r m a t i o n 5 0 5 0 ; 2 8 Apr 7 7

- None - - None -

9 J a n 7 8 ; 1 . 9 0 miles N ; 4940 3 8 3 a , ( 2 2 ) 1 0 J a n 7 8 ; 2 .00 miles N ; 5 1 5 0

- None - - None - - None - - None -

2 Nov 7 7 ; 0 . 2 0 mile N ; 4800 1 6 May 7 8 ; 2 .20 miles S; 4440

While r e s u l t s o f t h e f l e d g l i n g s u r v i v a l s t u d y a r e n o t y e t f i n a l , some p r e l i m i n a r y c o n c l u s i o n s c a n b e drawn. A s one m i g h t e x p e c t , c h a n c e s o f s i g h t i n g a marked b i r d d e c r e a s e d w i t h t h e p a s s a g e o f time.

Of 1 8 f l e d g l i n g s marked f rom 1973 t o 1 9 7 7 , n i n e ( 5 0 % ) were s e e n a g a i n t h e same c a l e n d a r y e a r and s i x ( 3 3 % ) were s i g h t e d a g a i n i n t h e f o l l o w i n g y e a r . Seven ( 3 9 % ) were n o t s e e n f o l l o w i n g m a r k i n g .

By 1978 a t o t a l o f o n l y 1 6 i n d i v i d u a l s had been marked l o n g enough t o e n a b l e s i g h t i n g s o f b i r d s i n t h e s econd and t h i r d y e a r s f o l l o w i n g f l e d g i n g . Of t h e s e 1 6 , o n l y t h r e e ( 1 9 % ) were s e e n i n t h e i r s e c o n d , and o n l y two ( 1 2 . 5 % ) i n t h e i r t h i r d y e a r . None of n i n e b i r d s which m i g h t t h e o r e t i c a l l y be s i g h t e d i n t h e f o u r t h y e a r f o l l o w i n g band ing were s e e n , and none o f t h r e e which m i g h t h a v e l i v e d f i v e y e a r s a £ t e r mark ing were s i g h t e d .

One marked b i r d was o b s e r v e d 4 . 2 miles away from t h e s i t e o f b a n d i n g , w h i l e t h e r e m a i n i n g 17 have a l l been s e e n w i t h i n 2 .5 mi les ( u s u a l l y w i t h i n 1 m i l e ) of t h e n e s t i n which t h e y were r a i s e d .

J u v e n i l e ' ~ l a l z have b e e n n o t e d begg ing a d u l t s f o r food l o n g a f t e r f l e d g l i n g independence m i g h t b e assumed, 20 December i n one c a s e ( 5 4 ) and even a s l a t e a s 1 5 J u l y ( 3 7 1 ) - - a y e a r a f t e r h a t c h - i n g , s t r o n g l y s u g g e s t i n g t h a t a v a i l a b i l i t y o f food may b e a n a d v e r s e f a c t o r i n f l u e n c i n g s u r v i v a l o f f l e d g l i n g s , j u v e n i l e s , and immatures .

No banded b i r d s a r e known t o have formed p a i r s o r n e s t e d .

F l e d g l i n q S a l v a g e - C a p t i v e B r e e d i n q

' A l a l s judged t o have a s u r v i v a l h a n d i c a p were c a p t u r e d and p l a c e d i n t h e Hawaii V o l c a n o e s N a t i o n a l P a r k r e s e a r c h a v i a r y . Two f l e d g l i n g s e x h i b i t i n g pox l e s i o n s on and a round t h e b i l l were r e t r i e v e d from n e s t s i n a d j a c e n t t e r r i t o r i e s on H u a l z l a i Ranch on 1 9 J u n e 1970. A f t e r a t t e n t i v e c a r e and r e c o v e r y from pox symp- toms , t h e s e b i r d s were a i r s h i p p e d on 3 Augus t 1970 t o P a t u x e n t W i l d l i f e R e s e a r c h C e n t e r , L a u r e l , Maryland. One e x p i r e d s h o r t l y a f t e r a r r i v a l , p r e sumab ly f rom s h i p p i n g s h o c k , and t h e o t h e r d i e d on 1 O c t o b e r 1973 f rom p r i m a r y p a t h o l o g y i n t h e c i r c u l a t o r y s y s - tem which o r i g i n a t e d from unknown c a u s e s .

T h r e e f l e d g l i n g s were s i m i l a r l y s a l v a g e d i n 1973 , o n e w i t h a heavy i n f e s t a t i o n o f N o r t h e r n Fowl Mites ( O r n i t h o n y s s u s s y l v i - a r u m ) , and two found f l i g h t l e s s on o r n e a r t h e g round . T h e s e t h r e e y o u n g s t e r s were r a i s e d s u c c e s s f u l l y i n t h e P a r k a v i a r y . BY September 1 9 7 5 , a y e a r l a t e r t h a n f o r some c o r v i d s , t h e t o n g u e s and mouth l i n i n g s o f t h e s e b i r d s began t o change from t h e p i n k c o l o r o f immatu res t o t h e b l a c k t y p i c a l o f a d u l t s (Rea & K a n t e e n a 1 9 6 8 ) . Under o r d e r s f rom t h e U . S . F i s h and W i l d l i f e S e r v i c e , a l l t h r e e b i r d s were t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e Hawaii S t a t e D i v i s i o n o f F i s h and Game's f a c i l i t y a t Pbhaku loa f o r c a p t i v e b r e e d i n g pur - p o s e s e a r l y i n F e b r u a r y 1976 .

J . G . G i f f i n ( 1 9 7 7 6 1978 r e p o r t s ) c a p t u r e d t h r e e f l e d g - l i n g s f rom t h e w i l d i n 1977 and a n a d d i t i o n a l t h r e e i n 1978 f o r Hawai i S t a t e D i v i s i o n o f F i s h and Game t o augment b r e e d i n g s t o c k s e c u r e d from t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e (E. Kosaka , p e r s . comm.) ( T a b l e 1 ) . Two o f t h e t h r e e a d u l t s r e s u l t i n g from t h e 1973 c a p t u r e s formed a p a i r and n e s t e d i n 1977 and 1978 . The p a i r e d f e m a l e d i e d i n 1978 of an i n t e r n a l b a c t e r i a l i n f e c t i o n o f a t y p e c a u s e d by C l o s t r i d i u m p u r s i n g e n s ( E . Kosaka , p e r s . comm; f . N e i t h e r n e s t i n g e f f o r t r e s u l t e d i n c l e a r l y a p p a r e n t c o n c l u s i o n s .

P r e v i o u s t o t h e f o r e g o i n g , a n i n d i v i d u a l o b t a i n e d from a n e s t i n Honomalino by a P U ' uwa 'awa 'a Ranch employee on 4 J u n e 1954 was s e n t t o t h e Honolu lu Zoo where i t was m a i n t a i n e d u n t i l 1 4 September 1 9 6 1 when i t d i e d o f p a r a s i t i c g a s t r o e n t e r i t i s J . L. Throp , P. L . Breese, R . Hind, p e r s . comm.). A d i s a b l e d ' A l a l Z was r e c e i v e d by t h e Hono lu lu Zoo o n 28 Augus t 1958 b u t i t d i e d o f u n r e c o r d e d c a u s e s two d a y s l a t e r ( J . L. T h r o p , P. L . B r e e s e , p e r s . comm.).

T o t a l P o p u l a t i o n S i z e

E a r l y o b s e r v e r s l e f t i m p r e s s i o n s o f p o p u l a t i o n s i z e i n t h e form of g e n e r a l s t a t e m e n t s r a t h e r t h a n numbers . T h a t s u b s t a n - t i a l numbers e x i s t e d i n a b o u t 250 s q u a r e mi les o f h a b i t a t i n t h e 1 8 9 0 ' s i s s u g g e s t e d by " e x t r e m e l y numerous" p o p u l a t i o n s o v e r t h e i r p r i n c i p l e r a n g e i n t h e Kona " w e t b e l t " (1700-3000 f t e l e v . ) , " f l o c k s " commonly found o v e r a s i m i l a r e l e v a t i o n a l r a n g e n e a r e a c h p r i n c i p l e human community i n a l o n g 40-mi le b e l t i n Ka'G D i s t r i c t , and t h e o c c u r r e n c e of " h u n d r e d s " i n some r a n c h a r e a s a s l a t e a s t h e 1 9 2 0 ' s and 1 9 3 0 ' s .

O b s e r v a t i o n s o f r e l a t i v e a b u n d a n c e , d i s t r i b u t i o n , r ep roduc - t i o n , and s u r v i v a l i n i t i a t e d i n 1967 p r o v i d e d t h e f i r s t i n s i g h t i n t o ' A l a l ' i p o p u l a t i o n dynamics and t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n s i z e . A t o t a l o f less t h a n 20 was e s t i m a t e d i n 1971 o n t h e b a s i s o f o n l y 1 2 b i r d s which had b e e n l o c a t e d a t t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f t h e 1969 b r e e d i n g s e a s o n (1 ) . T h i r t e e n b r e e d i n g p a i r s , 1 8 immature o r unemployed a d u l t s , and f rom 1 3 t o 1 7 f l e d g l i n g s were t a l l i e d a t t h e end o f t h e b r e e d i n g s e a s o n i n 1 9 7 4 , f o r a known w i l d popu la - t i o n r a n g i n g f rom 57 t o 6 1 ( 2 ) . M a r s h a l l ( l 9 7 S ) , upon a d v i c e f rom t h e a u t h o r s , r e p o r t e d " a b o u t 44 i n d i v i d u a l s a r e known i n t h e a r e a s u r v e y e d t o d a t e and t h e t o t a l wor ld p o p u l a t i o n i s e s t i m a t e d t o b e no l a r g e r t h a n 60-70 b i r d s . A l t h o u g h new b i r d s have been found i n r e c e n t y e a r s , s u b - p o p u l a t i o n s t h a t h a v e been f o l l o w e d f o r t h e p a s t 7 t o 8 y e a r s h a v e g r a d u a l l y d e c l i n e d i n numbers" ( 2 a ) .

J . G . G i f f i n r e p o r t e d a t o t a l known p o p u l a t i o n o f 39 a t t h e end o f t h e 1977 b r e e d i n g s e a s o n ( 3 ) , and 3 5 , i n c l u d i n g f i v e f l e d g l i n g s , a t t h e end o f t h e 1978 s e a s o n ( 4 , 6 ) . The U. S. F i s h and W i l d l i f e S e r v i c e s t a t i s t i c a l l y p r o j e c t e d a t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n o f o v e r 100 b i r d s f rom a c o m p r e h e n s i v e s u r v e y o f ' A l a l Z h a b i t a t i n 1978 (5), b u t b r e e d i n g p a i r s which would s u p p o r t s u c h numbers were n o t i d e n t i f i e d .

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF RECORDS

Numbers r e p r e s e n t i n g p o s i t i v e s i g h t i n g s , r e p o r t s , museum r e c o r d s , and r e c o l l e c t i o n s o f l ong - t e rm r e s i d e n t s a r e shown i n F i g u r e s 1 and 2. E x c e p t f o r t h e s o l e r e p o r t o f a s i n g l e ' A l a l s on Maui i n 1 9 7 0 , t h e r e seems t o be no r e c o r d o f t h i s s p e c i e s on i s l a n d s o t h e r t h a n Hawai' i .

CHRONOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF RECORDS

S i n c e a s i g n i f i c a n t number o f r e c o r d s i n Appendix I r e l a t e s t o s t a t u s and /o r d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e s p e c i e s i n e x c e s s o f a 10 -yea r p e r i o d , more t h a n t h e i n d i c a t e d t o t a l o f 532 were a v a i l - a b l e f o r c h r o n o l o g i c a l a n a l y s i s by d e c a d e . The 617 r e c o r d s which r e s u l t e d f rom c l a s s i f i c a t i o n by 10-year p e r i o d a r e l i s t e d i n T a b l e 5 .

Only 1 3 r e c o r d s a p p l y t o t h e f i r s t 100 y e a r s a f t e r i n i t i a l s i g h t i n g of t h e s p e c i e s i n 1778 . However, f rom 1887 t h r o u g h 1910 some 54 o b s e r v a t i o n s , r e p o r t s , and c o l l e c t i o n r e c o r d s p r o v i d e good h i s t o r i c a l i n s i g h t o f ' ~ l a l s o c c u r r e n c e , a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g a m p l i f i e d by more t h a n 30 r e c o l l e c t i o n s o f l o n g - t i m e r e s i d e n t s c o v e r i n g t h e p e r i o d 1910 t o 1940 .

The 54 r e c o r d s s u b s e q u e n t l y compi l ed d u r i n g t h e 1 9 4 0 ' s ; 37 i n t h e 1 9 5 0 ' s ; 88 i n t h e 1 9 6 0 ' s ; and 346 i n t h e 1 9 7 0 ' s r e s u l t e d p r i m a r i l y f rom i n c r e a s i n g r e p o r t s by i n d i v i d u a l s and f i e l d b i o l o g i s t s .

TABLE 5. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f 617 ' A l a l Z r e c o r d s by d e c a d e .

FIGURE 1. Distribution of observations, reports, and museum records of Corvus tropicus, per quadrangle, on Island of Maui, 1778-1978.

HAWAI ' I

FIGuRF: 2. Distribution of.observations, reports, and museum records of Corvus tropicus, per quadrangle, on Island of Hawai'i, 1778-1978.

COMPLETENESS OF DATA, BIAS, ERRONEOUS AND DOUBTFUL RECORDS

R e c o r d s p r e s e n t e d a r e c o m p l e t e f o r t h e s o u r c e s examined. W h i l e memor ies o f l o n g - t i m e r e s i d e n t s and f i e l d j o u r n a l s o f c o n t e m p o r a r y b i o l o g i s t s u n d o u b t e d l y i n c l u d e many v a l i d r e c o r d s n o t l i s t e d h e r e i n , i t seems u n l i k e l y t h a t s u c h i n f o r m a t i o n would g r e a t l y a l t e r t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f ' ~ l a l z p o p u l a t i o n h i s t o r y wh ich emerged f rom t h e f o r e g o i n g r e c o r d .

I n c o n t r a s t t o s p e c i e s whose h i s t o r i c a l r e c o r d h a s been l a r g e l y documented by b i r d w a t c h e r s , m o s t ' A l a l z o b s e r v a t i o n s c o n s i s t o f s i g h t i n g s r e s u l t i n g from s u r v e y s by government b i o l - o g i s t s and r e c o l l e c t i o n s by r e s i d e n t l a n d manage r s . S i n c e iden - t i t y o f ' A l a l z c a n s c a r c e l y b e c o n f u s e d w i t h any o t h e r Hawa i i an b i r d , t h e r e is l i t t l e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r r e p o r t e r e r r o r i n t h i s r e s p e c t .

Munro ( 1 9 4 4 ) made a m i s s t a t e m e n t r e g a r d i n g t h e h i s t o r i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e ' A l a l z , s t a t i n g t h a t t h i s s p e c i e s was " c o n f i n e d t o t h e Kona s i d e f rom Kau t o Puuwaawaa.. . . i n t h e e i g h t e e n - n i n e t i e s " ( 3 3 ) . The many spec imen r e c o r d s and o b s e r v a - t i o n s o f ' A l a l Z i n e a s t e r n K a ' E c i t e d h e r e i n t e s t i f y o t h e r w i s e ( 4 5 0 - 4 9 8 ) .

E x c e p t f o r t h e p r e l i m i n a r y i n f o r m a t i o n c i t e d , f i n d i n g s on r e l a t i v e abundance and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f ' A l a l z r e s u l t i n g from i s l a n d w i d e s u r v e y s o f f o r e s t b i r d s by t h e U . S . F i s h and Wild- l i f e S e r v i c e on H a w a i ' i f rom 1976 t o 1979 a r e n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h i s r e p o r t .

SUMMARY

The ' ~ l a l z ( C o r v u s t r o p i c u s ) is a medium-sized, b rownish- b l a c k r aven /c row endemic t o t h e i s l a n d o f H a w a i ' i and is t h e s o l e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e f a m i l y C o r v i d a e i n t h e Hawai ian I s l a n d s .

Very l i t t l e is known o f i t s d i s t r i b u t i o n and r e l a t i v e abun- d a n c e d u r i n g t h e f i r s t 100 y e a r s a f t e r d i s c o v e r y o f t h e s p e c i e s d u r i n g t h e voyage o f C a p t a i n James Cook i n 1778 . O b s e r v a t i o n s and c o l l e c t i o n o f s p e c i m e n s from 1887 t o 1902 i n d i c a t e t h a t ' A l a l Z were common t o a b u n d a n t l o c a l l y i n Kona and Ka 'E d i s - t r i c t s , b e i n g found c h i e f l y i n f o r e s t s f rom 1700 f e e t t o more t h a n 3000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n and c o n s p i c u o u s l y a b s e n t e l s e w h e r e .

When p o p u l a t i o n s were w i d e s p r e a d and much l a r g e r t h a n t h e y a r e t o d a y , ' ~ l a l z were known t o b e l o c a l , n o t s t r a y i n g o u t s i d e w e l l - d e f i n e d b o u n d a r i e s . E x t r a - l i m i t a l s i g h t i n g s , f i r s t n o t e d i n Hawai i V o l c a n o e s N a t i o n a l P a r k i n 1940 , h a v e i n c r e a s e d i n £ re - q u e n c y and d i s t a n c e f rom c o n t i n u o u s l y o c c u p i e d h a b i t a t s i n r e c e n t y e a r s . O b s e r v a t i o n s o f ' ~ l a l s i n l o c a l i t i e s f a r removed f rom t r a d i t i o n a l r a n g e s , a p p a r e n t l y r e p r e s e n t a r e c e n t and h e r e t o f o r e unr e p o r t e d phenomenon.

S t u d i e s o f 72 b r e e d i n g a t t e m p t s f rom 1964 t o 1978 show, from t h e 69 c a s e s where i t was p o s s i b l e t o d e t e r m i n e r e s u l t s , t h a t o n l y 58 young f l e d g e d . Of 57 n e s t s which were l o c a t e d and f o r which p r o d u c t i o n r e s u l t s were known, 32 ( 6 6 % ) were s u c c e s s f u l - - 1 1 f l e d g i n g two and 21 f l e d g i n g o n e young e a c h . I n a d d i t i o n , 1 5 f l e d g l i n g s were produced from 1 2 u n d i s c o v e r e d n e s t s . P r o d u c t i o n r e s u l t s f rom t h r e e n e s t s were unde te rmined .

O t h e r f i n d i n g s show t h a t n e s t t r e e s a r e t r a d i t i o n a l l y t h e same o r p r o x i m a t e t o t h o s e used i n p r e v i o u s y e a r s ; a n a v e r a g e c l u t c h o f 3 .5 e g g s i s l a i d b e g i n n i n g on a n a v e r a g e d a t e of 23 A p r i l ( b u t a s e a r l y a s 24 March and a s l a t e as 5 J u n e ) ; and a n a v e r a g e o f l e s s t h a n one ( 0 . 7 5 ) young is p roduced 58 t o 63 d a y s l a t e r f rom e a c h n e s t i n g a t t e m p t (1 .34 f l e d g l i n g s f rom e a c h s u c c e s s f u l n e s t ) .

N e s t s f i r s t v i s i t e d e a r l y i n t h e n e s t i n g c y c l e , w i t h two n o t a b l e e x c e p t i o n s , a p p a r e n t l y f l e d g e d f ewer young t h a n t h o s e v i s i t e d f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e l a t e r i n t h e s e a s o n .

N e s t s r anged i n e l e v a t i o n from 2400 t o 5700 f e e t , a v e r a g i n g 4406 f e e t . T h i s i s i n s t r i k i n g c o n t r a s t t o t h e e a r l y h i s t o r i c r a n g e o f ' A l a l a which was c e n t e r e d c h i e f l y i n t h e l ower f o r e s t f rom 1700 t o a b o u t 3000 f e e t e l e v a t i o n .

A p o t e n t i a l c a p t i v e b r e e d i n g program was i n i t i a t e d i n Hawaii V o l c a n o e s N a t i o n a l P a r k i n 1970 w i t h two d i s e a s e d f l e d g l i n g s s a l - vaged f rom t h e w i l d , b o t h d y i n g l a t e r a f t e r t r a n s f e r t o t h e main- l a n d . T h r e e more f l e d g l i n g s t a k e n i n 1 9 7 3 , and t r a n s f e r r e d t o PEhakuloa i n 1976 , p a i r e d b u t p roduced no young i n 1977 and 1978 . T h r e e a d d i t i o n a l f l e d g l i n g s were c a p t u r e d i n 1977 and t h r e e more i n 1978 f o r c a p t i v e b r e e d i n g p u r p o s e s a t ~ E h a k u l o a .

CONCLUSIONS

H i s t o r i c a l r e c o r d s document an u n i n t e r r u p t e d d e p o p u l a t i o n o f ' A l a l z o v e r t h e i r e n t i r e r a n g e from t h e e a r l y 1 8 9 0 1 s , w i t h t h e g r e a t e s t d e c l i n e o c c u r r i n g b e f o r e 1940 . The 72 ' A l a l Z museum s p e c i m e n s e x t a n t p r e s e n t l y outnumber t h e known l i v i n g p o p u l a t i o n . Few and w i d e l y s c a t t e r e d b r e e d i n g g r o u p s , a p p a r e n t low s u r v i v a l o f f l e d g l i n g s and immatu res , and u n p r e c e d e n t e d wande r ing d u r i n g t h e c o n t e m p o r a r y p e r i o d a l l s u g g e s t c o n t i n u i n g d e p o p u l a t i o n . The f a i l u r e o f f l e d g l i n g s and immatu res t o s u r v i v e and b r e e d i n s u f - f i c i e n t numbers t o i n s u r e t h e p r o p a g a t i o n o f s u c c e s s i v e g e n e r a - t i o n s a p p e a r s t o b e t h e w e a k e s t l i n k i n t h e c h a i n of c r u c i a l r e p r o d u c t i v e e v e n t s n e c e s s a r y t o p e r p e t u a t e t h e s p e c i e s . C a p t i v e b r e e d i n g f o r r e i n t r o d u c t i o n i n t o r e s t o r e d h a b i t a t s i s t h e m o s t o b v i o u s r e m a i n i n g hope o f p r e s e r v i n g a s e l f - s u s t a i n i n g w i l d popu- l a t i o n (P . Banko 1 9 7 6 a ) . -

OBSERVERS

Grace Ackerman, Charles A i u , John W . Aldrich, Ronald Bach- man, Theodore B a l l i e u , Paul H . Baldwin, Paul C . Banko, Winston E . Banko, Glen Bauer, H . W . Baybrook, Andrew J . Berger, John Beyer, Chester E . Blacow, Ot to Bre i thaupt , William T , Brigham, L . W . Bryan, C . T . Campbell ( D V M ) , Duane Carlsmith, Norman Carlson, Paul Crackel , A. Cravalho, P a t r i c k Crosland, Louis Cruz, Gene Dahlberg, ~ i l l i a m Derasin, Harry Fergerstrom, John F i t c h , J . J. F i tzg ibbons , J r . , Joseph F r e i t a s , Jon G . G i f f i n , Lorin G i l l , Amy Greenwell, Frank R. Greenwell, Robert Greenwell, Sherwood Green- we l l , William H a a l i l i o , V i o l e t Hansen, Gregory Henriques, Henry W . Henshaw, Robert H ind , J r . , Mrs. W . Hopfe, Howard Horiuchi, Mr. Iaukea, James D. J acob i , Adolph Johansen, J r . , J e f f r e y Judd, Dan Kale ia loha , Samuel Kamelamela, Joseph K . Kauwe, S r . , Samuel Kawahara, Robert Keakealani, S r . , Roy Keast, Cameron Kepler , Clyde Keylon, Warren B. King, G . Knight, Ernest Kosaka, Samuel Kumakahi, Edmund J . Ladd, L i b e r t Landgraf, Victor Lewin, Pe ter L'Orange, H . Makizuma, K . Makizuma, Horace Mann, Alfred Medei- r o s , C . Medeiros, Manual Medeiros, William H . ~ e i n e c k e , J e f f r e y Mermel, D . Miranda, Melvin Miranda, Arthur L. Mi tche l l , Emilio Molc i l io , J r . , William P. M u l l , George C. Munro, Gunnar Olson, William Paiva , Henry C. Palmer, David P a r i s , William P a r i s , Louis Pau, T i t i a n R. Pea le , R. C . L . Perk ins , Edwin P e t t y s , Marilyn P l o t , Samuel Pua, Ernes t Pung, Judy Puniwai, H . Frederick Rice, J r . , Lawrence P. Richards, Bernadet te Roberts, Kaipo Roberts, Nelson Santos , George Scha t t aue r , J . Michael S c o t t , Alvin S e a l e , Robert J . Shal lenberger , Mr. S h i f f e r t , Herbert C. Shipman, Ol iver Shipman, Mrs. A. C . S t e a r n s , Ted Sumner, P. Quen t in Tomich, Charles van Riper 111, Thomas Vaughn, Theodore Vreden- berg, Char les Wakida, Ronald L . Walker, Munro L. Walton, William V. Ward, D. White, Roger Williams, S c o t t B. Wilson, David Wood- s i d e , Asaichi Yamamoto, Sanshiro Yano, Iwao Yonemitsu.

Amadon, D. 1950. The Hawaiian honeycreepers (Aves, Drepani- idae). Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 95(4): 262 pp.

Baldwin, H. S. 1952. (letter). Elepaio 12(8): 55.

. 1958. Wild goosechase on Hawaii, 1958. Elepaio 19(5): 28-29.

Baldwin, P. H. 1941. Checklist of the birds of the Hawaii National Park, Kilauea-Mauna Loa section, with remarks on the present status and a field key for their identification, Hawaii National Park. Nat. Hist. Bull. 7: 38 pp.

. 1969. The alala (Corvus tropicus) of Western Hawaiian Island. Elepaio 30 (5 ) : 41-45.

Banko, W. E. 1971. Endangered birds in Hawaii. Trans. 2nd Hawaii Wildlife Symp., Hilo, May 12, 1971.

. 1972. Endangered birds in Hawaii. Elepaio 33(2): 11-13.

Bauer, G. 1975. (report of observations). Elepaio 36 (3) : 37.

Berger, A. J. 1972. Hawaiian birdlife. The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu. xiv + 270 pp.

Bryan, E. H., Jr., and J. C. Greenway, Jr. 1944. Contribution to the ornithology of the Hawaiian Islands. Bull. Mus. Comp. 2001. 94(2): 80-142.

Bryan, W. A. 1915. Natural history of Hawaii. Hawaiian Gazette Co., Honolulu. 596 pp.

Cook, J. 1784. A voyage to the Pacific Ocean undertaken by the Command of His Majesty for making discoveries in the northen hemisphere ... in the years 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779 and 1780. W and A Strahan, London.

Dole, S. B. 1869. Birds of the Hawaiian Islands. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 12: 1-16.

. 1879. List of birds of the Hawaiian Islands. Thos. G. Thrum, Honolulu. (2nd edition) 18 pp.

Donaghho, W. R. 1940. A list of birds noted on the Island of Hawaii in May 1940. Elepaio l(4): 20-21.

- - - - - -

Also contains references cited in ~ppendix I only.

Donaghho, W. R. 1968. Highlights of the Crowder Hawaii Bird Tour. Elepaio 28(12): 107-109.

Dunmire, W. W. 1960. Peterson's visit on the island of Hawaii. Elepaio 21(3): 12-13.

Eastman, W., and K. Eastman. 1958. Bird study in the Hawaiian Islands is a stimulating experience. Elepaio lg(l) : 1-5.

Eisenmann, E. 1961. Observations on birds on the island of Hawaii. Elepaio 21(9): 66-70.

Goodwin, D. 1976. Crows of the world. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca. 354 pp.

Gregory, H. E. 1924. Ornithology (in Report of the Director for 1923). Bishop Museum Bull. 10: 12-13.

Henshaw, H. W. 1902. Birds of the ~awaiian Islands, being a complete list of the birds of the Hawaiian Possessions with notes on their habits. Thos. G. Thrum, Honolulu. 146 pp.

King, W. B., and D. Bratley. 1964. Birds on Hawaii's 'Big Island.' Elepaio 25(2) : 8.

Marshall, D. B. 1975. Report of the Committee on Conservation 1974-1975. Suppl. to The Auk 92(4): 1B-16B.

Mayr, E., and L. L. Short. 1970. Species taxa of North American birds. Publ. Nuttall Ornith. Club No. 9. Cambridge, Mass.

Menzies, A . 1920. ~awaii Nei, 128 years ago. W. F. ~ilson, Honolulu.

.Mull, W. P. 1972. Audubon viewpoints on wildlife conserva- tion problems in Hawaii. Third Hawaii Wildlife Symposium, Oct. 4.

Munro, G. C. 1944.. Birds of Hawaii. Tongg Publishing C0.r Honolulu. 189 pp.

. 1946. The Hawaiian bird survey of 1935-37. Elepaio 7(1): 3-5.

Northwood, R. P. 1975. From.... Elepaio 35(12): 140-141.

Peale, T. R. 1848. Mammalia and ornithology (in U. S. Exploring Expedition during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Vol. VIII). C. Sherman, Philadelphia. Pp. 62-250.

Perkins, R. C. L. 1893. Notes on collecting in Kona, ~awaii. Ibis S(8): 101-112.

. 1903. Fauna Hawaiiensis, l(V1). Vertebrata, 365-466. Cambr idge-at- the-University-Press.

Rea, A. M . , and D . K a n t e e n a . 1968 . Age d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f C o r v i d a e : P a r t 11. W e s t e r n B i r d Bander 4 3 ( l ) : 6-8.

R o t h s c h i l d , L . W . 1900 . The a v i f a u n a o f Laysan and t h e ne igh - b o r i n g i s l a n d s w i t h a c o m p l e t e h i s t o r y t o d a t e o f t h e b i r d s o f t h e Hawa i i an P o s s e s s i o n s , P a r t 111. R. H . P o r t e r , London.

R u h l e , G . C . 1952 . The a l a l a ( c r o w ) s i g h t e d . E l e p a i o l 3 ( 5 ) : 32.

S h a l l e n b e r g e r , R . J. 1 9 7 7 . B i r d and m a m m a l s u r v e y o f Army l a n d s i n Hawa i i . P a r t 111. ( 1 3 s i t e s ) . Ahuimanu P r o d u c t i o n s (Oahu) .

S t r e s e m a n n , E . 1950 . B i r d s c o l l e c t e d d u r i n g C a p t a i n C o o k ' s l a s t e x p e d i t i o n ( 1 7 7 6 - 1 7 8 0 ) . Auk 6 7 ( 1 ) : 66-88.

Tomich, P. Q . 1967 . A r t h r o p o d a a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e n e s t o f t h e H a w a i i a n crow. P r o c . H a w . E n t . S o c . 1 9 ( 3 ) : 431-432.

. 1971 . N o t e s o n n e s t s and b e h a v i o r o f t h e H a w a i i a n crow. P a c i f i c S c i . 2 5 ( 4 ) : 465-474.

Townsend, J. K . 1839 . N a r r a t i v e o f a j o u r n e y a c r o s s t h e Rocky M o u n t a i n s t o t h e Columbia R i v e r and a v i s i t t o t h e Sandwich I s l a n d s , C h i l e , e t c . Henry P e r k i n s , P h i l a d e l p h i a .

U . S . F i s h and W i l d l i f e S e r v i c e . 1976 . H a w a i i a n b i r d s u r v e y y i e l d s mixed r e s u l t s . Endangered S p e c i e s Tech . B u l l . I ( 5 ) : 1-2.

. 1978 . R e g i o n a l b r i e f s . Endangered S p e c i e s Tech . B u l l . I I I ( l 0 ) : 2.

v a n R i p e r , C . , 111. 1 9 7 3 . I s l a n d o f Hawai i l a n d b i r d d i s t r i - b u t i o n and abundance . E l e p a i o 3 4 ( 1 ) : 1-3 .

W i l k e s , C . 1845 . N a r r a t i v e o f t h e U . S. E x p l o r i n g E x p e d i t i o n d u r i n g t h e y e a r s 1 8 3 8 , 1 8 3 9 , 1 8 4 0 , 1 8 4 1 , 1 8 4 2 , by t h e Commander o f t h e E x p e d i t i o n . Vol . I V . Lea and B l a n c h a r d , P h i l a d e l p h i a . Pp. 68-245.

W i l s o n , E . 1977 . O b s e r v a t i o n s o f Hawa i i an a v i f a u n a d u r i n g C o o k ' s E x p e d i t i o n s . ' E l e p a i o 3 8 ( 2 ) : 13-18.

W i l s o n , S. B., and A. H . Evans . 1893 . Aves H a w a i i e n s i s : The b i r d s o f t h e Sandwich I s l a n d s , P a r t IV. R. H . P o r t e r , London.

Z e i l l e m a k e r , F. 1977 . F i e l d n o t e s (Kaua ' i , Moloka l i , Maui , Hawai'i , Midway) . ' E l e p a i o 3 8 ( 1 ) : 5-7.

UNPUBLISHED SOURCES CITED

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2. Banko, W . E . 1 9 7 8 m s . S p e c i m e n s i n museum c o l l e c t i o n s .

3 . Banko, W . E . 1965-1975 f i e l d n o t e s and i n t e r v i e w s .

4 . ~ a l d w i n , P. H . 1938-1949 f i e l d n o t e s .

5. N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e . 1930-1970 m o n t h l y and 1927-1945 Annua l R e p o r t s o f t h e S u p e r i n t e n d e n t , Hawaii V o l c a n o e s N a t i o n a l P a r k .

6 . R i c h a r d s , L. P . 1950-1951 f i e l d n o t e s .

7 . w a r d , V . c a . 1 9 6 5 f i e l d and e d i t i n g n o t e s f o r sound t a p e on " B i r d s o f H a w a i i , " ( o n d e p o s i t B. P. B i s h o p Museum).

8 . K i n g , W . B . F i e l d n o t e s June -Sep t ember 1 9 7 0 .

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1 0 . v a n Riper, C . , 111. 1970-1972 f i e l d n o t e s .

11. U . S . F i s h and W i l d l i f e S e r v i c e . 1969-1975 f i l e o f endan- g e r e d b i r d s r e p o r t e d t o Mauna Loa F i e l d S t a t i o n , Hawaii V o l c a n o e s N a t i o n a l P a r k .

1 2 . G i f f i n , J . G. 5 A p r i l 1 9 7 2 l e t t e r .

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1 4 . P e r k i n s , R. C . L. 1892-1895 f i e l d n o t e s .

1 5 . Manu I k i S o c i e t y . 4 March 1 9 4 1 m e e t i n g m i n u t e s .

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1 8 . Tomich, P. Q. 1961-1968 f i e l d n o t e s .

1 9 . Vaughn, T. 30 O c t o b e r 1 9 7 0 , 26 J u n e 1972 l e t t e r s .

20. Banko, P. C . 1973-1978 f i e l d n o t e s .

21. Montgomery, S . L. 19-22 December 1 9 6 9 , 12-13 J a n u a r y 1 9 7 0 f i e l d n o t e s .

2 2 . G i f f i n , J . G . . 3 November 1 9 7 8 . J o b P r o g r e s s R e p o r t : A l a l a I n v e s t i g a t i o n R-II-B. Hawaii S t a t e D i v i s i o n o f F i s h a n d Game. 25 p p .

2 3 . B a n k o , W . E . , a n d P . C. Banko . 1 9 7 5 . P r o g r e s s r e p o r t o f ' A l a l a ( C o r v u s t r o p i c u s ) p o p u l a t i o n s t u d i e s .

2 4 . G i f f i n , J . G . 1 9 7 7 . J o b P r o g r e s s R e p o r t : A l a l a I n v e s t i g a - t i o n R-II-B ( P r o j e c t W-18-R-2) 1 J u l y 1 9 7 6 t o 3 0 J u n e 1 9 7 7 . Hawaii S t a t e D i v i s i o n o f F i s h a n d Game.

25. B a n k o , P. C . 1 9 7 4 . R e p o r t o n ' A l a l a ( C o r v u s t r o p i c u s ) . 2 D e c e m b e r . 3 1 p p .

2 6 . B a n k o , P . C. 1 9 7 6 . 1 9 7 6 R e p o r t o n ' A l a l a ( C o r v u s t rop- i c u s ) . 26 D e c e m b e r . 1 6 p p .

APPENDIX I

O b s e r v a t i o n s , r e p o r t s , and spec imen r e c o r d s a r e o r g a n i z e d by i s l a n d g r o u p , i s l a n d , d i s t r i c t , and /o r q u a d r a n g l e map. Orde r o f l i s t i n g , names and l o c a t i o n s o f d i s t r i c t , and q u a d r a n g l e b o u n d a r i e s a r e e x p l a i n e d and i l l u s t r a t e d i n CPSU/UH Avian H i s t o r y R e p o r t 4 : I n t r o d u c t i o n t o P a r t I , P o p u l a t i o n H i s t o r i e s - - S p e c i e s Accounts .

Acronyms composed of t h e f i r s t t h r e e l e t t e r s o f t h e a u t h o r ' s ( o r s e n i o r a u t h o r ' s ) l a s t name, t h e i n i t i a l l e t t e r o f t h e f i r s t name, and l a s t two d i g i t s o f t h e y e a r o f p u b l i c a t i o n r e p r e s e n t s o u r c e s found i n t h e b i b l i o g r a p h y unde r R e f e r e n c e s C i t e d . For example, BRYWOl = Bryan , W . A . , and A l v i n S e a l e . 1901 . N o t e s on t h e b i r d s o f Kauai . B i s h o p Museum Occ. P a p e r s . l ( 3 ) : 129-137. I n c a s e s where i t is n e c e s s a r y t o d i s t i n g u i s h be tween two o r more a r t i c l e s p u b l i s h e d by a n a u t h o r i n any g i v e n y e a r , l e t t e r s a r e added t o t h e acronym i n a l p h a b e t i c a l - s e q u e n c e , e .g . , BRYWOla = B r y a n , W . A. i 9 0 1 . A key t o t h e b i r d s o f t h e Hawa i i an g r o u p . B i s h o p Museum P r e s s . 76 pp.

P a r e n t h e t i c a l numbers s u c h a s (5), r e p r e s e n t r e f e r e n c e s l i s t e d unde r Unpubl i shed S o u r c e s C i t e d i n t h e b i b l i o g r a p h y .

P lace-names a r e c i t e d i n o r i g i n a l form.

P a r e n t h e t i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n is q u a l i f i e d .

R e l a t i v e A b u n d a n c e / L o c a l i t y E l e v . ( f t . 1 Date S o u r c e

C o r v u s t r o p i c u s

I s l a n d o f H a w a i ' i

ISLANDWIDE INFERENCE

a b l e t o c o n f i r m t h e e x i s t e n c e o f o n l y 12 . . . .... t o d a y ' s p o p u l a t i o n . . . e s t i m a t e d a t f e w e r t h a n 20 / (Kona and Kau D i s t r i c t s )

W. and P. Banko: 57 t o t a l known: 44 a d u l t s .... and i m m a t u r e s , 13-17 f l e d g l i n g s ( 4 6 p e r c e n t b r e e d i n g a d u l t s ; 32 p e r c e n t immatu re s , unem- p l o y e d o r u n s u c c e s s f u l b r e e d i n g a d u l t s ; 22 p e r c e n t young-of- t h e - y e a r )

About 44 i n d i v i d u a l s a re known i n t h e area .... s u r v e y e d t o d a t e and t h e t o t a l w o r l d popu la - t i o n is e s t i m a t e d t o b e no l a r g e r t h a n 60-70 b i r d s . A l t h o u g h new b i r d s h a v e b e e n found i n r e c e n t y e a r s , s u b - p o p u l a t i o n s t h a t h a v e been f o l l o w e d f o r t h e pas t 7-8 y e a r s h a v e g r a d u a l l y d e c l i n e d i n numbers .

a t c o n c l u s i o n o f ( 2 3 ) 1974 b r e e d i n g y e a r

HSFG: a t l e a s t 39 known / i n f o u r l o c a t i o n s .... a t end o f 1977 on H u a l a l a i and two on Mauna Loa f rom Puu- b r e e d i n g s e a s o n waawaa Ranch S t o McCandless Ranch

HSFG: no a t t e m p t made t o d e t e r m i n e e n t i r e .... 1 J u l y 1977 - r a n g e s i n c e t h i s work was b e i n g d o n e by USFWS 30 J u n e 1978

s u r v e y p u t s p o p u l a t i o n a t o v e r 1 0 0 b i r d s - .... O c t . 1978 c o n s i d e r a b l y o v e r p r e v i o u s estimates

6 HSFG: a t end o f 1978 b r e e d i n g s e a s o n known .... p o p u l a t i o n o f 35 i n d i v i d u a l s c o n s i s t e d of 8 s u c c e s s f u l n e s t i n g a d u l t s ( 2 3 % ) , 10 unsuc- c e s s f u l n e s t i n g a d u l t s (29% ) , 8 unemployed a d u l t s ( 2 3 % ) , 4 immatures (11%) and 5 f l e d g - l i n g s ( 1 4 % )

UNDESIGNATED LOCALITY

6 a specimen( s) a p p a r e n t l y o b t a i n e d / d u r i n g .... s e v e r a l d a y s e x c u r s i o n from Kealakekua Bay i n t o t h e i n t e r i o r

7 by no means abundan t / a l l specimens have .... h i t h e r t o come from Kealakekua

8 P e a l e p rocured s e v e r a l specimens / unspe- .... c i f i e d d i s t r i c t s v i s i t e d by U . S. Exp lo r ing E x p e d i t i o n

9 r e p o r t e d by n a t i v e s t o g a t h e r i n l a r g e num- . . . . ber.s t o f e e d on s h e e p

10 abundant l o c a l l y / Kau and Kona d i s t r i c t s .... 11 a s i n g u l a r l y l o c a l s p e c i e s . . .numerous i n t h e . . ..

f o r e s t s / Kona and Kau d i s t r i c t s

1 2 r e s t r i c t e d range . . . is a n unsolved enigma and . . . . t o m e i n e x p l i c a b l e / a d j o i n i n g d i s t r i c t s o f Kau and Kona

1 3 o c c u r s on a c e r t a i n p o r t i o n / Kona and Kau .... d i s t r i c t s . . . a n d t h e r e over an a r e a from which i t never seems t o a t t e m p t t o p a s s

14 HSFG: Bachman: s i g h t i n g s a r e be ing more .... f r e q u e n t l y made by h u n t e r s and r a n c h e r s / Kau and Sou th Kona D i s t r i c t s

30 J u n e 1978

1 Feb. 1966

I s l a n d o f Hawai' i-- ( C o n t i n u e d )

UNDESIGNATED LOCALITY ( c o n ' t . ) 1 5 s p e c i m e n s o b t a i n e d / a d a y ' s j o u r n e y f rom . . . .

K a i l u a

1 6 W. Banko: B a i l l e u c o l l e c t e d 2 s p e c i m e n s . . . . 1 7 W . Banko: W i l s o n o b t a i n e d 2 s p e c i m e n s / ....

Kona

1 8 W. Banko: Munro o b t a i n e d 1 s p e c i m e n / .... Kona

1 9 p r e s e n t / i n Kona f rom 1000 t o 8000 f e e t .... e l e v a t i o n . . . p r e t t y low down on O c t o b e r 1 7

20 W . Banko: P e r k i n s s e c u r e d 6 s p e c i m e n s / 3000 Kona

2 1 W. Banko: S e a l e c o l l e c t e d 5 s p e c i m e n s / .... N o r t h Kona D i s t r i c t

22 saw two / on H u a l a l a i . . . . 23 HSFG: u s u a l l y f o u n d i n r a i n f o r e s t s be tween ....

4 , 4 0 0 and 5 , 5 0 0 i n t h e s p r i n g and e a r l y summer . . . . . d u r i n g t h e l a t e summer, f a l l and w i n t e r , b i r d s were found be tween 3 , 0 0 0 and 4 ,000 f e e t

MULTIQUADRANGLE

24 o b s e r v e d i n small s o c i e t i e s / woody d i s t r i c t s . . . . o f t h e i n t e r i o r , s e ldom i f e v e r v i s i t i n g t h e c o a s t

Nov. 1840

ca. 1876

Mar. 1888

11 Mar. 1891

Mar. 1896

20 A p r i l 1 9 0 1

25 c h i e f l y b e l o n g s / t o t h e l o w e r f o r e s t s ca. 1700- ( J u n e / O c t . 1 8 9 2 ) 3000+

l a r g e numbers / came up t h e moun ta in s . . . even .... a s h i g h a s 4000 f t . . . i n t h e i n t e r v a l be tween f l o w e r i n g o f i e i e

2 n o t e d / u n u s u a l l y h i g h up i n t h e Mamane .... b e l t , H u a l a l a i

May 1940

8 n o t e d / i n t h e u p p e r Koa f o r e s t s o f H u a l a l a i

May 1940

s e v e r a l s e e n by Brigham and Mann / f o r e s t s 6000 o f Kona

f a i r l y common / f rom 1100 t o 6000 f t . and .... p r o b a b l y h i g h e r , d i s t r i c t o f Kona

e x t r e m e l y numerous / i n t h e w e t b e l t o f t h e .... Kona d i s t r i c t

less a b u n d a n t / wet b e l t o f t h e Kona d i s t r i c t . . . . numerous / c o n f i n e d t o t h e Kona s i d e f rom 1000- Kau t o Puuwaawaa . . . f o r e s t and o p e n c o u n t r y 8000

W. Banko: R. G r e e n w e l l e s t i m a t e d f l o c k s o f .... 8 , 1 0 , 1 2 ... t o t a l i n g h u n d r e d s / i n area.. . a b o v e 2000 f t . e l . . .p a s t u r e d by h i s f a t h e r i n l a n d s o f Honokohau 1 and 2 , K e a l a k e h e Mauka T r a c t , Honuau la T r a c t 2 , Keahuo lu , Honuau la F o r e s t R e s e r v e , Kaupulehu F o r e s t R e s e r v e , Honuau la T r a c t 3

e a r l y 1 9 2 0 ' s ( 2 3 S e p t . 1 9 6 9 )

W. Banko: H a a l i l i o ( l o g g e r and s a w m i l l .... o p e r a t o r 1927-1955) r e c a l l e d 'Alala were v e r y a b u n d a n t / i n l a n d o f A l i k a Homes teads a l l t h e way t o Kaohe Ranch (Kaohe 1-3, 4 ) down t o Government Road (now B e l t Highway)

l a t e 1 9 2 0 ' s ( 2 J a n . 1 9 7 2 )

. . . . (1935-1940) ( 2 4 S e p t . 1 9 6 9 )

W . Banko: Hind e s t i m a t e d p o p u l a t i o n a t a r o u n d 200 / o n H u a l a l a i

I s l a n d o f Hawai' i-- ( C o n t i n u e d )

MULTIQUADRANGLE ( c o n ' t . )

37 Ba ldwin : f o r m e r l y r a n g e d / H o l u a l o a F o r e s t 2500- ( 1 7 Nov. 1 9 4 2 ) R e s e r v e S t h r o u g h Kaha luu F o r e s t R e s e r v e 3000

38 F. G r e e n w e l l : r e c e n t l y i n h a b i t e d / m i d d l e .... ( p r i o r t o 1 9 4 3 ) f o r e s t s o f N o r t h Kona b e t w e e n r o u g h l y 2500 and 3500 t o 4000 f t . f r om somewhat s o u t h w a r d o f Kaha luu F o r e s t R e s e r v e n o r t h w a r d t h r o u g h Honokahau and Ka loko

3 9 F. G r e e n w e l l s k e t c h e d on my t o p o g r a p h i c . . . . 1943 map i n d i c a t i n g ... / 2500 f t . e l . c o n t o u r a s l o w e r l i m i t s o f r a n g e , N o r t h Kona

3 9 a NPS: h e a r d . . . i n a f e w l oca l i t i e s S o f . . . . 29 Feb.-4 Mar. 1944 BALP6 9 K e a n a p a a k a i i n c l u d i n g Kaunene and Lumiawi ( 5 (Lumiawai ) . . . saw o n e p r o b a b l e n e s t n e a r Kamakawai W a t e r h o l e / o n h o r s e b a c k f rom Hapuu C a m p ( 4 6 0 0 f t . ) on t h e K i i l a e - K e a n a p a a k a i T r a i l up t o K e a n a p a a k a i ( 5 2 9 3 f t . ) and S t o Lumaiwai (5859 i t .) i n Honokua.. .most o f t h e t r a i l was b e t w e e n 5300 and 6150 f t . e l . . . t r a v e r s i n g much o p e n p a s t u r e d c o u n t r y a s w e l l a s o h i a f o r e s t

39b S h i f f e r t : c o n t i n u e d t o b e f a i r l y common / .... 1940 ' s i n some o f t h e f o r e s t e d c o u n t r y o f m i d d l e and u p p e r e l e v a t i o n s o f S o u t h Kona

3 9 c R i c h a r d s : n o t e d (1300-1830 h o u r s ) / on h i k e . . .. 20 Nov. 1950 f rom ca. 0 .5 m i l e p a s t Hapu Mounta in House a l o n g t r u c k t r a i l t o Keanapuaku i , t h e n c e t o Kaunene, t h e n c e ca. 0.5 m i l e t oward Komakawai . . .McCandless Ranch

39d W. Banko: u n s u c c e s s f u l s e a r c h / u p H o l u a l o a . . . . 2 5 May 1 9 7 1 1-2 (Huehue Ranch) t h r o u g h Honua lua F o r e s t R e s e r v e , Kaupulehu F o r e s t Reseve , a l o n g j e e p t r a i l s

Kona D i s t r i c t

KIHOLO

40 W. Banko: C r o s l a n d saw 1 w i t h t w i g i n b i l l . . . . f l y a c r o s s / B e l t Highway, n e a r j u n c t i o n H u a l a l a i j e e p access r o a d

PUU ANAHULU

4 1 W. Banko: W i l s o n o b t a i n e d 3 s p e c i m e n s / .... P u u a n a h u l u

42 W. Banko: Hind f o u n d i n lesser numbers .... ( t h a n mauka o f Puuwaawaa Ranch Hdqs. ) / on Mauna Kea s i d e o f 1859 l a v a f l o w i n Puuanahu lu

42a HSFG: none f o u n d on s u r v e y s / P u u a n a h u l u .... G a m e Management Area

4 2 b HSFG: n o n e f o u n d o n s u r v e y s / Huehue Ranch ....

43 r e p o r t e d . . .by s e v e r a l o b s e r v e r s / a l o n g t h e .... highway. . . Puuanahu lu Game Management Area

44 W. Banko: Hind . . . found r e g u l a r l y / f rom .... Puuwaawaa Ranch Hdqs. i n t h e O h i a Paddock on K a i l u a s i d e o f P u u a n a h u l u down t o 1600 f t . e l .

45 a b s e n t / f rom t h e r a t h e r d r y paddocks ( f e n c e d .... p a s t u r e s ) o f Puuwaawaa Ranch W o f Puuwaawaa 2500 and 3500 i t . e l .

46 h a l f a d o z e n / on t h e t r a i l a mile above Puuwaawaa Ranch (Hdqs . )

47 3 s e e n / n e a r Puuwaawaa Ranch Hdqs.

23 J u n e 1967

Mar. 1 8 8 8

1935-1950 ( 2 4 S e p t . 1 9 6 9 )

1 J u l y 1977 - 30 J u n e 1978

1 J u l y 1977 - 30 J u n e 1978

e a r l y 1 9 6 0 ' s

1935-1950 ( 2 4 S e p t . 1 9 6 9 )

(16-21 Nov. 1 9 4 4 )

.... 3 S e p t . 1952 RUHG52

V1

2 3 Mar.-14 A p r i l 1 9 5 8 EASW58 w . . . .

I s l a n d o f Hawail i-- ( C o n t i n u e d )

PUU ANAHULU ( con ' t . ) 48 3 s e e n / Puuwaawaa Ranch Hdqs. .... 49 W . Banko: Aiu ( m e c h a n i c a t Puuwaawaa Ranch) ....

o f t e n saw u p t o a d o z e n o r s o / Puuwaawaa Ranch Hdqs. area

50 W. Banko: Aiu h a s s e e n none i n p a s t t h r e e o r f o u r y e a r s / Puuwaawaa Ranch Hdqs. a r e a

5 1 saw a t l e a s t 4 and h e a r d o t h e r s / D i l l i n g h a m Ranch (Puuwaawaa)

5 2 Ward: 5 o r 6 s e e n and h e a r d ; r e c o r d i n g s made / i n S i l k y O a k t r ee , 0.25 m i l e NW o f r e s i d e n c e , Puuwaawaa Ranch

53 King : b r i e f u n s u c c e s s f u l s e a r c h / above Puuwaawaa Ranch Hdqs.

54 W. Banko: Kepler saw 7 , o n e b e g g i n g f o r f o o d / i n t h e E u c a l y p t u s g r o v e b e h i n d Puu- waawaa Ranch h o u s e

5 5 Kepler: r a n c h g a r d e n e r r e p o r t s them t o commonly f r e q u e n t / t h e g r o v e o f t rees a b o v e Puuwaawaa Ranch Hdqs.

56 W. Banko: Lewin r e p o r t e d s e e i n g 2 / Puuwaawaa Ranch Hdqs.

1958-1959) ( 1 7 S e p t . 1 9 6 9 )

( 1 7 S e p t . 1 9 6 9 )

1 8 J u n e 1960

1 2 Aug. 1 9 6 1

.... 1 9 A p r i l 1964

... . 20 Dec. 1965

. . . . 20 Dec. 1 9 6 5

. . . . 5 J u l y 1966

57 W. Banko: Lewin saw 2 f l y o v e r / Puuwaawaa .... 1 0 O c t . 1966 Ranch Hdqs.

58 W . Banko: Lewin h e a r d / Puuwaawaa Ranch . . . . 11 O c t . 1966 Hdqs.

W. Banko: Lewin s a w and h e a r d 2 / Puuwaawaa Ranch Hdqs.

W . Banko: A l d r i c h saw 2 / Puuwaawaa Ranch .... Hdqs.

u n s u c c e s s f u l s e a r c h / o f t h e t o n g u e o f f o r e s t .... w h e r e t h e c rows u s u a l l y were s e e n ... Puuwaawaa -

Ranch

W . Banko: K e a k e a l a n i saw 1 r e c e n t l y / n e a r s t o n e c o r r a l , a b o u t 0 .25 mile W Puuwaawaa Ranch Hdqs.

W . Banko: Yano s a w 2 o r t h r e e l a s t w e e k / S t o n e C o r r a l area, Puuwaawaa Ranch

W. Banko: K e a k e a l a n i : r e p o r t e d 1 s e e n / Puuwaawaa Ranch, h a l f w a y b e t w e e n Hdqs. and P u u i k i

W . Banko: h e a r d 1, p o s s i b l y 2 (0630 h o u r s ) / mauka f i r s t water t a n k o n j e e p t r a i l t o S h a n g r i l a , Puuwaawaa Ranch

P u ' u a n a h u l u P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y

l o c a t e d a p a i r ... n e s t u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n . . . f o u r o l d n e s t s f o u n d . . . o t h e r 'Ala la a b s e n t / Puuanahulu . . .3 .1 km. (1 .92 miles) E , 6 km. ( 3 . 7 3 miles) N of Puuwaawaa, a p r o m i n e n t c i n d e r c o n e

p a r e n t s i n c u b a t i n g 4 e g g s ( f i f t h b r o k e n ) / Puuanahu lu . . . 3 . 1 km. ( 1 . 9 2 miles) E , 6 km. ( 3 . 7 3 miles) N o f Puuwaawaa

p a r e n t s i n c u b a t i n g s i n g l e i n v i a b l e e g g / P u u a n a h u l u . . . . 3 .1 km. ( 1 . 9 2 miles) E , 6 km. ( 3 . 7 3 miles) N o f Puuwaawaa

30 Nov. 1966

1 6 J a n . 1967

28 Dec. 1967

( 9 J u n e 1 9 7 0 )

( 1 0 J u n e 1 9 7 0 )

( 1 9 7 0 )

1 6 J u n e 1971

26 Mar. 1964 - 30 J a n . 1 9 6 5

1 2 A p r i l 1964

26 A p r i l 1964

( 3 )

( 3 )

DONW 6 8

I s l a n d o f Hawai' i-- ( C o n t i n u e d )

Pu ' u a n a h u l u P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y ( c o n ' t . )

69 a p p r o x i m a t e l y a n n u a l v i s i t s . . . r e v e a l e d no a c t i v i t y a f t e r 1 9 6 4 . . . a l l t races o f n e s t s d i s a p p e a r e d by 1969 / Puuanahu lu . . .3.1 km ( 1 . 9 2 miles) E , 6 km ( 3 . 7 3 miles) N o f Puuwaawaa

70 W. Banko: Lewin r e p o r t e d 1 o l d n e s t f ound .... 20 May 1966 by B e r g e r , Tomich and Lewin / mauka o f B e l t Highway 1 m i l e N o f 1859 l a v a f l o w i n t h e G a m e Management Area

KAILUA - Pu ' uwa' awa' a

7 1 h e a r d b u t n o t numerous / f o r e s t s o f t h e .... 1 9 2 3 Puuwaawaa Ranch

72 W. Banko: P a r i s b e l i e v e d p l e n t i f u l ... s e v e r a l .... 1930 ' s hundred e s t i m a t e d / Puuwaawaa Ranch

73 W . Banko: Hind h e a r d and saw e v e r y d a y w h i l e . . . . 1935-1940 r i d i n g f o r c a t t l e / f o r e s t e d areas o n Puu- ( 2 4 S e p t . 1 9 6 9 ) waawaa Ranch...Puuwaawaa h i l l . . . P u u h i n a h i n a . . .Kileo

74 g r e a t l y r e d u c e d numbers / Puuwaawaa f o r e s t s .... 1936-1937

7 5 R i c h a r d s : f o u n d p r e s e n t i n u n s p e c i f i e d .... 25 Aug. 1950 numbers / h o r s e b a c k r i d e f rom Puuwaawaa Ranch Hdqs. t o S h a n g r i l a ... h i k e 0 .25 m i l e beyond

R i c h a r d s : saw a b o u t 5 o r 6 , p o s s i b l y 1 0 h e a r d (1300-1900 h o u r s / on t r i p . by v e h i c l e f rom Puuwaawaa Ranchhouse a r o u n d W s i d e o f Puuwaawaa t o P o t a t o H i l l ( S h a n g r i l a ) ... t h e n c e o n f o o t a p p r o x i m a t e l y S f o r a b o u t 0 .5 m i l e and r e t u r n t o S h a n g r i l a

W. Banko: K e a k e a l a n i h e a r d o n l y o c c a s i o n a l l y o n v i s i t s t o c a t t l e w a t e r i n g f a c i l i t i e s / Puuwaawaa Ranch

s e e n / Puuwaawaa

7 s e e n and h e a r d / Puuwaawaa

P a r i s : h a v e n e v e r s e e n more t h a n 1 2 / Puuwaawaa Ranch

s e e n / Puuwaawaa Ranch

u n s u c c e s s f u l s e a r c h / Puuwaawaa Ranch

o b s e r v e d a few ... t h e y o f t e n g e t a s low a s t h e Ranchhouse when t h e f o g is i n / above Puuwaawaa

. . . . 26 S e p t . 1950

.... 1 7 S e p t . 1 9 6 9

.... l a s t month. . . ( ? J a n . 1 9 5 2 )

. . . . 1 8 J u n e ( 1 9 6 0 )

.... 20 A p r i l 1964

.... ( 1 9 7 3 )

USFWS: 3 s e e n / u p p e r area o f Puuwaawaa .... 30 S e p t . 1971 Ranch

HSFG: s a w 4 , h e a r d 1 / Puuwaawaa Ranch 4800- 5 A p r i l 1977 5620

8 4 b HSFG: saw 1 / Puuwaawaa Ranch 5700 1 3 A p r i l 1 9 7 7

8 4 c HSFG: saw 2 on s u r v e y / Puuwaawaa Ranch 4700 9 Nov. 1977

84d HSFG: h e a r d 2 on s u r v e y / Puuwaawaa Ranch 5300 8 J u n e 1978

8 4 e HSFG: 2 d e t e r m i n e d t o b e unemployed a £ t e r .... 30 J u n e 1 9 7 8 1 9 7 8 b r e e d i n g s e a s o n / Puuwaawaa Ranch

MUNG46

BALH 5 2

I s l a n d o f H a w a i ' i-- ( C o n t i n u e d )

KAILUA

8 5 NPS: s t i l l much i n e v i d e n c e / s l o p e s o f H u a l a l a i a b o v e t h e c a t t l e r a n g e (Puuwaawaa Ranch)

15-22 Nov. 1944

s p e c i m e n s e c u r e d . . . once 4 t o g e t h e r f l e w pas t . . .more by t w o ' s o r a l o n e . . . a b o u t a d o z e n h e a r d i n s u r r o u n d i n g f o r e s t / c i n d e r c o n e , l a n d o f Kaupulehu

9 S e p t . 1949

W . Banko: s a w 4 / p i t c r a t e r s n e a r r o a d h i g h up o n H u a l a l a i

9 Feb. 1966

W . Banko: saw 2 / S o f Puuwaawaa Ranch 9 Feb . 1966

7 Feb. 1 9 6 7 W. Banko: Bryan h e a r d / H u a l a l a i S h e e p S t a t i o n

W . Banko: h e a r d / t e l e p h o n e microwave r e l a y s t a t i o n a l o n g H u a l a l a i j e e p access r o a d

26 J u n e 1967

W . Banko: Bryan s a w 2 / t e l e p h o n e micro- wave r e l a y s t a t i o n a l o n g H u a l a l a i j e e p access r o a d

7 Feb. 1 9 6 8

26 J u n e 1969

5 S e p t . 1969

1 7 S e p t . 1969

W . Banko: 3 s e e n and h e a r d / H u a l a l a i Ranch

W. Banko: h e a r d 4 / Kaupu lehu , H u a l a l a i Ranch

W. Banko: 4 s e e n o r h e a r d / Kaupu lehu , H u a l a l a i Ranch, n e a r unnamed c i n d e r c o n e s ca. 1 mile S E Moanuiahea

Montgomery saw 3 / on H u a l a l a i Ranch r o a d p a s t f i r s t c r a t e r ( s m a l l e r o n e w i t h o l d r a i n shed )

23 Dec. 1969

W. Banko: Keast r e c a l l e d 4 g r e a t e s t 2900 number s e e n ( 2 d a i l y f o r s e v e r a l weeks ) / Kaupu lehu , H u a l a l a i Ranch Hdqs.

W i n t e r o f 1969-70 (11 J u n e 1 9 7 0 )

W . Banko: 2 , p o s s i b l y 3 , h e a r d / 3600 Kaupu lehu , N o r t h Kona, H u a l a l a i Ranch n e a r unnamed c i n d e r c o n e s a b o u t 1 mile SE Moanuiahea

1 0 J u n e 1970

W. Banko: Kawahara saw 8 and h e a r d many more .... ...p o s s i b l y as many as two d o z e n / n e a r t e l e p h o n e r e l a y s t a t i o n a l o n g access r o a d up H u a l a l a i

6 Feb. 1 9 7 1

G i f f i n : saw 3 and h e a r d 1 o t h e r c a l l i n g / 4600 Kaupu lehu , 0.75 mile W o f ~ a l e p i u l a r a i n s h e d , Puuwaawaa Ranch

1 5 Mar. 1 9 7 1

W . Banko: Kosaka and G i f f i n saw 3 and h e a r d 4600 a p o s s i b l e f o u r t h / Puuwaawaa Ranch, Hale- p i u l a r a i n s h e d area

1 5 Mar. 1 9 7 1

W . Banko: a t l e a s t 5 / Kaupu lehu , ~ u a l a l a i 3600 Ranch , 0 .5 - 1 mile NE of unnamed c i n d e r c o n e s a b o u t 1 m i l e S E Moanuiahea

1 8 May 1 9 7 1

W. Banko: h e a r d 2 / 0 .5 - 1 m i l e SW H a l e p i u l a r a i n s h e d , Puuwaawaa Ranch

8 J u n e 1 9 7 1

8 J u n e 1 9 7 1 W . Banko: saw o r h e a r d 4 , p o s s i b l y 6 i n 3600 d a y ' s s e a r c h / Kaupu lehu , 1 - 1 . 5 miles NE o f unnamed c i n d e r c o n e s a b o u t 1 mile S E Moanuiahea , H u a l a l a i Ranch

W. Banko: ended s e a r c h f o r n e s t s , c o n c l u d e d 3600- o n l y 3 p a i r s p r e s e n t , 2 o f wh ich were n o t 4000 b r e e d i n g / Kaupu lehu , 0 .5 - 1 . 5 miles NE o f unnamed c i n d e r c o n e s a b o u t 1 mile S E Moanuiahea , H u a l a l a i Ranch

9 J u n e 1 9 7 1

I s l a n d o f H a w a i ' i - - ( C o n t i n u e d )

K A I L U A - Ka' CpGlehu ( con ' t . )

1 0 5 v a n R i p e r 111: 2 n o t e d i n d a y l o n g w a l k i n g s u r v e y /Puuwaawaa, 0.25 mile be low H u a l a l a i r a i n s h e d

1 5 J u n e 1 9 7 1

1 0 6 W . Banko: h e a r d , t h e n saw, 1 p o s s i b l e 1 9 7 1 f l e d g l i n g b u t no a d u l t s / a b o u t 0 .25 mile u p new b u l l d o z e d r o a d on Puuwaawaa s i d e o f T e l e p h o n e Road, H u a l a l a i Ranch

30 J u n e 1 9 7 1

3 J u n e 1972 107 W . Banko: h e a r d o r saw 8 o r 9 i n s u r v e y f rom 0555 t o 1830 h o u r s / H u a l a l a i Ranch and a d j a c e n t p a r t s o f Puuwaawaa Ranch

1 9 A p r i l 1 9 7 3

29 J u n e 1 9 7 3

1 0 8 W . Banko: C a r l s o n saw 2 / NW c o r . Kaupulehu F o r e s t R e s e r v e

1 0 9 W. and P. Banko: l o c a t e d 3 a d u l t s , p o s s i b l y 1 j u v e n i l e / 0.25 m i l e t o w a r d s K a i l u a f rom j u n c t i o n o f H u a l a l a i Ranch c r o s s - f e n c e and (mauka-makai) bnd ry . f e n c e Puuwaawaa Ranch, a l o n g H u a l a l a i Ranch j e e p r o a d ( 1 . 2 miles NNE Kaupulehu c r a t e r )

1 1 0 W . Banko: Mi randa h a s n o t s e e n more t h a n 3 o r 4 a t o n e t i m e s i n c e Keast l e f t H u a l a l a i Ranch 7 mon ths a g o

( 3 J u n e 1 9 7 3 )

l lOa HSFG: saw 3 on s u r v e y / H u a l a l a i Ranch 20 S e p t . 1976

11 A p r i l 1977

1 2 A p r i l 1977

l l O b HSFG: saw 2 o n s u r v e y / H u a l a l a i Ranch

l lOc HSFG: saw 5 on s u r v e y / H u a l a l a i Ranch

l l O d HSFG: saw 3 on s u r v e y / H u a l a l a i Ranch 26 A p r i l 1 9 7 7

llOe HSFG: saw 2 on s u r v e y / H u a l a l a i Ranch 3600 1 0 May 1977

l l o f HSFG: saw 3 on s u r v e y / H u a l a l a i Ranch 4300

l l O g HSFG: saw 4 on s u r v e y / H u a l a l a i Ranch 4800

l l O h HSFG: saw 4 on s u r v e y / H u a l a l a i Ranch 4250- 4800

l l O i HSFG: s a w 2 on s u r v e y / H u a l a l a i Ranch 4700

l l O j HSFG: saw 3 on s u r v e y / H u a l a l a i Ranch 3400- 5350

l l o k HSFG: saw 6 on s u r v e y / H u a l a l a i Ranch 3600- 5400

1 1 0 1 HSFG: saw 4 on s u r v e y / H u a l a l a i Ranch 4800- 5440

l l O m HSFG: saw 3 on s u r v e y / H u a l a l a i Ranch 4800

l l O n HSFG: s a w 6 on s u r v e y / H u a l a l a i Ranch 4900- 5450

1100 HSFG: saw 4 on s u r v e y / H u a l a l a i Ranch 4900- 5450

l lOp HSFG: a f t e r 1 9 7 8 b r e e d i n g s e a s o n p o p u l a t i o n .... on H u a l a l a i Ranch c o n s i s t e d o f 1 p a i r suc- c e s s f u l n e s t i n g a d u l t s , 1 p a i r u n s u c c e s s f u l n e s t i n g a d u l t s , 4 unemployed a d u l t s , 1 i m - m a t u r e , 2 f l e d g l i n g s - - 1 c a p t u r e d f o r c a p t i v e p r o p a g a t i o n

Ka'TipClehu P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y - N o r t h Kaupulehu C r a t e r

111 W . and P. Banko: 3 s e e n , 1 p o s s i b l y a 4750 f l e d g l i n g / 0.25 mile W o f Puuwaawaa Ranch bnd ry . and 1 . 2 miles NNE o f Kaupulehu c r a t e r

11 May 1977

2 Nov. 1977

27 Dec. 1977

1 Feb. 1978

7 Mar. 1978

2 1 Mar. 1978

4 A p r i l 1 9 7 8

5 A p r i l 1 9 7 8

1 4 A p r i l 1 9 7 8

26 A p r i l 1 9 7 8

30 J u n e 1978

29 J u n e 1973

I s l a n d o f H a w a i ' i - - ( C o n t i n u e d )

Ka 'EpElehu P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y - N o r t h Kaupulehu C r a t e r ( c o n ' t . )

P. Banko: p a i r . w i t h 2 i n n e s t / 1 . 1 5 miles 4660 N o f Kaupulehu c r a t e r n e a r H u a l a l a i Ranch jeep r o a d

P . Banko: f l e d g l i n g s banded -07 and -08 / 4660 1 . 1 5 miles N Kaupulehu c r a t e r n e a r H u a l a l a i Ranch j e e p r o a d

P. Banko: f a m i l y w i t h -07 and -08 f l e d g l i n g s 4660 s e e n / 1 . 1 5 miles N Kaupulehu c r a t e r n e a r H u a l a l a i Ranch j e e p r o a d

P. Banko: saw p a i r w i t h f l e d g l i n g , no n e s t 4660 found / 1 .15 miles N Kaupulehu c r a t e r n e a r H u a l a l a i Ranch j e e p r o a d

P. Banko: 1 p a r e n t and f l e d g l i n g found / 4660 1 . 1 5 miles N Kaupulehu c r a t e r n e a r ~ u a l a l a i Ranch j e e p r o a d

P . Banko: n e s t t e r r i t o r y d e s e r t e d , none 4660 s e e n / 1 . 1 5 miles N Kaupulehu c r a t e r n e a r H u a l a l a i Ranch j e e p r o a d

P. Banko: p a i r s e e n c o m p l e t i n g n e s t con- 4580 s t r u c t i o n / 1 . 2 5 miles N o f Kaupulehu c r a t e r

P. Banko: pa i r h e a r d toward Puuwaawaa Ranch 4580 bnd ry ; n e s t empty b u t presumed a f a i l u r e / 1 . 2 5 miles N o f Kaupulehu c r a t e r

P. Banko: p a i r n o t a t n e s t s i t e b u t h e a r d 4580 i n t e r r i t o r y / 1 . 2 5 miles N o f Kaupulehu c r a t e r

1 2 J u n e 1974

4 J u l y 1974

2 O c t . 1974

1 7 J u n e 1975

1 0 J u l y 1975

3 Aug. 1975

27 May 1976

1 7 J u n e 1976

8 J u l y 1976

~ a ' E p E l e h u P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y - Mauka H a l e p i u l a Ra inshed

P. Banko: pa i r p r e s e n t / Puuwaawaa Ranch, 0 .5 m i l e S o f 4680 f t . n e s t and 1 m i l e SSE o f H a l e p i u l a r a i n s h e d

P. Banko: a d u l t h e a r d / Puuwaawaa Ranch, 1 m i l e SE o f H a l e p i u l a r a i n s h e d

P. Banko: p a i r s e e n / Puuwaawaa Ranch, 0 .5 mile SW o f H a l e p i u l a r a i n s h e d n e a r H u a l a l a i Ranch b n d r y .

P. Banko: p a i r r o o s t i n g / Puuwaawaa Ranch, 0 .5 m i l e S W o f H a l e p i u l a r a i n s h e d n e a r H u a l a l a i Ranch b n d r y .

P. Banko: no b i r d s found / Puuwaawaa Ranch, 0 .5 mile SW o f H a l e p i u l a r a i n s h e d n e a r H u a l a l a i Ranch b n d r y .

P. Banko: p a i r p r e s e n t , no n e s t found b u t a d u l t s b e h a v i n g as i f n e s t i n g / 0.75 m i l e NE o f Kaupu lehu , n e a r H u a l a l a i Ranch-Puuwaawaa Ranch b n d r y .

P. Sanko: p a i r w i t h f l e d g l i n g s e e n / 0.75 mile NE o f Kaupu lehu , n e a r ~ u a l a l a i Ranch-Puuwaawaa Ranch b n d r y .

P. Banko: a t l e a s t 2 a d u l t s and 3 f l e d g l i n g s found ; a p p a r e n t merg ing o f f a m i l i e s / 0 .75 m i l e NE o f Kaupu lehu , n e a r H u a l a l a i Ranch-Puuwaawaa Ranch b n d r y .

P . Banko: p a i r w i t h 1 f l e d g l i n g and p a i r w i t h 2 f l e d g l i n g s s e e n d u r i n g n e a r l y 2 h o u r s o b s e r v a t i o n / 0.75 m i l e NE o f Kaupulehu , n e a r H u a l a l a i Ranch-Puuwaawaa Ranch b n d r y .

8 J u l y 1 9 7 4

9 O c t . 1974

1 7 J u n e 1975

11 J u l y 1975

3 Aug. 1975

28 May 1976

8 J u l y 1976

2 1 J u l y 1976

4750 22 J u l y 1976

I s l a n d o f ~ a w a i ' i - - ( C o n t i n u e d )

~ a ' i j - p G l e h u P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y - Mauka H a l e p i u l a Ra inshed ( c o n ' t. )

1 3 0 P. Banko: same 2 f a m i l i e s a s o n 22 J u l y 4800 23 J u l y 1976 a l t e r n a t e l y m i n g l e d and s e p a r a t e d d u r i n g 5 h o u r s o b s e r v a t i o n / 0 .75 m i l e NE o f Kau- p u l e h u , n e a r H u a l a l a i Ranch-Puuwaawaa Ranch b n d r y .

Pu ' uwa ' awa ' a P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y - Makai H a l e p i u l a Ra inshed

1 3 1 W . Banko: Kosaka , Wa lke r , Woodside: f ound 4600 26 A p r i l 1 9 7 3 n e s t . . . r e m a i n e d i n v i c i n i t y ... f e m a l e r e t u r n e d i n a b o u t a n hou r ... many l e h u a b l o s s o m s n o t e d on g r o u n d / a b o u t 0 .5 m i l e be low H a l e p i u l a r a i n s h e d

1 3 2 W . and P. Banko: v i s i t e d n e s t s i t e b u t 4600 1 2 May 1973 found n e i t h e r n e s t t r e e n o r 'Ala la / a b o u t 0 .5 m i l e be low H a l e p i u l a r a i n s h e d

1 3 3 W. Banko: Kosaka v i s i t e d n e s t s i t e . . . f o u n d 4600 25 J u l y 1973 d e s e r t e d / a b o u t 0 .5 mile below H a l e p i u l a r a i n s h e d

1 3 4 P. Banko: found p a i r , n e s t w i t h 3 n e s t l i n g s ; 4680 1 3 J u n e 1974 l o n e a d u l t o n p e r i p h e r y o f n e s t t e r r i t o r y / Puuwaawaa Ranch, 0 .5 mile ESE o f H a l e p i u l a r a i n s h e d

1 3 5 P. Banko: 1 n e s t l i n g o n l y found ; l o n e a d u l t i n n e s t t e r r i t o r y / Puuwaawaa Ranch, 0 .5 mile ESE H a l e p i u l a r a i n s h e d

1 3 6 P. Banko: banded n e s t l i n g -09 / Puuwaawaa Ranch , 0 .5 m i l e ESE H a l e p i u l a r a i n s h e d

4680 3 J u l y 1974

4680 1 5 J u l y 1974

P. Banko: p a r e n t s and -09 f l e d g l i n g o b s e r v e d 4680 9 O c t . 1974 / Puuwaawaa Ranch, 0 .2 mile WNW o f n e s t

P. Banko: f o u n d p a i r , n e s t l i n g banded -12 / 4680 1 7 J u n e 1975 Puuwaawaa Ranch, 0 .2 mile WNW o f 1974 n e s t

P. Banko: s a w p a i r w i t h -12 f l e d g l i n g / 4700 1 2 J u l y 1 9 7 5 Puuwaawaa Ranch, 1 . 8 miles E o f n e s t and 1 mile SSE o f Poohohoo

P. Banko: p a i r f ound w i t h empty n e s t / 4920 27 May 1976 0 .65 mile S E H a l e p i u l a r a i n s h e d

P. Banko: 1 a d u l t i n n e s t , a n o t h e r n e a r b y 4920 1 6 J u n e 1976 / 0.65 m i l e SE H a l e p i u l a r a i n s h e d

P. Banko: p a i r i n t e r r i t o r y ; n e s t empty ; 4920 22 J u l y 1976 no p r o d u c t i o n / 0 .65 mile SE H a l e p i u l a r a i n s h e d

HSFG :

HSFG:

HSFG:

HSFG:

1 4 2 e HSFG:

1 4 2 f HSFG:

Ka 'EpElehu P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y - U n d e s i g n a t e d S i t e

1 f l e d g e d f rom Nest 1 ( s a l v a g e d ) 3500

p a i r a t N e s t 2A, 1 a d u l t on n e s t 4550 Nest 2A empty and abandoned

N e s t 2B u n s u c c e s s f u l ( r e n e s t e f f o r t o f p a i r 2A)

2 f l e d g e d , 1 s a l v a g e d f rom Nest 5 5050

1 f l e d g e d f rom N e s t 6 ( s a l v a g e d ) 5420

pa i r a t Nest 78-1A b r e a k i n g and .... c a r r y i n g t w i g s p a i r a t Nest 78-1A c o u r t i n g p a i r a t N e s t 78-1A i n c u b a t i n g

1 3 J u n e 1977

1 2 A p r i l 1977 26 A p r i l 1977

26 J u n e 1977

1 4 J u n e 1977

21 March 1978

5 A p r i l 1 9 7 8 1 3 A p r i l 1 9 7 8 5-10 May 1 9 7 8 N e s t 78-1A f a i l e d , 1 egg s e e n

I s l a n d o f H a w a i ' i - - ( C o n t i n u e d )

Ka ' cpE lehu P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y - U n d e s i g n a t e d S i t e ( c o n ' t . )

1 4 2 9 HSFG: p a i r 78-1A r e n e s t e d (78-1B) N e s t 78-1B d e s e r t e d

.... 10-22 May 1978 6 J u n e 1978

1 4 2 h HSFG: p a i r a t N e s t 78-2 d e f e n d i n g t e r r i t o r y .... 5 A p r i l 1 9 7 8 e g g s b e i n g i n c u b a t e d 1 3 A p r i l 1978 2 young h e a r d 1 0 May 1978 b r o o d i n g s t o p p e d 22 May 1978 f i r s t n e s t l i n g f l e d g e d 8 J u n e 1978 s e c o n d n e s t l i n g f l e d g e d 1 5 J u n e 1978

~ a ' G p E l e h u P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y - ENE Moanuiahea Rad io R e l a y S t a t i o n

1 4 3 W . Banko: found n e s t ; c o n t e n t s unobse rv - ca. 3600 1 2 J u n e 1970 a b l e ; h e a r d 3 a d u l t s / a b o u t 1 . 3 miles ENE Moanuiahea r a d i o r e l a y s t a t i o n

144 W. Banko: s a l v a g e d 1 d i s e a s e d f l e d g l i n g / c a . 3600 1 9 J u n e 1970 a b o u t 1 . 3 m i l e s ENE Moanuiahea r a d i o r e l a y s t a t i o n

1 4 5 W . Banko: f o u n d a n o t h e r n e s t ; s a l v a g e d o n e 3500 1 8 , 1 9 J u n e 1970 d i s e a s e d f l e d g l i n g / a b o u t 1 .4 miles ENE Moanuiahea r a d i o r e l a y s t a t i o n (ca . 3400 f t . e l . and 0 .25 mile d i s t a n t f rom n e s t f ound 1 2 J u n e )

1 4 6 W. Banko: 2 pa i r s s e e n and h e a r d ; 1 n e s t 3500 7 J u n e 1971 found ( s i t e o f n e s t f ound 1 8 J u n e 1 9 7 0 ) / a b o u t 1.4 miles ENE Moanuiahea r a d i o r e l a y s t a t i o n

147 W . Banko: 1 n e s t l i n g b a r e l y v i s i b l e i n 3500 29 J u n e 1 9 7 1 n e s t ; p a r e n t s o n l y h e a r d d i s t a n t l y / a b o u t 1 . 4 miles ENE Moanuiahea r a d i o r e l a y s t a t i o n

1 4 8 W. Banko: n e s t area found d e s e r t e d ; f r u i t - 3500 9 J u l y 1 9 7 1 l e s s g r o u n d s e a r c h f o r c l u e s o f n e s t l i n g ' s f a t e ; n e s t u n r e a c h a b l e / a b o u t 1 . 4 miles ENE Moanuiahea r a d i o r e l a y s t a t i o n

1 4 9 W . Banko: p a i r s e e n a s s o c i a t i n g w i t h t h i r d .... 3 J u n e 1972 b i r d n e a r f o r m e r n e s t t r ee ; p a i r p r e s u m a b l y n o t n e s t i n g / a b o u t 1 . 4 miles ENE Moanuiahea r a d i o r e l a y s t a t i o n

150 W . and P. Banko: p a i r and n e s t w i t h 4 e g g s 3440 1 2 May 1 9 7 3 found / 1 . 3 miles ENE o f Moanuiahea r a d i o r e l a y s t a t i o n

1 5 1 W . and P. Banko: n e s t w i t h 4 e g g s s t i l l 3440 23 May 1973 p r e s e n t / 1 . 3 mi les ENE o f Moanuiahea r a d i o r e l a y s t a t i o n

1 5 2 W. and P. Banko: 2 downy young i n n e s t / 3440 1 J u n e 1 9 7 3 1 . 3 miles ENE o f Moanuiahea r a d i o r e l a y s t a t i o n

1 5 3 W , and P. Banko: 2 f l e d g e d young s e e n / 3440 1 0 J u l y 1 9 7 3 1 . 3 miles ENE o f Moanuiahea r a d i o r e l a y s t a t i o n

1 5 4 W. and P. Banko: 1 young banded -03, i t s 3440 11 J u l y 1 9 7 3 f l i g h t l e s s s i b l i n g n e a r g r o u n d s a l v a g e d / 1 . 3 miles ENE o f Moanuihea r a d i o r e l a y s t a t i o n

1 5 5 W . and P. Banko: p a i r w i t h 1 n e s t l i n g s e e n / 1 . 3 miles ENE Moanuihea r a d i o r e l a y s t a t i o n

3480 2 J u n e 1974

156 W . and P, Banko: n e s t t e r r i t o r y d e s e r t e d / 3480 27 J u n e 1974 1 . 3 miles ENE Moanuihea r a d i o r e l a y s t a t i o n

1 5 7 P . Banko: pa i r s e e n ; f l e d g l i n g banded -11 / 3480 1 3 J u n e 1975 1 . 3 miles ENE Moanuihea r a d i o r e l a y s t a t i o n

I s l a n d o f H a w a i ' i - - ( C o n t i n u e d )

Ka'GpGlehu P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y - ENE Moanuiahea R a d i o R e l a y S t a t i o n ( c o n ' t . )

1 5 8 P. Banko: n e s t t e r r i t o r y found d e s e r t e d / 3480 1 . 3 miles ENE Moanuihea r a d i o r e l a y , s t a t i o n

1 5 9 P. Banko: p a i r and f l e d g l i n g -11 s i g h t e d / 3900 n e a r Ka loko D r i v e , 2.25 miles S o f 3480 f t . n e s t

160 P. Banko: pa i r w i t h 1 n e s t l i n g found / 3580 1 . 3 miles ENE o f Moanuiahea r a d i o r e l a y s t a t i o n

1 3 J u l y 1975

2 Aug. 1 9 7 5

26 May 1976

1 6 1 P. Banko: f l e d g l i n g s e e n n e a r n e s t / 1 . 3 m i l e s ENE o f Moanuiahea r a d i o r e l a y s t a t i o n

3580 1 6 J u n e 1976

~ a ' EpElehu P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y - H i n a k a p o u l a

1 6 2 W . Banko: f o u n d p a i r w i t h n e s t / 1.1 miles 4200 NW H i n a k a p o u l a

1 6 3 W . Banko: pa i r found n e a r d e s e r t e d empty 4200 n e s t ; r e m n a n t s o f b r o k e n p a r t i a l l y c r u s h e d e g g o n g r o u n d / 1.1 miles NW H i n a k a p o u l a

164 W. and P. Banko: p a i r f ound / 1 . 8 miles 4040 NW H i n a k a p o u l a

1 6 5 P. Banko: p a i r w i t h p r o b a b l e f l e d g l i n g o r 4040 j u v e n i l e s e e n / on unnamed Puu 1 . 8 miles NW H i n a k a p o u l a

166 P. Banko: no b i r d s found / on unnamed Puu 4040 1 . 8 miles NW H i n a k a p o u l a

3 J u n e 1972

20 J u n e 1972

11 May 1973

1 2 J u n e 1974

29 J u n e 1974

P. Banko: pa i r w i t h f l e d g l i n g ; no n e s t f ound / unnamed Puu 0.7 m i l e WNW o f H i n a k a p o u l a

3 J u l y 1974

11 J u l y 1974 P. Banko: f a m i l y o f 3 p r e s e n t i n n e s t t e r r i t o r y / unnamed Puu 0 .7 m i l e WNW o f H i n a k a p o u l a

3 O c t . 1974 P. Banko: 1 a d u l t h e a r d i n v i c i n i t y of n e s t t e r r i t o r y . . . f a m i l y n o t s e e n / .unnamed Puu 0 .7 mile WNW o f H i n a k a p o u l a

P. Banko: p a i r s e e n b u t no n e s t o r juve- n i l e s found / a t t w i n p i t c r a t e r s , 1 . 2 miles WNW o f H i n a k a p o u l a

13 J u n e 1975

P. Banko: p a i r s e e n b u t no n e ' s t o r j uve - n i l e s f o u n d / a t t w i n p i t c r a t e r s , 1 . 2 miles WNW o f H i n a k a p o u l a

1 7 J u n e 1975

P. Banko: no b i r d s found i n area / on un- named Puu 1 . 8 miles NW H i n a k a p o u l a

1 7 J u n e 1975

2 Aug. 1 9 7 5 P. Banko: no b i r d s found i n a r e a / on un- named Puu 1.1 miles ESE Moanuiahea r a d i o r e l a y s t a t i o n

P. Banko: no b i r d s found i n area / a t t w i n p i t c r a t e r s , 1 . 2 miles WNW o f H i n a k a p o u l a

3 Aug. 1 9 7 5

26 May 1976 P. Banko: p a i r s e e n b u i l d i n g n e s t , 0 .5 t o 0 .75 p e r c e n t c o m p l e t e d / 1 mile WNW Hinaka- p o u l a n e a r e d g e o f Kaupulehu l a v a f l o w

P. Banko: n e s t m i s s i n g , p a i r n o t a t n e s t s i t e b u t p r e s e n t a t 4600 f t . t w i n p i t c r a t e r s / 1 m i l e WNW H i n a k a p o u l a n e a r e d g e o f Kaupulehu l a v a f l o w

8 J u l y 1976

4760 1 6 J u l y 1976 P. Banko: no b i r d s s e e n o r h e a r d i n 1 . 5 hou r s e a r c h / 1 m i l e WNW H i n a k a p o u l a n e a r e d g e o f Kaupulehu l a v a f l o w

I s l a n d o f H a w a i ' i-- ( C o n t i n u e d )

Ka'GpTilehu P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y - H i n a k a p o u l a ( c o n ' t . )

P. Banko: no b i r d s s e e n o r h e a r d i n 1 . 2 5 hou r s e a r c h / 1 mile WNW H i n a k a p o u l a n e a r e d g e o f Kaupulehu l a v a f l o w

4760 2 3 J u l y 1976

K a u l a n a , ~ a k a ' u l a 'O'oma T r a c t , Ka loko

W. Banko: V r e d e n b e r g r e c a l l e d p l e n t y , maybe 100-200 / Huehue Ranch

Baldwin : a b o u t a d o z e n h e a r d . . .g r o u p o f 4 f l e w by , o t h e r s i n p a i r s o r a l o n e / i n t h e a r e a o f 6-8 s q . miles w e c o u l d o v e r l o o k f rom t h e c i n d e r cone. . .3500-4000 f t . a b o v e Huehue Ranch hdqs .

Ba ldwin : c o l l e c t e d spec imen / a b o u t 3500- 4000 i t . n e a r c i n d e r c o n e s a t end o f s t o n e wall more t h a n 1 . 5 miles a b o v e Huehue Ranch hdqs .

V r e d e n b e r g r e c a l l e d 'Ala la were f a i r l y common / a c o u p l e o f miles above Huehue Ranch hdqs .

W . Banko: V r e d e n b e r g r e c a l l e d v e r y few 'Alala r e m a i n e d , maybe 1 0 o r 1 2 when h e l e f t Ranch / Huehue Ranch

W. Banko: W i l l i a m s r e c a l l e d f rom 2 t o 6 'Ala la u sed t o come down a r o u n d Hdqs. (2000 f t . e l . ) o n c e o r twice a y e a r d u r i n g w i n t e r wind and r a i n s t o r m s / Huehue Ranch

W. Banko: W i l l i a m s d i d n o t r e c a l l 'A la l a a r o u n d Ranch h d a s . / Huehue Ranch

... . e a r l y 1 9 4 0 ' s ( 8 O c t . 1 9 7 0 )

.... 9 S e p t . 1949

.... 9 S e p t . 1949

.... 9 S e p t . 1949

.... 1958 ( 8 O c t . 1 9 7 0 )

.... 1962-1964 ( 1 6 S e p t . 1 9 6 9 )

W . Banko: u n s u c c e s s f u l s e a r c h / Kaloko j e e p .... t r a i l s , Huehue Ranch

W . Banko: C r a c k e l o b s e r v e d a f ew t o a p p e a r 1900 on ra re o c c a s i o n s / a t r e s i d e n c e n e a r F o r e s t R e s e r v e b n d r y . , Ooma 1, ( 2 miles N o f Hono- kohau 1 mauka j e e p t r a i l )

26 S e p t . 1969

1970-1975

W . Banko: C r a c k e l saw and h e a r d 2 (0600 h o u r s ) / a t r e s i d e n c e n e a r F o r e s t R e s e r v e bndry . ! Ooma 1 ( 2 miles N o f Honokohau 1 mauka j e e p t r a i l )

1900 20 Aug. 1 9 7 5

two / mauka end o f Ka loko Mauka s u b d i v i s i o n .... r o a d s y s t e m

HSFG: s a w 4 on s u r v e y / Kaloko S u b - D i v i s i o n 3220

HSFG: saw 8-10 on s u r v e y s / Kaloko Sub- 4000 D i v i s i o n

HSFG: s a w 2 on s u r v e y s / Kaloko S u b - D i v i s i o n 4940

HSFG: saw 2 o n s u r v e y s / Kaloko S u b - D i v i s i o n

HSFG: r e p o r t e d b u t n o t f ound on s u r v e y s / Kaloko s u b d i v i s i o n

HonokEhau 1 ( P a l a n i Ranch)

90 W. Banko: Vaughn and o t h e r s saw a t l e a s t 4 and p o s s i b l y 6 / mauka Honokohau 1, e x t r e m e SE c o r n e r , n e a r l y 1 mile W o f H u a l a l a i S h e e p S t a t i o n

1 9 1 W. Banko: R. G r e e n w e l l h e a r d 'Alala / n e a r bnd ry . o f Honokohau 1 and K e a l a k e h e Mauka

1 9 2 W . Banko: s e a r c h e d u n s u c c e s s f u l l y / Honokohau 1

5 Nov. 1976

1 7 Aug. 1976

2 1 S e p t . 1976

4 A p r i l 1977

2 1 A p r i l 1977

1 J u l y 1977 - 30 J u n e 1 9 7 8

21 J u n e 1968

22 S e p t . 1969

26 S e p t . 1969

I s l a n d o f Hawai' i-- ( C o n t i n u e d )

~ o n o k b h a u 1 ( P a l a n i Ranch) ( c o n ' t . )

W. Banko: L a n d g r a f : w a k i d a h e a r d ' A l a l a / a l o n g F o r e s t R e s e r v e b n d r y . and Honokohau 1

W. Banko: Campbel l r e p o r t e d c o u n t i n g 8 and h e a r i n g 1 o r 2 more / a b o u t 2 miles mauka o f P a l a n i j u n c t i o n i n Honokohau 1

G i f f i n : saw 6 a t o n e time, h e a r d 2 o t h e r s c a l l i n g / Honokohau 1

W. Banko: G i f f i n saw 6 and h e a r d 2 more / a b o u t 1 m i l e a b o v e P a l a n i j u n c t i o n , Hono- kohau 1

G i f f i n saw 6 , h e a r d 2 o t h e r s / o n t h e W f l a n k o f H u a l a l a i (?Honokohau 1)

G i f f i n saw 9 i n l a t e Augus t / W f l a n k o f H u a l a l a i ( ?Honokohau 1 )

W . Banko: saw 2 and h e a r d 2 more; 6 more s e e n and h e a r d w i t h i n t h e hou r ( 1 0 t a l l i e d b u t may h a v e t o t a l e d no more t h a n 6 i n d i v i - d u a l s ) / Honokohau 1

W . Banko: 2 s e e n and h e a r d / Honokohau 1

W. Banko: saw and h e a r d o n l y 2 i n a f t e r - noon s e a r c h ; c o n t i n u o u s a s c e n t , d e s c e n t i n 200 f t . e l . 10 -minu t e l i s t e n i n g i n t e r v a l s / - Honokohau 1, f rom b e l t Highway t o 5000 f t . e l .

USFWS: 1 s e e n , s i l e n t / Honokohau 1 3520

W . Banko: saw and h e a r d none / Honokohau 1 5250

W . Banko: h e a r d 4 , saw 1 i n 0520-0830 hou r 4200- s e a r c h / Honokohau 1 4600

1 9 Mar. 1970

26 Aug. 1970

6 O c t . 1970

26 O c t . 1970

26 O c t . 1970

( 2 6 S e p t . 1 9 7 0 )

25 May 1 9 7 1

25 May 1 9 7 1

1 5 J u n e 1 9 7 1

26 A p r i l 1 9 7 2

1 5 J u n e 1972

20 J u n e 1972

205 W . Banko: c o n c l u d e f rom r e c e n t o b s e r v a t i o n s .... 21 J u n e 1972 t h a t 3 p a i r s ( 2 p a i r s u n s u c c e s s f u l i n 1 9 7 2 , o c c u p y Honokohau 1)

206 W . Banko: none s e e n o r h e a r d w h i l e camped / 4200 4 J u l y 1972 Honokohau 1

207 W . Banko: Bryan h e a r d l . . . t h e f i r s t h e h a s .... 21 May 1973 n o t e d on H u a l a l a i f o r a l o n g time / s h o r t way be low R. G r e e n w e l l m o u n t a i n h o u s e , Honokohau 1

208 W . and P. Banko: c o u n t e d a t l e a s t 9 , i n - 4050 27 J u n e 1 9 7 3 c l u d i n g a t l e a s t 1 j u v e n i l e , i n l o o s e f l o c k . . . h e a r d 2 more. . .1800-1830 h o u r s . . .when added t o a t l e a s t 2 P a u l h e a r d e a r l i e r n e a r s c r u b zone makes a t l e a s t 1 3 f o r K a i l u a s l o p e o f H u a l a l a i / a l o n g mauka-makai j e e p t r a i l , Honokohau 1

209 P . Banko: a t l eas t 6 a d u l t s c a l l i n g t o g e t h e r 4000 21 J u l y 1974 b e f o r e dawn; f l o c k o f 4 f l e d g l i n g s p l u s some- w h a t s e p a r a t e d f a m i l y g r o u p o f 2 a d u l t s and 2 f l e d g l i n g s s e e n , i n a d d i t i o n t o a n o t h e r f l e d g l i n g h e a r d w i t h p a r e n t s ( t o t a l . o f 7 f l e d g l i n g s , and up t o 1 4 a d u l t s p r e s e n t , no banded o n e s s e e n ) / Honokohau 1

210 P. Banko: 5 s u b - g r o u p s o f a l o o s e agg rega - 4000 25 S e p t . 1974 t i o n s e e n a s f o l l o w s : (1) 1 a d u l t w i t h f l e d g l i n g -4 and j u v e n i l e -2; ( 2 ) 2 a d u l t s w i t h o n e unbanded f l e d g l i n g ; ( 3 ) . p a i r w i t h 2 f l e d g l i n g s , 1 unbanded , 1 band s t a t u s un- d e t e r m i n e d ; ( 4 ) pair w i t h p o s s i b l y 1 f l e d g - l i n g ; ( 5 ) a t l e a s t 2 a d u l t s / Honokohau 1

P. Banko: s e v e r a l s u b g r o u p s o f l o o s e a g g r e - 4000 1, 2 O c t . 1974 g a t i o n ( b u t n o t a l l o b s e r v e d ) as f o l l o w s : (1) 2 a d u l t s w i t h unbanded f l e d g l i n g ; ( 2 ) 1 a d u l t w i t h f l e d g l i n g -4 and j u v e n i l e -2; ( 3 ) u n d e t e r m i n e d number o f o t h e r p a i r s w i t h f l e d g l i n g s h e a r d b u t n o t s e e n ( a p p r o x i m a t e l y same a g g r e g a t i o n a l s o s e e n 2 O c t . ) / Hono- kohau 1

I s l a n d of H a w a i ' i - - ( C o n t i n u e d )

~ o n o k G h a u 1 ( P a l a n i Ranch) ( con ' t. )

212 W . banko: F i t z g i b b o n s saw p r o b a b l y 7-20... 1400 a p p e a r e d t o b e s e a r c h i n g f o r f ood / n e a r r e s i d e n c e b u t f l y i n g maka i a s f a r a s B e l t Highway, Honokohau 1

213 P. Banko: p a i r s e e n / Honokohau 1, 0.4 m i l e .... S P a l a n i Ranch r o a d

213a HSFG: saw 4 on s u r v e y / P a l a n i Ranch 2860- 3280

213b HSFG: saw 1 o n s u r v e y / P a l a n i Ranch 4800

2 1 3 c HSFG: saw 2 o n s u r v e y / P a l a n i Ranch 5700

213d HSFG: saw 3 on s u r v e y / P a l a n i Ranch 5000

213e HSFG: h e a r d 1 on s u r v e y / P a l a n i Ranch 3500

213 f HSFG: s a w 1 0 on s u r v e y / P a l a n i Ranch 3400- 3780

213g HSFG: h e a r d 2 and saw 2 on s u r v e y '/ P a l a n i 3400- Ranch 4700

213h HSFG: saw 2 on s u r v e y / P a l a n i Ranch 3600

2 1 3 i HSFG: s a w 2 on s u r v e y / P a l a n i Ranch 4900

2 1 3 j HSFG: saw 1 on s u r v e y / P a l a n i Ranch 4440

213k HSFG: a f t e r 1 9 7 8 b r e e d i n g s e a s o n t h e P a l a n i .... Ranch p o p u l a t i o n c o n s i s t e d o f 1 p a i r s u c c e s s - f u l b r e e d i n g a d u l t s + 1 f l e d g l i n g ( d i e d a f t e r l e a v i n g n e s t )

Nov. 1974 ( 2 5 A p r i l 1 9 7 5 )

2 Aug. 1 9 7 5

23 S e p t . 1976

1 8 J a n . 1977

27 Mar. 1 9 7 7

22 A p r i l 1977

25 O c t . 1977

26 O c t . 1977

1 5 Nov. 1977

7 Dec. 1977

25 A p r i l 1 9 7 8

1 6 May 1 9 7 8

30 J u n e 1978

~ o n o k c h a u 1 ( P a l a n i Ranch) P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y

214 W. Banko: 3 o r p o s s i b l y 4 hea rd . . . f ound 4200 1 n e s t . . . h e a r d 1 b e i n g f e d ( 1 9 7 2 o f f s p r i n g o f a n o t h e r p a i r ? ) / d e s c e n t f rom camp a t 5250 f t . e l . t o 4200 f t . e l . and r e t u r n , P a l a n i Ranch

215 W . Banko: h e a r d 2 p a i r s c a l l i n g , 1 w i t h 4200 n e s t and 1 w i t h o u t , 0545-0615 hours . . . con- c l u d e d a f t e r 0645-0815 h o u r s t h a t n e s t was i n a c t i v e / Honokohau 1

216 W . and P. Banko: pa i r w i t h n e s t c o n t a i n i n g 4850 1 n e s t l i n g found / Honokohau 1, a b o u t 0 .5 m i l e WNW o f abandoned m o u n t a i n c a b i n

217 W . and P. Banko: j u v e n i l e f l e d g e d and 4850 banded -02 / Honokohau 1, a b o u t 0.5 mile WNW P a l a n i Ranch m o u n t a i n c a b i n

218 W . and P. Banko: saw f a m i l y ( p a r e n t s w i t h .... -02 f l e d g l i n g ) / Honokohau 1, 0.2 mile WNW f rom n e s t

219 P . Banko: found n e s t , c o n t e n t s u n o b s e r v a b l e 4850 (same n e s t t r ee as i n 1 9 7 3 ) / Honokohau 1, a b o u t 0.5 mile WNW P a l a n i Ranch m o u n t a i n c a b i n

220 P. Banko: p a i r w i t h 2 n e s t l i n g s / Hono- 4650 kohau 1, a b o u t 0 .65 mile WNW o f P a l . a n i Ranch m o u n t a i n c a b i n

221 P. Banko: 2 n e s t l i n g s p r e s e n t / Honokohau 1, 4850 a b o u t 0 .5 mile WNW P a l a n i Ranch m o u n t a i n c a b i n

222 P. Banko: b o t h n e s t l i n g s f l e d g e d / Hono- 4650 kohau 1 a b o u t 0.65 mile WNW o f P a l a n i Ranch m o u n t a i n c a b i n

1 6 J u n e 1972

4 J u l y 1972

8 J u n e 1973

1 3 J u n e 1 9 7 3

28 J u n e 1973

3 1 May 1974

1 J u n e 1974

2 J u n e 1974

26 J u n e 1974

I s l a n d o f Hawai i-- ( C o n t i n u e d )

Honokzhau 1 ( P a l a n i Ranch) P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y ( c o n ' t .)

P. Banko: 2 n e s t l i n g s f l e d g e d ; banded 1 4850 4 J u l y 1974 -04, o t h e r n o t c a p t u r e d / Honokohau 1, a b o u t 0.5 mile WNW P a l a n i Ranch m o u n t a i n c a b i n

P. Banko: n e s t t e r r i t o r y d e s e r t e d ( f a m i l y 4000 21 J u l y 1974 p r o b a b l y s e e n as p a r t o f p o s t - b r e e d i n g f l o c k 1 O c t . ) / Honokohau 1, a l o n g P a l a n i Ranch r o a d

P. Banko: saw Honokohau 1 f a m i l y w i t h 1973 3900 1 O c t . 1974 and 1974 banded o f f s p r i n g - p a r t o f 3-6 f a m i l i e s 1 f l o c k ( i n c l u d i n g j u v e n i l e s ) / Honokohau 1, a b o u t 0 .1 mile S o f ma in P a l a n i Ranch r o a d

P. Banko: s e a r c h e d u n s u c c e s s f u l l y f o r n e s t - 4850 1 2 J u n e 1975 i n g a c t i v i t y / Honokohau 1, a b o u t 0.5 mile ( 1 3 J u l y 1 9 7 5 ) WNW P a l a n i Ranch m o u n t a i n c a b i n

P. Banko: pa i r w i t h 1 f l e d g l i n g banded -10 4650 1 2 J u n e 1975 / Honokohau 1, a b o u t 0.65 mile WNW o f P a l a n i Ranch m o u n t a i n c a b i n

P. Banko: n e s t area d e s e r t e d / Honokohau 1, 4650 1 4 J u l y 1 9 7 5 a b o u t 0 .65 m i l e WNW o f P a l a n i Ranch m o u n t a i n c a b i n

P. Banko: pair o n l y s e e n / Honokohau 1, 4650 2 Aug. 1 9 7 5 a b o u t 0 .65 mile WNW o f P a l a n i Ranch m o u n t a i n c a b i n

P. Banko: n e s t w i t h 2 f l e d g l i n g s found / 4850 1 J u l y 1976 Honokohau 1, P a l a n i Ranch r o a d 0 .65 m i l e WNW o f P a l a n i Ranch m o u n t a i n c a b i n

P. Banko: saw p a r e n t s w i t h 2 f l e d g l i n g s 5120 9 J u l y 1 9 7 6 found 1 J u l y / Honokohau 1

233 P. Banko: n o n e h e a r d o r s e e n i n n e s t area 4850- 1 6 J u l y 1976 i n 30 min. s e a r c h / Honokohau 1 5120

234 P. Banko: p a i r w i t h 2 j u v e n i l e s and p a i r 4000 1 0 Aug. 1976 w i t h 1 j u v e n i l e ( n e s t area unknown) s e e n / Honokohau 1 a l o n g P a l a n i Ranch r o a d

K e a l a k e h e Mauka T r a c t , H o n u a ' u l a T r a c t 2 and F o r e s t R e s e r v e

235 s e v e r a l p a i r s n o t e d / H o l u a l o a F o r e s t R e s e r v e 4000 May 1940

236 S h i f f e r t : saw i n u n s p e c i f i e d numbers / 6500 O c t . 1940 P u u l a a l a a u , a b o v e Honuau la F o r e s t R e s e r v e

237 F. G r e e n w e l l : b e l i e v e d ' A l a l a t o b e con- 2000- 1 9 4 3 f i n e d / from Honuau la F o r e s t R e s e r v e t o t h e 5500 e d g e o f Kaupulehu o n t h e W f l a n k o f H u a l a l a i

238 W . Banko: Pung found 'Ala la a b u n d a n t ca. 6000 1949-1951 d u r i n g summers / SW s l o p e s o f H u a l a l a i ( 2 3 Dec. 1 9 6 6 )

239 W. Banko: F e r g e r s t r o m saw l o t s o f c rows .... 2-4 Mar. 1 9 5 2 ( g u e s t book a t F o r e s t r y c a b i n ) / Honu.aula Ranger S t a t i o n

240 W . Banko: J o h a n s e n saw 'Ala la / when h u n t i n g .... e a r l y 1 9 6 0 ' s i n t h e f o r e s t be low F o r e s t r y c a b i n on ( 1 0 J u n e 1 9 6 9 ) H u a l a l a i

241 P. Banko: h e a r d 2 o r 3 , 1 p o s s i b l y a 5800- 27 J u n e 1 9 7 3 j u v e n i l e / Honuau la T r a c t 2 , 0 .25 mile WNW 5900 o f Lae Koa

242 P. Banko: pa i r s e e n / K e a l a k e h e Mauka T r a c t , 4030 1 O c t . 1974 1 . 2 miles SSW P a l a n i Ranch m o u n t a i n c a b i n

243 P. Banko: p a i r s e e n , p o s s i b l y d r i v e n down 2650 2 O c t . 1974 by bad w e a t h e r mauka / K e a l a k e h e Mauka T r a c t , n e a r bnd ry . o f Keahuo lu ( e s s e n t i a l l y a c a t t l e p a s t u r e )

DONW 4 0

BALP69

I s l a n d o f H a w a i ' i-- ( C o n t i n u e d )

H o n u a ' u l a T r a c t 2 ( P a l a n i Ranch) P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y

W. and P. Banko: p a i r and f l e d g l i n g n e a r n e s t banded -01 / Honuau l a T r a c t 2 , 0.4 mile SE P a l a n i Ranch m o u n t a i n c a b i n

W . and P. Banko: f a m i l y n e a r n e s t s i t e / H o n u a u l a T r a c t 2 , 0.4 mile SE P a l a n i Ranch m o u n t a i n c a b i n

W . and P. Banko: n e s t t e r r i t o r y d e s e r t e d / H o n u a u l a T r a c t 2 , 0.4 m i l e SE P a l a n i Ranch m o u n t a i n c a b i n

P. Banko: pa i r w i t h 2 w e l l - d e v e l o p e d n e s t - l i n g s / Honuau l a T r a c t 2 , 0.4 mile ESE P a l a n i Ranch m o u n t a i n c a b i n

P. Banko: p a i r w i t h 2 n e s t l i n g s banded -05 and -06 / Honuau l a T r a c t 2 , 0.4 mile ESE P a l a n i Ranch m o u n t a i n c a b i n

P. Banko: 2 young f l e d g e d , n e a r n e s t / H o n u a u l a T r a c t 2 , 0.4 mile ESE P a l a n i Ranch m o u n t a i n c a b i n

P. Banko: p a i r w i t h n e s t and 1 o r 2 n e s t - l i n g s / Honuau l a T r a c t 2 , 0.4 m i l e W o f Lae Koa

P. Banko: n e s t t e r r i t o r y d e s e r t e d / Honua- u l a T r a c t 2 , 0.4 m i l e W o f Lae Koa

P. Banko: p a i r w i t h 2 f l e d g l i n g s banded -13 and -14 / Honuau l a T r a c t 2 , 0.4. mile W o f L a e Koa

P. Banko: n e s t t e r r i t o r y d e s e r t e d / Honuau l a T r a c t 2 , 0.4 mile W o f ~ a e Koa

9 J u n e

1 3 J u n e 1 9 7 3

27 J u n e 1 9 7 3

26 J u n e 1974

4 J u l y 1974

2 1 J u l y 1974

26 J u n e 1974

21 J u l y 1974

1 8 J u n e 1 9 7 5

1 4 J u l y 1 9 7 5

254 P. Banko: pa i r p r e s e n t b u t no n e s t f ound / 5700 Honuau la T r a c t 2 , 0.4 mile W o f Lae Koa

255 P. Banko: none s e e n o r h e a r d i n 4.5 hou r 5700 s e a r c h / Honuaula T r a c t 2 , 0.4 mile W o f Lae Koa

256 P. Banko: none s e e n o r h e a r d i n 6 hou r 5700 s e a r c h / Honuau la T r a c t 2 , 0.4 mile W o f Lae Koa

257 P. Banko: p a i r p r e s e n t b u t no n e s t f ound / 5500 Honuau la T r a c t 2 , 0.4 mile ESE P a l a n i Ranch m o u n t a i n c a b i n

258 P. Banko: n e s t t e r r i t o r y d e s e r t e d / Honuaula 5500 T r a c t 2 , 0.4 m i l e ESE P a l a n i Ranch m o u n t a i n c a b i n

259 P. Banko: b i r d -06 s e e n , 5 o t h e r s n e a r / 5640 Ka loko , 0 .2 m i l e SW H i n a k a p o u l a

260 P. Banko: s a w 1 9 7 3 banded -02 and unbanded 5600 b i r d / Kaloko , ca. 0 .2 mile SW o f H i n a k a p o u l a

261 P. Banko: saw 1, p o s s i b l y h e a r d a n o t h e r / 5500 Honuau la T r a c t 2 , 0.4 mile SE P a l a n i Ranch m o u n t a i n c a b i n

262 P. Banko: none s e e n o r h e a r d i n t o t a l 6 .75 5500 hou r s e a r c h ( 9 J u l y and 11 Aug. ) / Honuaula T r a c t 2 , 0.4 m i l e S E P a l a n i Ranch mou.n ta in c a b i n

P a l a n i Ranch P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y

262a HSFG: N e s t 4 and p a i r d i s c o v e r e d / Hono- 5000 kohou 1

N e s t 4 abandoned , c o n t e n t s unknown, p a i r s t i l l i n area b u t n o t r e n e s t i n g

25 May 1976

9 J u l y 1976

11 Aug. 1976

1 2 J u n e 1975

14 J u l y 1 9 7 5

9 J a n . 1 9 7 6

10 J a n . 1976

25 May 1 9 7 6

9 J u l y 1976 11 Aug. 1976

1 8 May 1977

4 J u n e 1977

I s l a n d o f Hawai ' i-- ( C o n t i n u e d )

P a l a n i Ranch P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y ( c o n ' t. )

262b HSFG: p a r e n t s i n c u b a t i n g N e s t 78-6 on s i t e .... 26 A p r i l 1 9 7 8 n o t p r e v i o u s l y r e c o r d e d / P a l a n i Ranch

s i n g l e c h i c k h e a r d 1 6 May 1978

d e a d f l e d g l i n g f o u n d ; p a r e n t s d r i f t e d o f f 20 J u n e 1 9 7 8

~ z l u a l o a 1 and 2 , Wai' a h a S p r i n g s F o r e s t R e s e r v e

263 W . Banko: R. G r e e n w e l l n e v e r knew o f many / .... 1920-1969 H o l u a l o a 1 and 2 ( 2 3 S e p t . 1 9 6 9 )

264 W. Banko: Kawahara as a boy s a w i n v a r i a b l y , 2000- p r i o r 1 9 4 8 a l m o s t e v e r y weekend p r i o r t o WW 11, a s many 3000 ( 7 Feb . 1 9 6 9 ) as 30-40 / Waiaha S p r i n g s F o r e s t R e s e r v e

265 Baldwin : V r e d e n b e r g t h o u g h t c h a n c e s a r e n ' t .... 8 S e p t . 1 9 4 9 s o good o f s e e i n g 'A la l a / above Waiaha S p r i n g s ( n e a r H o l u a l o a ) . . . one m i g h t h a v e t o g o a l l t h e way up

HUALALAI - Pu ' uwa' a w a ' a

266 h e a r d / Poohohoo, n e a r Puuwaawaa .... 11 A p r i l 1 9 4 1 BALP69

267 many s i g h t i n g s / on h i k e s i n t o areas a d j a - .... 16-21 Nov. 1944 BALP69 c e n t Poohohoo, Puuwaawaa

268 saw 6 t o 8 / on h i k e up H u a l a l a i g o i n g up .... (16-21 Nov. 1 9 4 4 ) BALP69 s l i g h t l y W o f S f r o m Poohohoo

269 R i c h a r d s : q u i t e p l e n t i f u l . . .p e r h a p s 8 s e e n 4250 20 O c t . 1950 (6) and a d o z e n h e a r d / S h a n g r i l a area, u p t o (0830-1100 h o u r s ) 0 .25 mile S o f c a b i n , Puuwaawaa Ranch 4500 21 O c t . 1950

(0700-1845 h o u r s )

270 R i c h a r d s : p r e s e n t , u n s p e c i f i e d numbers / 4250- a l o n g t r a i l t o H u a l a l a i Summit f rom 8250 S h a n g r i l a , Puuwaawaa Ranch

271 R i c h a r d s : n o t e d , 0900-1900 h o u r s / S o f 4250- S h a n g r i l a , Puuwaawaa Ranch.. .back and f o r t h 4550 a l l d a y l o n g

272 W . Banko: Lewin h e a r d 1 / Poohohoo Rese r - 3800 v o i r , Puuwaawaa Ranch

273 Montgomery: s i n g l e c a l l h e a r d / j u s t be low . . . . Puu Poohohoo, Puuwaawaa Ranch

274 W: Banko: f o u n d 4 / i n s e a r c h f rom Poohohoo .... t o Puu Henahena, Puuwaawaa

275 W . Banko: u n s u c c e s s f u l s e a r c h / Puu Henahena .... a r e a , Puuwaawaa

276 W . Banko: u n s u c c e s s f u l s e a r c h / Puu .... Henahena-Kileo-Poohohoo area, Puuwaawaa

277 W . Banko: J a d o b i saw and h e a r d 3 / n e a r .... Poohohoo R e s e r v o i r , Puuwaawaa Ranch

Pu 'uwa ' awa ' a P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y

278 W. Banko: Hind r e c a l l e d m o s t r e l i a b l e n e s t - .... i n g area o f 'Ala la was / d r y o h i a b e l t N E of Poohohoo e x t e n d i n g to b a s e o f P o t a t o H i l l

279 P. Banko: p a i r s e e n , no n e s t o r young found 4000 / Puuwaawaa Ranch, 0.3 mile ESE Poohohoo

280 P. Banko: none s e e n o r h e a r d ( 2 h o u r 4000 s e a r c h ) / Puuwaawaa Ranch, 0.3 mile ESE Pooh0 hoo

27 S e p t . 1950

28 S e p t . 1950

1 5 May 1966

2 1 Dec. 1969

1 7 S e p t . 1969

24 S e p t . 1 9 6 9

25 S e p t . 1969

3 1 Aug. 1 9 7 1

1935-1950 ( 2 4 S e p t . 1 9 6 9 )

1 0 J u l y 1974

9 , 1 0 O c t . 1974

I s l a n d o f H a w a i ' i-- ( C o n t i n u e d )

Pu 'uwa ' awa ' a P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y ( c o n ' t .)

P. Banko: none s e e n o r h e a r d ( 3 hou r s e a r c h ) / Puuwaawaa Ranch, 0 .3 mile ESE Pooh0 hoo

P. Banko: 2 p a i r s f o u n d i n l o o s e a s s o c i a - t i o n ; no n e s t o r young s e e n o r s u s p e c t e d / Puuwaawaa Ranch, j u s t S o f Poohohoo

P. Banko: none s e e n o r h e a r d i n 3 hour s e a r c h / Puuwaawaa Ranch, Poohohoo t o S h a n g r i l a

HUALALAI - Ka' i j pc l ehu

284 two f l e w up and o v e r / v o l c a n i c c o n e immedi- a t e l y a d j a c e n t t o H a i n o a C r a t e r . . . s u m m i t o f H u a l a l a i

HUALALAI - Keauhou 2

285 W. Banko: S a n t o s saw and h e a r d 1 / n e a r hog-wi re g a t e , J u d d T r a i l a b o u t 1 m i l e f rom H u a l a l a i Nene S a n c t u a r y

KEALAKEKUA

286 W . Banko: W i l s o n o b t a i n e d 1 s p e c i m e n / Kaawaloa

287 W. Banko: Pa lmer c o l l e c t e d 5 s p e c i m e n s /

4000 1 2 , 1 3 J u l y 1 9 7 5

.... 1 6 J u n e 1976

.... 22 J u l y 1 9 7 6

8275 (16-21 Nov. 1 9 4 4 )

.... 8 Nov. 1967

.... March 1888 ( 2 )

.... ( S e p t . , ~ c t . , o r ( 2 H o l o k a l i l i ( H o l o k a a l e l e ) (Pond , 2750 f t . e l . ) , Nov. 1 8 9 1 ) O n o u l i 1-2

287a W. Banko: Pa lmer c o l l e c t e d 5 s p e c i m e n s / .... ( s ep t . - 0c t . -Nov . 1 8 9 1 ) ( 2 ) Kaawaloa

288 Baldwin : Munro f i e l d j o u r n a l : p r e s e n t / 2750 29 O c t . 1 8 9 1 d e s e r t e d d a i r y . . . H o l o k a a l e l e Pond, O n o u l i 1-2

289 Ba ldwin : Munro r e c o r d s 1 0 s p e c i m e n s c o l - .... 8 S e p t . t o 1 0 Nov. 1 8 9 1 BALP69 l e c t e d / a p p a r e n t l y a l l o f which came f rom f o r e s t e d l o c a l i t i e s f rom 1000 t o 2000 f t . e l . a b o v e Kaawaloa ( K e a l a k e k u a Bay) and upwards t o somewhat a b o v e H o l o k a a l e l e a t 2750 f t . e l .

290 P e r k i n s : common / ( K e a l a k e k u a a r e a ? ) ca. 2500 J u n e 1892

291 P e r k i n s : w a s t o l d 'Ala la comes r i g h t down .... i n w i n t e r i n w i n t e r / t o t h e r o a d a t Kaawaloa ( 1 8 9 4 )

292 W . Banko: P a r i s remembered i t numerous / .... b e f o r e 1 9 2 0 ' s a b o v e K a i n a l i u ( 7 O c t . 1 9 7 0 )

293 W . Banko: A. G r e e n w e l l r e c a l l e d 'Ala la ca. 1500 u p t o ca. 1 9 5 5 came down f r e q u e n t l y d u r i n g w i n t e r mon ths / ( 7 O c t . 1 9 7 0 ) Keauhou 1 and 2

294 W. Banko: P a r i s h a s n o t h e a r d ' A l a l a / i n .... s i n c e 1 9 5 5 L e h u u l a n u i ( L e h u u l a Mauka) a b o v e K a i n a l i u ( 7 O c t . 1 9 7 0 )

295 W . Banko: Pung saw s c a t t e r e d f l o c k s / l a n d .... 1949-1959 o f Kaumalumalu

296 W. Banko: H e n r i q u e s (Ranch f o r e m a n ) n e v e r .... 1927-1969 saw 'Ala la l o w e r t h a n 3000 f t . e l . / Sherwood ( 1 2 J u n e 1 9 6 9 ) G r e e n w e l l Ranch ( K e a l a k e k u a )

PUU LEHUA

297 s a w some / a l o n g t r a i l i n t h i s d e s e r t v a l - ca. 5000 ( 1 7 9 2 ) l e y (Hua l a l a i -Mauna Loa s a d d l e )

298 Baldwin : Munro ' s j o u r n a l : no c rows t a k e n 4850- Oct. 1 8 9 1 o r m e n t i o n e d / v i c i n i t y o f Puu Lehua and 5500 K i k i a e a e

299 W . Banko: Pa lmer c o l l e c t e d 2 s p e c i m e n s / .... ( S e p t . , O c t . , o r Nov. ( 2 n e a r Puu Lehua ( P u l e h u a Ranch) 1 8 9 1 )

I s l a n d o f H a w a i ' i - - ( C o n t i n u e d )

PUU LEHUA ( c o n ' t . )

299a P e r k i n s : s p e c i m e n o b t a i n e d / v i c i n i t y .... P u l e h u a (Ranch )

300 Baldwin : f a i l e d t o f i n d . . . g u i d e N i c h o l a s , 4500- r a n c h employee , had no knowledge o f c rows 6500 i n t h i s a r ea . . .F . G r e e n w e l l c o n f i r m e d N i c h o l a s ' s o b s e r v a t i o n / 3 d a y s o f h o r s e b a c k t r i p s c o v e r i n g 40 miles o f t r a i l t h r o u g h m o d e r a t e l y d r y f o r e s t ( i n Keauhou 2 ) . . . b e t w e e n Ahuaumi H e i a u t o t h e N and K e a l a k e k u a l a v a f l o w t o t h e S.. .

3 0 1 Baldwin : f o u n d none / f o r e s t E o f Puu .... Keanu i (N o f Puu Lehua)

302 Baldwin : Baybrook saw 2 o n c e y e a r s a g o / .... P u l e h u a Ranch, Keauhou 2 and K e a l a k e k u a

303 R i c h a r d s : ca. 3 or 4 s e e n and ca. 7 h e a r d / .... a l o n g j e e p r o a d t o P a p a l o a Ranch ( h o u s e ) f rom K e a l a k e k u a , h i k e t o P u l e h u a Ranch and r e t u r n

304 W. Banko: S. G r e e n w e l l : none s e e n / P a p a l o a ....

3 0 5 W . Banko: S. G r e e n w e l l : o c c a s i o n a l l y corn- .... m o n . . . u n t i l p a s t few y e a r s when t h e y a re f e w e r and d o n ' t s t a y s o l o n g / P a u a h i , i n t h e f o r e s t e d area

306 W . Banko: 2 o b s e r v e d / P a u a h i , Kea l akekua 4400

307 W . Banko: Ackerman r e p o r t e d 'Ala la t o b e 4400- p r e s e n t / P a p a l o a - P a u a h i c a t t l e w a t e r i n g 5100 f a c i l i t i e s

1 2 Aug. ( 1 8 9 2 )

1 9 4 2

20 Nov. 1942

(1922-1942) ( 1 9 Nov. 1 9 4 2 )

24 Aug. 1950

s i n c e 1928 ( 6 J a n . 1 9 6 7 )

( 6 J a n . 1 9 6 7 )

1 2 J u n e 1969

E a s t e r Sunday 1969

HONAUNAU

308 r a v e n s a r e found h e r e , b u t t h e y a re v e r y .... s c a r c e . . . 2 o f t h e s e b i r d s tame. . .which t h e y t o l d m e we re " E a t o o a s " ( s p i r i t s ) ; and r e f u s i n g e v e r y t h i n g I o f f e r e d f o r them, c a u t i o n e d me, a t t h e same t i m e , n o t t o h u r t o r o f f e n d them / v i l l a g e o f Kakooa (Kaawa loa? ) ... K e a l a k e k u a

309 v e r y scarce / mauka K e a l a k e k u a Bay .... 310 u n s u c c e s s f u l s e a r c h / v i c i n i t y Ka rakakua ....

( K e a l a k e k u a ) Bay

310a W. Banko: Townsend o b t a i n e d 2 s p e c i m e n s / .... Kaawaloa

311 s p e c i m e n s o b t a i n e d / a few miles i n l a n d f rom . . . . t h e v i l l a g e Kaawaloa

312 W. Banko: 2 s p e c i m e n s c o l l e c t e d / Kaawaloa .... 313 n e s t a t end o f A p r i l . . . i n a Pandanus /

( ? Kaawaloa a rea)

314 numerous i n J u n e / f ew miles above Kaawaloa .... i n o h i a f o r e s t

KAUNENE - Hznaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e , Ke'ei 1-2

315 Baldwin : F. G r e e n w e l l : p r e s e n t i n u n s p e c i - .... f i e d numbers / i n t h e Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e (Honaunau and Keei)

316 NPS: s e e n / Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e v i c i - 4500- n i t y McCandless Ranch 5000

317 Ba ldwin : r a t h e r s i l e n t i n t h e heavy d r i z z l e 4250- t h a t d a y , b u t 3 s e e n o r h e a r d / SE s e c t i o n 4800 o f t h e (Honaunau) F o r e s t R e s e r v e

J a n . 1779

20 Feb. 1837

a b o u t 1845

(1887 /1888)

29 Feb.-4 Mar. 1944

2 Mar. 1944

I s l a n d o f Hawai' i-- ( C o n t i n u e d )

KAUNENE - HBnaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e , ~ e ' e i 1-2 ( c o n ' t . )

318 R i c h a r d s : o b s e r v e d f a m i l y o f 3 , 0915-1530 .... h o u r s / McCandless Ranch, h i k e f rom Hapuu t o Gaspar's D a i r y a l o n g E b n d r y . Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e

319 W . Banko: C a r l s o n h e a r d ' A l a l a / mauka e d g e .... Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e n e a r j e e p a c c e s s r o a d

320 W. Banko: C a r l s o n saw and h e a r d 4 / Honaunau .... F o r e s t n e a r McCandless lease

3 2 1 W. Banko: I a u k e a h e a r d a b o u t 2 w e e k s a g o ... o n l y t i m e / c o f f e e f a r m below Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e

322 W. Banko: u n s u c c e s s f u l s e a r c h / bndry . a r e a , Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e above c o f f e e f a r m

323 W. Banko: C a r l s o n : B ryan h e a r d 1 / Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e

324 W. Banko: C a r l s o n : 2 f o l l o w e d p i g h u n t e r s who were t e m p t e d t o s h o o t b e c a u s e t h e y we re s o n o i s y / m i d d l e o f Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e

1700

ca. 2800

....

....

325 W. Banko: h e a r d 2 / Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e , 4554 0 .25 mile be low Hapuu Camp, Ki i l ae

326 W . and P. Banko: saw p a i r 0800 h o u r s / 4520 a l o n g mauka b n d r y . Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e , a b o u t 0.25 m i l e SSE G a s p a r ' s d a i r y

327 HSFG: h e a r d 2 on s u r v e y / Honaunau F o r e s t 4500 R e s e r v e

22 Nov. 1950

ca. 10 Dec. 1966

7 A p r i l 1970

ca. 20 May 1970

4 J u n e 1970

ca. 1 Oct. 1 9 7 0

6 Nov. 1970

4 J u n e 1 9 7 1

30 Mar. 1 9 7 3

4 J a n . 1 9 7 7

3 2 7 a HSFG: saw 1, h e a r d 1 on s u r v e y / Honaunau 4580 1 0 J a n . 1977 F o r e s t R e s e r v e

3 2 7 b HSFG: saw 3 and h e a r d 1 on s u r v e y / Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e

4520 1 6 J a n . 1 9 7 8

3 2 7 c HSFG: saw 4 and h e a r d 1 on s u r v e y / 4300- 1 7 J a n . 1 9 7 8 Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e 4480

327d HSFG: saw 4 and h e a r d 1 on s u r v e y / 4220- 5 March 1978 Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e 4440

3 2 7 e HSFG: a f t e r 1 9 7 8 b r e e d i n g s e a s o n p o p u l a t i o n . . . . 30 J u n e 1978 on Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e c o n s i s t e d o f 2 s u c c e s s f u l n e s t i n g a d u l t s , 4 u n s u c c e s s f u l n e s t i n g a d u l t s , 1 immatu re , and 2 f l e d g l i n g s

Hbnaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y - G a s p a r ' s D a i r y

328 W. Banko: 1530-1830 h o u r s h e a r d o n l y 1 .... 4 J u l y 1 9 7 2 p o s s i b l e c a l l d i s t i n c t l y maka i G a s p a r ' s d a i r y , and 1 p a i r mauka / on h i k e a l o n g t o p o f Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e f rom G a s p a r ' s d a i r y ( a b a n d o n e d ) S t o mauka-makai t r a n s - F o r e s t R e s e r v e j e e p t r a i l , and r e t u r n t o G a s p a r ' s d a i r y

329 W . Banko: f o u n d p a r e n t s and f l e d g l i n g a b l e .... 5 J u l y 1 9 7 2 t o f l y w e l l up t o 1 5 0 f e e t / 0.25 mile mauka Gaspar's d a i r y (Keei 1 -2 )

330 W . and P. Banko: f o u n d p a i r w i t h n e s t ( con - 4280 3 May 1 9 7 3 t e n t s u n o b s e r v a b l e ) / Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e , 0.4 m i l e W G a s p a r ' s d a i r y

3 3 1 W. and P. Banko: p a i r p r e s e n t w i t h 1 dead 4280 26 May 1 9 7 3 w e l l - d e v e l o p e d n e s t l i n g i n n e s t / Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e , 0.4 mile W G a s p a r ' s d a i r y

I s l a n d o f H a w a i ' i - - ( C o n t i n u e d )

HBnaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e P r o d u c t i o n G a s p a r ' s D a i r y ( c o n ' t. )

W . and P. Banko: p a i r p r e s e n t ; d e a d j u v e n i l e 4280 s t i l l i n n e s t / Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e , 0.4 m i l e W Gaspar's d a i r y

P. Banko: p a i r w i t h 2 n e s t l i n g s i n n e s t / 4250 Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e , 0 .5 mile WSW G a s p a r ' s d a i r y

P. Banko: 1 j u v e n i l e f l e d g e d ; no s i g n o f s i b l i n g ( s ) / Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e , 0.5 mile WSW Gaspar's d a i r y

P. Banko: p a i r w i t h f l e d g l i n g ; n e s t u n l o c a t e d / Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e , n e a r G a s p a r ' s d i a r y

P. Banko: pa i r w i t h f l e d g l i n g / Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e , n e a r K e a l a k e k u a b n d r y .

P. Banko: none s e e n o r h e a r d i n 4 5 m i n u t e s e a r c h / Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e , G a s p a r ' s d a i r y area

P. Banko: p a i r w i t h f l e d g l i n g s e e n , no n e s t f ound / Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e , 0 .3 mile NW Gaspar's d a i r y

Hanaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e P r o d u c t i o n S o u t h G a s p a r ' s D a i r y

W. and P. Banko: p a i r w i t h w e l l d e v e l o p e d 4500 n e s t l i n g i n n e s t / Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e , 1 . 4 m i l e s SSE G a s p a r ' s d a i r y , maka i F o r e s t

H i s t o r y -

3 1 May 1 9 7 3

24 May 1974

22 J u n e 1974

1 9 J u n e 1 9 7 5

1 0 ~ u g . 1 9 7 5

4 J u n e 1976

14 J u l y 1976

H i s t o r y -

4 May 1 9 7 3

R e s e r v e b n d r y . r o a d

340 W . and P. Banko: n e s t l i n g f l e d g e d ; s a l v a g e d f o r p r o p a g a t i o n / Honaunau F o r e s t Rese rve , 1.4 miles SSE G a s p a r ' s d a i r y makai F o r e s t Reserve bndry. road

341 P. Banko: p a i r w i t h n e s t ( c o n t e n t s unknown) / Honaunau F o r e s t Reserve , 1 . 4 m i l e s SSE G a s p a r ' s d a i r y , mauka F o r e s t Reserve bndry. road

342 P. Banko: n e s t empty, presumed u n s u c c e s s f u l , p a i r hea rd d i s t a n t l y / Honaunau F o r e s t Reserve , 1.4 miles SSE G a s p a r ' s d i a r y , mauka F o r e s t Reserve bndry. road

342a P. Banko: hea rd 1 a d u l t . . no n e s t found / Honaunau F o r e s t Reserve , 1.4 miles SSE G a s p a r ' s d a i r y , makai F o r e s t Reserve bndry. road

343 P. Banko: none s e e n o r hea rd (1 .5 hour s e a r c h b o t h d a t e s ) . . . n o n e s t found / Honaunau F o r e s t Reserve , 1.4 miles SSE G a s p a r ' s d a i r y , makai F o r e s t Reserve bndry. road

344 P. Banko: p a i r w i t h n e s t , c o n t e n t s unobserv- a b l e / Honaunau F o r e s t Reserve , 1.3 miles SSE G a s p a r ' s d a i r y

345 P. Banko: n e s t empty, p a i r i n t e r r i t o r y / Honaunau F o r e s t Rese rve , 1.3 miles SSE G a s p a r ' s d a i r y

346 P. Banko: p a i r w i t h f l e d g l i n g s e e n / Honaunau F o r e s t Reserve , 1.15 miles NW Hapuu Camp, 1 mile SSE o f n e s t

26 May 1973

25 May 1974

22 J u n e 1974

19 J u n e 1975

20 J u n e 1975 10 Aug. 1975

4 J u n e 1976

14 J u l y 1976

15 J u l y 1976

I s l a n d o f Hawai' i-- ( C o n t i n u e d )

3 4 6 a HSFG:

34613 HSFG:

3 4 6 c HSFG:

346d HSFG:

346e HSFG:

346f HSFG:

H h a u n a u F o r e s t R e s e r v e P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y - S o u t h G a s p a r ' s D a i r y ( c o n ' t . )

1 f l e d g e d f rom N e s t 8

1 f l e d g e d f rom N e s t 9

p a r e n t i n c u b a t i n g Nest 78-7

b o t h f l e d g l i n g s p e r c h e d n e a r g round ( o n e t a k e n f o r c a p t i v e b r e e d i n g )

N e s t 78-8 u n d e r i n c u b a t i o n

abandoned a f t e r p r e v i o u s m o n i t o r i n g , n e s t empty

pair a t t e m p t e d r e n e s t i n g

n e s t s t i l l u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n

new n e s t abandoned , c o n t e n t s u n d e t e r - mined

pa i r o b s e r v e d b u i l d i n g N e s t 78-9

pai r sti l l a d d i n g s t i c k s

s i t e abandoned w i t h o u t i n d i c a t i o n o f egg l a y i n g

gE - K i ' i l a e (McCand le s s Ranch)

1 s e e n / Hapuu C a m p

W. Banko: 1 s e e n , n o t h e a r d (1210 h o u r s ) / Keokea , 0 .5 mile NE Hapuu Camp, n e a r Honaunau F o r e s t R e s e r v e b n d r y .

ca. 4500 20 J u n e 1977

ca. 4300 20 J u n e 1977

.... 2 May 1978

1 9 J u n e 1978

.... 3 May 1978

1 4 May 1978

.... 1 7 May 1978

22 May 1978

8-15 J u n e 1 9 7 8

. . . . 11 May 1 9 7 8

23 May 1 9 7 8

26 May 1 9 7 8

.... 1 Mar. 1944

4800 24 May 1 9 7 1

349 W. Banko: 2 s e e n ( 1 4 1 5 h o u r s ) , 1 p o s s i b l y 4620 s e e n p r e v i o u s l y (1210 h o u r s ) / Kii lae , 1 . 2 5 miles S o f Hapuu Camp a l o n g j e e p r o a d

350 W . Banko: saw and h e a r d none(1730-1830 .... h o u r s ) / Hapuu Camp

3 5 1 W. Banko: saw and h e a r d none (0515-0600 . . . . h o u r s ) / Hapuu Camp

KAUNENE - ~ e z l i a 1, 2; Ho 'okena (McCand le s s Ranch)

351a W. Banko: Lewin: K n i g h t h e a r d lala la / .... 8 miles E o f Kealia ( v i l l a g e )

352 W . Banko: L 'Orange : 1 0 o r 1 2 s i g h t i n g s 4800 p a s t f e w y e a r s ... u s u a l l y 2 o r 3 b u t o n c e 8 t o g e t h e r / Kealia 2 , a rea 0 .5 mile S B ig H i l l C a m p

353 W. Banko: L 'Orange h e a r d o n c e / Kiilae- 4600 Kealia 1 b n d r y . , a l o n g j e e p t r a i l

354 G i f f i n : s a w 1 f l y i n g o v e r t h e f o r e s t , h e a r d 4200 c a l l i n g / 0 .75 mile NW B i g H i l l Camp

355 W. Banko: 3 , a l m o s t c e r t a i n l y 4 h e a r d 4250 0540-0700 h o u r s ... o n l y 1 s e e n . . . n o e v i d e n c e o f a n e s t / Kealia 1, 0.5 mile maka i B ig H i l l camp

356 W . Banko: m a i n t a i n e d s u r v e i l l a n c e o f 1 4600 n o n - n e s t i n g p a i r f rom 0540 t o 0730 h o u r s / a b o u t 0 .25 mile N o f B i g H i l l Camp p a s t u r e and 5 0 y d s . f r om j e e p r o a d

357 P. Banko: p a i r o b s e r v e d / Kealia 1, 1 . 5 mile 3960 NW B i g H i l l Camp

358 P. Banko: saw 3 a d u l t s , a p p a r e n t l y a p a i r 4040- and c l o s e a s s o c i a t e ; no n e s t f ound / 4260 Kealia 1, 1.1 miles NW o f B ig H i l l Camp

24 May 1 9 7 1

27 J u n e 1972

28 J u n e 1972

24 Mar. 1966

J a n . 1 9 6 8 - J u n e 1969 ( 4 J u n e 1 9 6 9 )

J a n . 1 9 6 8 - J u n e 1969 ( 4 J u n e 1 9 6 9 )

1 8 J u n e 1 9 7 1

23 J u n e 1972

27 J u n e 1972

8 Aug. 1 9 7 5

4 J u n e 1976

I s l a n d o f Hawai' i-- ( C o n t i n u e d )

KAUNENE - K e Z l i a 1, 2; Ho 'okena (McCand le s s Ranch) ( c o n ' t . )

359 P, Banko: n o n e h e a r d o r s e e n i n 1 . 5 hour s e a r c h / Kealia 1, 1.1 miles NW o f B ig H i l l Camp

359a HSFG: saw 4, h e a r d 2 on s u r v e y / McCandless Ranch

359b HSFG: saw 1 on s u r v e y / McCandless Ranch

3 5 9 c HSFG: saw 3 on s u r v e y / McCandless Ranch

359d HSFG: s a w 2 o n s u r v e y / McCandless Ranch

3 5 9 e HSFG: saw 3 and h e a r d 1 on s u r v e y / McCandless Ranch

359 f HSFG: saw 3 on s u r v e y / McCandless Ranch

3599 HSFG: s a w 4 and h e a r d 1 on s u r v e y / McCandless Ranch

359h HSFG: saw 2 on s u r v e y / McCandless Ranch

3 5 9 i HSFG: saw 7 and h e a r d 1 on s u r v e y / McCandless Ranch

3 5 9 j HSFG: saw 2 and h e a r d 1 on s u r v e y / McCandless Ranch

359k HSFG: saw 2 on s u r v e y / McCandless Ranch

3 5 9 1 HSFG: a £ t e r 1 9 7 8 b r e e d i n g s e a s o n p o p u l a t i o n o n McCandless Ranch c o n s i s t e d o f 2 s u c c e s s - f u l n e s t i n g a d u l t s , 4 u n s u c c e s s f u l n e s t i n g a d u l t s , 2 unemployed a d u l t s , 2 i m m a t u r e s , 1 f l e d g l i n g ( t a k e n f o r c a p t i v e b r e e d i n g )

1 5 J u l y 1976

25 J a n . 1977

26 J a n . 1 9 7 7

3 May 1977

4 May 1977

9 J a n , 1 9 7 8

1 0 J a n . 1 9 7 8

22 Mar. 1 9 7 8

23 Mar. 1978

1 7 A p r i l 1 9 7 8

25 May 1 9 7 8

2 1 J u n e 1978

30 J u n e 1978

Kezlia 1, 2; Ho'okena (McCand le s s Ranch) P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y

NPS: 1 o l d n e s t f ound / n e a r Kamakawai w a t e r h o l e s

W. Banko: f o u n d 1 p a i r w i t h n e s t , c o n t e n t s u n d e t e r m i n e d / ca. 1 5 0 f t . mauka o f j e e p r o a d 0 .25 mile N o f B ig H i l l Camp

W. Banko: p a i r p r e s e n t a t a c t i v e n e s t / ca. 1 5 0 f t . mauka o f j e e p r o a d 0.25 mile N o f B ig H i l l Camp

W. Banko: n e s t s i t e abandoned . . .no s i g h t o r sound o f p a r e n t s . . . n e s t c o n t e n t s unobse rv - a b l e / ca. 150 f t . mauka o f j e e p r d a d 0 .25 mile N o f B ig H i l l Camp

W . and P. Banko: p a i r w i t h 2 f l e d g l i n g s ; n e s t n o t f o u n d / Hookena, 0 , 4 m i l e SSW B i g H i l l Camp

P. Banko: p a i r w i t h n e s t ( c o n t e n t s n o t o b s e r v e d ) / Hookena, 0.95 mile S B ig H i l l Camp

P. Banko: n e s t empty; d r o p p i n g s o n s i d e and r i m o f n e s t i n d i c a t e occupancy by young; no p a r e n t s o r young s e e n / Hookena, 0.95 mile S B i g H i l l Camp

P. Banko: pa i r w i t h 2 f l e d g l i n g s , 1 banded -15 / Hookena, 1 mile SSW B i g H i l l Camp

P. Banko: p a i r w i t h -15 and unbanded f l e d g - l i n g o b s e r v e d / Hookena, 0 .3 mile N E o f 1 9 J u n e n e s t s i t e

P. Banko: pa i r w i t h -15 and unbanded f l e d g - l i n g o b s e r v e d / Hookena, 1 m i l e S 1 9 J u n e n e s t s i t e

29 Feb.-4 Mar. 1944

27 J u n e 1972

4 J u l y 1 9 7 2

11 J u l y 1 9 7 2

4650 3 J u l y 1 9 7 3

26 May 1974

27 J u n e 1974

1 9 J u n e 1 9 7 5

6 Aug. 1 9 7 5

7 Aug. 1 9 7 5

I s l a n d o f H a w a i l i - - ( C o n t i n u e d )

Kezlia 1, 2; H o l o k e n a (McCand le s s Ranch) P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y ( c o n l t . )

370 P. Banko: p a i r w i t h f l e d g l i n g s e e n / 4830 3 J u n e 1976 Kealia 2 , 0 .65 mile S B i g H i l l Camp

371 P. Banko: l o o s e a s s o c i a t i o n o f a t l e a s t 7 4920 1 5 J u l y 1976 ( 5 s e e n , 2 o n l y h e a r d ) , i n c . j u v e n i l e -15 s e e n b e g g i n g f o r f o o d and p r o b a b l y 1975 s i b - l i n g ; p r o b a b l y a l s o 1 9 7 6 f a m i l y , b u t n o t con- f i r m e d / Hookena, 1 . 3 5 miles S B ig H i l l Camp

372 P. Banko: pair and f l e d g l i n g s e e n / Hookena, 1 mile S B i g H i l l Camp

4850 1 6 J u l y 1976

McCandless Ranch P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y

372a HSFG: 2 f l e d g e d f rom Nest 3 (same,as 3 8 3 a ) 5040 28 J u n e 1977

3 7 2 b HSFG: 1 f l e d g e d f rom N e s t 7 ca. 4850 1 9 J u n e 1977

3 7 2 c HSFG: p a i r b r e a k i n g and c a r r y i n g s t i c k s . . . . 23 Mar. 1 9 7 8

e g g s found i n N e s t 78-3 1 7 A p r i l 1 9 7 8

p a i r c o u l d n o t b e found 2 1 J u n e 1978

372d HSFG: 1 a d u l t b r e a k i n g and c a r r y i n g s t i c k s .... 22 Mar. 1 9 7 8

a d u l t s i n c u b a t i n g N e s t 78-4 1 7 A p r i l 1 9 7 8

n e s t l i n g f i r s t h e a r d 24 May 1 9 7 8

n e s t l i n g s e e n 1 4 J u n e 1978

n e s t l i n g f l e d g e d 2 1 J u n e 1978

372e HSFG: N e s t 78-5 f o u n d 0 .25 mile f rom N e s t .... 1 7 A p r i l 1 9 7 8 78-4, e r r a t i c i n c u b a t i o n n o t e d

n e s t abandoned . . . n o t known i f e g g s were l a i d 24 May 1978

PUU POHAKULOA - Honokua, ~ Z h o e h o e 1, 2 (McCandless Ranch)

W . Banko: C. M e d e i r o s was s u r e t h e r e were ca. 2000 many 20 y e a r s ago ; now may n o t b e p r e s e n t / Honokua

W . Banko: L t O r a n g e s i g h t e d 3 o n c e / Honokua 4800 a l o n g j e e p t r a i l

W. Banko: K a l e i a l o h a s a w a b o u t 6 / n e a r 4659 "Mounta in" , Pahoehoe 2 , S o u t h Kona F o r e s t R e s e r v e

W . Banko: L I O r a n g e h a s n o t h e a r d o r s e e n .... a l l s p r i n g a t e l e v a t i o n s h e had l e a r n e d t o e x p e c t them / Honokua

W . Banko: M . M e d e i r o s saw o r h e a r d 'Ala la ca. 3000 / Honokua

W . Banko: L t O r a n g e saw and h e a r d none on .... Ranch i n p a s t y e a r / Honokua

W . Banko: none s e e n o r h e a r d o n 10-15 min. . . . . s t o p s a t 5000 , 5680 , 5650 , 5100 , 4900, 4880, 4700 , 4100 i t . e l . / a l o n g Ranch j e e p t r a i l t o Hooper Camp

W . Banko: none s e e n o r h e a r d / h i k e f rom .... 5680 t o 5000 f t . e l e v a t i o n t oward "Mountain" a l o n g Honokua-Pahoehoe 2 b o u n d a r y , and r e t u r n

J a n . 1 9 6 8 - J u n e 1969 ( 3 )

A p r i l 1 9 6 9 ( 3 )

( 1 2 J u n e 1 9 7 0 ) ( 3 )

Feb. 1 9 7 1 ( 3 )

( 1 8 May 1 9 7 1 ) ( 3 )

1 8 J u n e 1 9 7 1 ( 3 )

1 8 J u n e 1 9 7 1

I s l a n d o f H a w a i f i-- ( C o n t i n u e d )

Honokua (McCandless Ranch) P r o d u c t i o n

381 P. Banko: p a i r w i t h f l e d g l i n g , banded -16 / Honokua 0.8 mile WSW o f Hooper Camp n e a r 1950 l a v a f l o w

382 P. Banko: p a i r and n e s t found / Honokua 0.8 m i l e WSW Hooper Camp n e a r Honokua l a v a f l o w o f 1950

383 P. Banko: p a i r w i t h f l e d g l i n g n e a r n e s t / Honokua, 0.8 m i l e WSW Hooper Camp n e a r Hono- kua l a v a f l o w o f 1950

383a P. Banko: n e s t found w i t h 2 f l e d g l i n g s , banded -19 and -20 / Honokua, 0.6 m i l e WSW o f Hooper Camp n e a r Honokua l a v a f l o w o f 1950

PUU POHAKULOA - Ka'ohe 1, 2; S o u t h Kona F o r e s t Rese rve , ~ 6 l e l o m o a n a 1, 2

384 Pa lmer : saw 1 a t a b o u t 8000 f t . . . d i d n o t .... n o t i c e it u n t i l it began t o c r y ... t h i s makes m e t h i n k t h a t i t l i v e s a l l o v e r t h e c o u n t r y / h a l f - d a y ' s r i d e up Mauna Loa from "Honaunaun ... a d a i r y b e l o n g i n g t o a Mr. J o h n s t o n . . . a b o u t 6000 f t . . . and some 20 miles S of Pulehua: (now Kaohe Ranch, 5294 f t . el . . . . 1 7 miles S o f P u l e h u a )

385 W. Banko: K a l e i a l o h a saw a b o u t 2 / n e a r 5300 Kaohe Ranch, Kaohe 4 , S o u t h Kona F o r e s t R e s e r v e

386 W. Banko: Mrs. W. Hopfe: h e a r d n e a r c a . 1200 r e s i d e n c e l a s t week; ' A l a l a come down t o e a t i e i e when it is r i p e t h i s time o f y e a r / Olelomoanui Homesteads, c a . 1 mile N Haapuna l a v a f l o w o f 1950 , a l o n g B e l t Highway

H i s t o r y

8 Aug. 1975

3 J u n e 1976

1 5 J u l y 1976

24 J u n e 1977

20 Nov. 1891

e a r l y J a n . 1969

( 1 3 May 1 9 7 4 )

ROTWOOA

PAPA - ' x l ika Homesteads; Papa 1, 2

387 W. Banko: H a a l i l i o ( l o g g e r and s a w m i l l o p e r a t o r 1927-1955): v e r y abundant . . . e s t i m a t e d more t h a n a 100 / A l i k a Homesteads (Yee Hop Ranch)

388 W . Banko: H a a l i l i o n o t i c e d f e w e r , b u t s t i l l p l e n t y / A l i k a Homesteads (Yee Hop Ranch)

389 W. Banko: S c h a t t a u e r saw p l e n t y . . . t h o u g h t 15-20...6 t h e most i n one t r e e . . . a t s t a r t o f c l e a r i n g t rees f o r c a t t l e p a s t u r e . . . o n l y a f e w l e f t now / H a u o l i R e s e r v o i r area, Papa 1

390 W. Banko: S c h a t t a u e r s e a r c h e d b u t found o n l y 2 , 1 l o o k i n g s i c k / H a u o l i R e s e r v o i r a r e a , Papa 1

391 W. Banko: H a a l i l i o h e a r d / i n s u g i p i n e g r o v e n e a r H a u o l i R e s e r v o i r , Papa 1

392 W . Banko: h e a r d , sounded l i k e 2 / A l i k a Homesteads, 0 .25 mile NE H a u o l i R e s e r v o i r , Papa 1

l a t e 1 9 2 0 ' s ( 2 J a n . 1 9 7 2 )

1955 ( 2 J a n . 1 9 7 2 )

Oct. 1960 (11 J u n e 1 9 6 9 )

Mar. 1966 (11 J u n e 1 9 6 9 )

ca. 1 May 1969

29 J u l y 1969

393 W. Banko: M. ~ e d e i r o s h e a r d ' A l a l a l a s t c a . 3200 (26 Aug. 1 9 6 9 ) S a t u r d a y / Papa 2 , c a . 1 mile S H a u o l i R e s e r v o i r

394 W. Banko: S c h a t t a u e r : M. Mede i ros h e a r d 2 / A l i k a Homesteads, n e a r H a u o l i R e s e r v o i r

395 W. Banko: 2 s e e n a t u n s u c c e s s f u l 1969 n e s t s i t e / A l i k a Homesteads, 0.25 mile NE H a u o l i R e s e r v o i r , Papa 1

396 W. Banko: h e a r d 2 / A l i k a Homesteads, 0.25 mile NE H a u o l i R e s e r v o i r , Papa 1

397 W . Banko: u n s u c c e s s f u l b r i e f s e a r c h / A l i k a Homesteads, 0.25 m i l e NE H a u o l i R e s e r v o i r , Papa 1

.... 1 5 S e p t . 1969

3400 20 Mar. 1970

3400 1 7 S e p t . 1970

3400 23 S e p t . 1970

I s l a n d o f H a w a i ' i-- ( C o n t i n u e d )

PAPA - ' x l i k a Homesteads; Papa 1, 2 ( c o n ' t o )

398 W . Banko: A. Medei ros : none s e e n o r h e a r d .... p a s t y e a r / Yee Hop Ranch, A l i k a Homesteads, S o u t h Kona F o r e s t Rese rve (Kipahoehoe)

399 W. Banko: S c h a t t a u e r : M. Mede i ros h e a r d / .... A 1 i k a Homesteads n e a r Hauol i R e s e r v o i r

400 W . Banko: Kosaka: G i f f i n saw 2 / n e a r Koa 4300 M i l l , A l i k a Homesteads, Yee Hop Ranch

401 W . Banko: l i s t e n e d 1800 h o u r s u n t i l d a r k .... w i t h o u t h e a r i n g ' A l a l a / ~ a u o l i ~ e s e r v o i r

402 W. Banko: M. Mede i ros h e a r d i n same l o c a - .... t i o n a s 1971 / n e a r H a u o l i R e s e r v o i r

' x l i k a Homesteads (Yee Hop Ranch) P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y

403 W. Banko: o b s e r v e d p a i r and found n e s t / 3400 A l i k a Homesteads, 0.25 m i l e NE H a u o l i Reser- v o i r ,- Papa 1

404 W. Banko: n e s t s i t e found d e s e r t e d , o n l y 3400 1 h e a r d d i s t a n t l y / A l i k a Homesteads, 0.25 mile NE H a u o l i R e s e r v o i r , Papa 1

405 W. Banko: h e a r d p a i r and found n e s t / a b o u t 3300 600 f t . makai o f 1969 n e s t s i t e , A l i k a Home- s t e a d s , ca. 0.25 mile NNE H a u o l i R e s e r v o i r , Papa 1

( 1 8 May 1971)

2 J u n e 1 9 7 1

10 J u n e 1971

5 J u n e 1972

c a . 5 J u n e 1972

4 J u n e 1969

25 J u l y 1969

22 May 1970

406 W. Banko: saw p a i r n e a r n e s t s i t e / c a . 0 .25 mile NNE H a u o l i R e s e r v o i r , Papa 1, A 1 i k a Homesteads

.... 5 J u n e 1970

.... 26 J u n e 1970 W. Banko: n e s t s i t e found d e s e r t e d / c a . 0.25 mile NNE H a u o l i R e s e r v o i r , Papa 1, A l i k a Homesteads

W. Banko: n e s t s i t e found d e s e r t e d . . . n e s t found empty / ca. 0.25 m i l e NNE H a u o l i R e s e r v o i r , Papa 1, A l i k a Homesteads

1 8 J u l y 1970

2 J u n e 1971

1 3 J u l y 1971

8 J u n e 1972

W . Banko: h e a r d none d u r i n g b r i e f v i s i t / H a u o l i R e s e r v o i r a r e a , A l i k a Homesteads

W. Banko: h e a r d 1 c a l l i n g ... no n e s t found / n e a r Koa M i l l A l i k a Homesteads

W . Banko: h e a r d p a i r 0535 hour s . . . found n e s t / A l i k a Homesteads 0.25 m i l e from bndry. Papa 1

1 7 , 21, 28 J u n e 1972

21 J u l y 1972

W . Banko: s a w p a i r a t n e s t / A l i k a Home- s t e a d s , 0.25 mile from bndry . Papa 1

W . Banko: found n e s t s i t e d e s e r t e d . . . u n a b l e t o r e a c h n e s t t o i n s p e c t p o s s i b l e c o n t e n t s / A l i k a Homesteads, 0.25 mile from bndry . Papa 1

11 May 1973 W . and P. Banko: p a i r w i t h 1 egg and 1 newly h a t c h e d n e s t l i n g / A l i k a Homesteads, 1.1 miles WSW Koa M i l l

W . and P. Banko: 1 n e s t l i n g p r e s e n t / A l i k a Homesteads, 1.1. miles WSW Koa M i l l

30 May 1973

1 5 J u n e 1973 W . and P. Banko: n e s t l i n g w i t h heavy mite i n f e s t a t i o n o n body / A l i k a Homesteads, 1.1 mile WSW Koa M i l l

22 J u n e 1973 W . and P. Banko: j u v e n i l e n e a r l y r e a d y t o f l e d g e b u t s t i l l i n f e s t e d w i t h mites; sal- vaged f o r c a p t i v e p r o p a g a t i o n / A l i k a Home- s t e a d s , 1.1 miles WSW Koa M i l l

I s l a n d o f Hawai' i-- ( C o n t i n u e d )

' x l i k a Homes teads (Yee Hop Ranch) P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y ( c o n ' t . )

P. Banko: p a i r w i t h 3 e g g s i n n e s t / ~ l i k a 3600 1 0 J u n e 1974 Homes t eads , 1.1 miles WSW Koa M i l l

P. Banko: p a i r p r e s e n t b u t n o t d e f e n d i n g 3600 23 J u l y 1974 n e s t ; 3 c o l d e g g s ( c o l l e c t e d ) / A l i k a Home- s t e a d s , 1.1 miles WSW Koa M i l l

P. Banko: none s e e n o r h e a r d i n 1 .5 hou r 3600 20 J u n e 1 9 7 5 s e a r c h / A l i k a Homes teads , 1.1 miles WSW Koa M i l l

P. Banko: none s e e n o r h e a r d i n 1 hour 3600 11 J u n e 1976 s e a r c h / A l i k a Homes teads , 1.1 miles WSW Koa M i l l

P. Banko: none s e e n o r h e a r d i n 6 .25 hou r . . . . 29 J u l y 1976 s e a r c h / A l i k a Homes teads , mauka s e c t i o n , a l o n g jeep r o a d s

PAPA - Ho'EpTiloa, Honomalino

423 W. Banko: Pa lmer c o l l e c t e d 2 s p e c i m e n s / . . . . ( S e p t . , Oc t . , o r Honomal i n o Nov. 1 8 9 1

424 W. Banko: Kumakahi ( b o r n 1 9 2 2 , home n e a r . . . . 1935-1938 Honomal ino A g r i c u l t u r a l Co. Hdqs. f rom 1928- ( 2 Feb. 1 9 7 2 ) 1 9 3 8 ) ; accus tomed t o s e e i n g s e v e r a l hundred e v e r y y e a r / when t h e y came down t o a r o u n d h i s home ( 1 6 0 0 f t . e l . ) f rom a r o u n d 3000 t o 4000 i t . e l e v a t i o n d u r i n g Kona s t o r m s

W . Banko: Hind e s t i m a t e d p o p u l a t i o n o f .... 30-40 / Honomalino, a b o u t 2000-4000 f t . e l . i n bot tom p o r t i o n s o f C a s t l e Paddock, t h r o u g h mauka Waihou, J a c k a s s Paddock, l ower 100 acres., . t h e n i n Kapua where road t u r n s s o u t h ( a b o v e 2200 f t . e l . Hoopuloa, Papa 1 and 2 )

W. Banko: Hind: ' A l a l a were n o t i n f o r e s t 1000- c l e a r e d f o r p a s t u r e , a i r s t r i p , macadamia 1800 n u t s / Honomalino

W . Banko: Hind knew o f s i n g l e f l e d g l i n g 4200 t a k e n from n e s t 0.15 mile NE Honomalino Camp, Hoopuloa

W . Banko: h e a r d 2 / Hoopuloa, n e a r 1926 3360 Hoopuloa l a v a f l o w (1 .25 miles SW Honomalino Camp 4200 f t. e l . )

W . Banko: p a i r s e e n and h e a r d ; f r u i t l e s s 3360 e v e n i n g and morning s e a r c h f o r n e s t / Hoopuloa n e a r e d g e o f 1926 Hoopuloa l a v a f l o w (1 .25 miles SW o f Honomalino Camp 4200 ft. e l . )

W. Banko: S c h a t t a u e r h e a r d 1 / Hoopuloa, 3400 n e a r Papa 2 bndry .

W. Banko: u n s u c c e s s f u l s e a r c h 1450-1530 3360 h o u r s / Hoopuloa n e a r e d g e o f 1926 Hoopuloa l a v a f l o w (1 .25 miles SW o f Honomalino Camp 4200 f t . e l . )

W. Banko: M. Mede i ros h e a r d ' A l a l a same .... l o c a t i o n a s 1971 / mauka o f Honomalino a i r - s t r i p

1950-1957 ( 2 4 S e p t . 1 9 6 9 )

1950-1957 (24 S e p t . 1 9 6 9 )

c a . 1954-1955 ( 2 4 S e p t . 1 9 6 9 )

1 8 May 1971

1, 2 J u n e 1971

21 J u n e 1971

22 J u n e 1971

c a . 5 J u n e 1972

I s l a n d o f H a w a i ' i-- ( C o n t i n u e d )

PAPA - Ho 'Epc loa , Honomalino ( c o n ' t . )

4 3 3 W. Banko: 3 f o u n d a s s o c i a t i n g t o g e t h e r 1630-1845 h o u r s , o b v i o u s l y n o t b r e e d i n g / Hoopuloa n e a r e d g e o f 1926 Hoopuloa l a v a f l o w ( 1 . 2 5 miles SW o f Honomalino C a m p 4200 f t . e l . )

3360 8 J u n e 1 9 7 2

433a HSFG: r e p o r t e d b u t n o t f ound on s u r v e y s / .... 1 J u l y 1977 - Honomal i n o 30 J u n e 1978

Ho' EpEloa P r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r y

434 W. Banko: M . M e d e i r o s and h i s c h i l d r e n 3300 5 May 1 9 7 3 found and f o l l o w e d d i s t u r b e d p a i r t o low n e s t / Hoopuloa , 1 . 3 miles WSW Honomalino Camp, n e a r e d g e 1926 Hoopuloa l a v a f l o w

435 W . and P. Banko: f o u n d n e s t l o c a t e d by M e d e i r o s ; p a i r s t i l l p r e s e n t i n area b u t n e s t empty / Hoopuloa , 1 . 3 miles WSW Hono- m a l i n o Camp n e a r e d g e 1926 Hoopuloa l a v a f l o w

3300 1 0 May 1 9 7 3

436 W. and P. Banko: p a i r i n t e r r i t o r y b u t n o t 3300 1 6 May 1 9 7 3 a r o u n d n e s t which is s t i l l empty / Hoopuloa , 1 . 3 miles WSW Honomalino Camp n e a r e d g e 1926 Hoopuloa l a v a f l o w

437 W. and P. Banko: none h e a r d o r s e e n ; n e s t 3300 1 4 J u n e 1 9 7 3 a p p a r e n t l y d e s e r t e d / Hoopuloa , 1 . 3 miles WSW Honomalino C a m p n e a r e d g e 1926 Hoopuloa l a v a f l o w

438 P. Banko: 4 s e e n , a p p a r e n t l y a l l a d u l t s / 3100 25 J u n e 1974 Hoopu loa , 1 . 7 miles SW Honomalino Camp

439 W. and P. Banko: none s e e n o r h e a r d i n 3100 1 0 J u l y 1 9 7 5 1 h o u r s e a r c h / Hoopuloa , 1 . 7 m i l e s S W Honomal i n o Camp

440 P. Banko: h e a r d 1 o r 2 / Honomalino, 1 . 6 miles SW Honomalino Camp n e a r e d g e 1916 l a v a f l o w

3100 27 J u l y 1976

441 P. Banko: none s e e n o r h e a r d i n 1 4 h o u r .... s e a r c h / h i k e a l o n g j e e p r o a d s i n mauka Honomalino and Kapua a h u p u a ' a

442 P. Banko: none h e a r d o r s e e n i n 1 3 . 7 5 hou r .... s e a r c h / Honomalino, Kahuku, Hoopuloa and Papa 2 a h u p u a ' a a l o n g mauka j e e p r o a d s

PAPA - K a p u ' a - Manukz F o r e s t R e s e r v e , Manukz

4 4 3 W . Banko: Meinecke r e p o r t e d 'Alala t o be 1760 a b u n d a n t when S. Pua was s h e r i f f / Manuka (now S t a t e P a r k )

444 W . Banko: Bryan: p e r h a p s a d o z e n f o r m e r l y 1760 p r e s e n t s e a s o n a l l y / n e a r Manuka r a n g e r c a b i n (now S t a t e P a r k )

444a W. Banko: S c h a t t a u e r s a w a few t i m e s / .... a l o n g B e l t Highway ca. 1 . 0 m i l e S Manuka c a b i n

445 Baldwin : B r e i t h a u p t r e p o r t e d ' A l a l a now g o n e .... w h e r e e a r l i e r i t was p r e s e n t and tame / l a n d s i n Upper Manuka

446 W . Banko: J o h a n s e n ( c a r e t a k e r Manuka S t a t e 1760 P a r k ) h a s n e v e r s e e n ' A l a l a i n a r e a / Manuka S t a t e P a r k

447 W. Banko: M o l c i l i o r e p o r t e d 'Ala la s t i l l 5360 common, a s many as 6 i n f l o c k / "Kapual' (Kahuku Ranch camp) 1 9 1 6 l a v a f l o w n e a r Hoopuloa b n d r y .

27 J u l y 1976

28 J u l y 1976

(1909-1931) ( 2 5 Feb. 1 9 6 9 )

1940 ' s ( 1 4 Dec. 1 9 6 6 )

1960-1969 ( 1 0 J u n e 1 9 6 9 )

I s l a n d o f H a w a i ' i - - ( C o n t i n u e d )

PAPA - Kapu' a - Manukh F o r e s t R e s e r v e , ManukZ ( c o n ' t .)

448 W . Banko: u n a b l e t o f i n d on s e v e r a l t r i p s 5360 (1967-1968) whe re r e p o r t e d p r e s e n t i n t h e 1 9 5 0 ' s / "Kapua" (Kahuku Ranch camp - 1 9 1 6 l a v a f l o w n e a r Hoopuloa b n d r y )

448a HSFG: none found o n s u r v e y s / Kapua

448b P. Banko: none s e e n o r h e a r d / Kapua

Ka 'E D i s t r i c t

DISTRICTWIDE INFERENCE

449 g r e a t l y r e d u c e d i n numbers / Kau f o r e s t s

449a h e a r d t o t a l o f 4 . . . may h a v e been t r a n s i e n t / ( i n s u r v e y o f f o r e s t b i r d s i n Kau D i s t r i c t )

KEAIWA RESERVOIR - Kahuku

.... 1 J u l y 1977 - 30 J u n e 1978

. . . . 1936-1937

.... Summer o f 1976

450 W . Banko: Sumner saw / Puu K i n i k i n i , 6200 (1949-1951) 1 mile NE o f Hawaii S t a t e F o r e s t r y c a b i n

4 5 1 W . Banko: Sumner h e a r d / Paauau-2, n e a r ca. 6200 (1949-1951) w a t e r h o l e , 4 miles NE P u n a l u u Kahawai

WOOD VALLEY - ~ a p z p a l a

452 W . Banko: Henshaw c o l l e c t e d 5 s p e c i m e n s / .... 25 O c t . 1899 ( 3 ) Ha l fway House, Kau 25 Nov. 1899 ( 2 )

453 W . Banko: Henshaw c o l l e c t e d 8 s p e c i m e n s / .... 4 Dec. 1 9 0 1 ( 7 ) K a p a p a l a (Ranch ) 1 5 D e c . 1 9 0 1 (1)

454 W. Banko: Henshaw c o l l e c t e d 7 s p e c i m e n s / .... 26 Feb. t o A inapo 3 Mar. 1902

455 W . Banko: Sumner h e a r d / Ainapo-Pawaina ca. 4000 1949 p a d d o c k s ca. 1 mile NNE o f Ainapo House

456 W . Banko: Sumner r e p o r t e d s e e i n g / ca. 4700 1949-1951 K a p a p a l a : ca. 4 miles WSW o f Ainapo Hoonaunui Paddock , K a p a p a l a Ranch

457 W . Banko: Sumner h e a r d / K a p a p a l a ; 5950 1949-1951 A n i p e a h i (ca. 4 .5 miles W o f A inapo ) f o r e s t o f I l i a h i and Naio . . . above Yamaoka Paddock , K a p a p a l a Ranch, n e a r Kahuku b n d r y .

458 W . Banko: Sumner r e p o r t e d p r e s e n t / 5600- 1949-1951 A n i p e a h i , K a p a p a l a , i n f a l s e sanda lwood 6200 f o r e s t be low u n d a t e d l a v a f l o w c a . 4 miles WNW o f A inapo

459 W . Banko: Sumner r e p o r t e d s e e i n g / 4700- 1949-1951 K a p a p a l a ( R a n c h ) , u p p e r Yamaoka Paddock , 5300 3 miles W Ainapo

460 W . Banko: Sumner h e a r d / W a i a k a l o a G u l c h , . 3800 1949-1951 K a p a p a l a , n e a r spr i n g

461 W . Banko: C a r l s o n saw 1 / a b o u t 1 mile .... 1 5 S e p t . 1 9 6 8 below Kau E n t r a n c e t o HVNP

PUU KEOKEO - Kahuku, K i o l a k a ' a

462 W . Banko: Meinecke s a i d ' A l a l a was abun- .... . (1909-1931) d a n t when S. Pua was s h e r i f f / mauka Kahuku ( 2 5 Feb . 1 9 6 9 ) Ranch

463 W . Banko: Shipman r e p o r t e d l o t s / Kahuku, .... c a . 1 9 1 1 camped a b o u t 5000 it . e l . ( 1 8 Feb . 1 9 7 0 )

I s l a n d o f Hawai' i-- ( C o n t i n u e d )

PUU KEOKEO - Kahuku, K i o l a k a ' a ( c o n ' t . )

464 B r e i t h a u p t ( f r o m l i f e - l o n g f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h 6000 1949 u p l a n d s o f s o u t h Kau) : s t i l l t o b e found / n e a r Kipuka Nene (Kahuku)

465 3 d a y s s p e n t i n u n s u c c e s s f u l s e a r c h / a l o n g .... 15-17 Mar. 1949 t h e 1 2 m i l e s t r e t c h uppe r b n d r y Kau F o r e s t R e s e r v e be tween Kipuka A k a l a , 5 3 7 2 , f t . e l . and p o i n t 4 miles NE Puna luu Kahawai , 7000 f t . e l .

466 W. Banko: saw and h e a r d none / 3 mile l o o p .... 1 3 J u n e 1972 h i k e f rom 4680 f t . e l . a t end j e e p r o a d Kahuku Ranch, down a l o n g NW bnd ry . K i o l a k a a , a c r o s s 1926 l a v a f l o w , r e t u r n t h r o u g h Kahuku c a t t l e p a s t u r e s t o v e h i c l e , 0530-0830 h o u r s

467 W . Banko: M o l c i l i o h e a r d a n u n d e t e r m i n e d ca. 4500 29 Aug. 1974 number / ca. 0 .25 m i l e i n t o K i l o l a k a a f rom bndry . w i t h Kahuku Ranch

PUNALUU - Kahuku

468 W. Banko: Sumner r e p o r t e d f o r e s t t o b e f u l l o f ' A l a l a / P u n a l u u Kahawai , Kahuku, ca. 1 mile S o f S t a t e f o r e s t r y c a b i n

PUNALUU - K a i h o l e n a , Mounta in House

469 W. Banko: Yamamoto s a w 1 / i n K a i h o l e n a p a s t u r e . . . n o w ( 1 9 6 9 ) c a n e l a n d

470 W . Banko: P a i v a saw s i n g l e s u s u a l l y b u t some t imes s e v e r a l p e r d a y / f o r e s t be low K a i h o l e n a , Hilea

.... d u r i n g 1950 Mauna Loa ( 3 ) e r u p t i o n (1 -23 J u n e )

.... l a t e 1 9 5 0 ' s ( 1 0 J u n e 1 9 6 9 )

2500 l a t e 1 9 5 0 ' s ( 1 0 J u n e 1 9 6 9 )

471 W . Banko: P a i v a : 'Ala la n o t f ound a f t e r 2500 f o r e s t was c l e a r e d / a r e a be low ~ a i h o l e n a , Hilea

472 Bachman: h e a r d o n l y ... no v i s u a l c o n t a c t / .... s e v e r a l hou r h i k e a b o v e Mounta in House

473 Bachman: f r e q u e n t s i g h t i n g s h a v e r e c e n t l y .... b e e n made; 6 s e e n i n K a i h o l e n a / v i c i n i t y o f Moun ta in House and K a i h o l e n a i n Kau F o r e s t R e s e r v e

474 W . Banko: V. Hansen r e p o r t e d ' A l a l a s e e n o r ,... h e a r d / v i c i n i t y o f K a i h o l e n a

475 W . Banko: D e r a s i n l a s t h e a r d 'Alala / a b o v e Moun ta in House, Kau

PAHALA - ~ Z h a l a

476 W . Banko: Wa l ton saw i n f l o c k s o f 1 0 t o 1 5 ; .... maybe 1 f l o c k s e e n p e r b i r d - c o l l e c t i n g - t r i p , some c o l l e c t e d / i n t h e n a t i v e f o r e s t , P a h a l a area

KAHUKU RANCH - Kahuku, K i o l a k a ' a , ~ a i ' s h i n u

477 W . Banko: Meinecke r e p o r t e d 'Ala la t o b e .... a b u n d a n t when S. Pua was s h e r i f f / Kahuku Ranch mauka B e 1 t Highway

478 W . Banko: M o l c i l i o u sed t o see many...up t o 3400- 1 2 i n f l o c k , b u t t h e y d e c l i n e d when f o r e s t 4000 was c l e a r e d f o r p a s t u r e / a l o n g j e e p t r a i l above P a l i o Ka Eo, Kahuku

479 W . Banko: Rice r e p o r t e d s e e i n g none s i n c e .... ca, 1960, . .when c l e a r i n g o p e r a t i o n s s t a r t e d up a t ca. 3500 it.. .had h e a r d t h a t c rows d e s e r t a r e a s which h a v e t r a c t o r s work ing . . . / Kahuku Ranch

e a r l y 1 9 6 0 ' s ( 1 0 J u n e 1 9 6 9 )

30 J a n . 1966

1 Feb . 1966

1 6 Dec. 1966

maybe a y e a r a g o ( 1 8 J u l y 1 9 7 3 )

1896-1903 ( 1 7 Dec. 1 9 7 2 )

(1909-1931) ( 2 5 Feb. 1 9 6 9 )

1951-1958 ( 1 6 J u n e 1 9 6 9 )

( 2 9 Dec. 1 9 6 6 )

I s l and of Hawai'i--(Continued)

KAHUKU RANCH - Kahuku, Kiolaka 'a , WaiV6hinu (con' t .)

480 W . Banko: Molci l io saw 2 twice i n a month ca.2000- ca. 1 9 6 4 or so / bndry. of Kiolakaa-Keaa Homesteads 2400 (16 June 1969) Addition and Fores t Reserve

481 W . Banko: F r e i t a s saw ca . 4 t imes i n l a s t 3100 1968 10 years . . . l a s t time 3 together i n 1968 / ( 1 0 June 1969) Waiohinu ca. 1 mile NE Kiolakaa, Kau Forest Reserve

482 W . Banko: Molci l io saw none t h i s p a s t year .... ( 2 7 Apr i l 1971) / Kahuku Ranch

483 W . Banko: Molci l io heard 'Ala la / Kiolakaa .... ca. Oct. 1971 Fores t , near Kahuku Ranch ( 7 June 1972)

NAALEHU - Kiolaka' a , Kea' Z , NZ' Zlehu

484 W . Banko: Henshaw obtained 3 specimens / Naalehu

485 Munro saw l . . .heard o t h e r s c a l l i n g / Moun- t a i n House T r a i l above Honuapo ... while on the Kilokaa (Kio1akaa)-Keaa T r a i l NW of Waiohinu

486 p resen t according t o unconfirmed hearsay from l o c a l sources / f o r e s t s above Naalehu

487 W . Banko: formerly abundant according t o Yonemitsu ( r e s i d e n t of Kau s i n c e 1924) / i n g r a s s and macadamia nut t r i a l p lant ing a reas ... Naalehu Plantation...much former range now i n sugarcane

.... 1 4 Dec. 1901 ( 2 ) 1 5 Dec. 1901 (1)

.... Sept. 1936

.... 1940

.... (20 Dec. 1966)

488 W . Banko: Kauwe reca l l ed common / i n f o r e s t .... ca. 1920 above Naalehu

I-' I-' a

H a w a i i V o l c a n o e s N a t i o n a l P a r k

KILAUEA CRATER

489 r a n g e s i n t o t h e s c a n t y woods o n t h e l a v a / .... a l o n g t h e Kau r o a d be low t h e V o l c a n o House

490 Shipman: a few p a i r s u sed t o b r e e d i n t h e .... koa f o r e s t / some 2 miles W o f t h e V o l c a n o House

491 NPS: Ba ldwin : D. P a r i s s a i d ' A l a l a l i v e d .... and n e s t e d / B i r d Park-Kipuka K u l a l i o a r e a

492 Shipman: p r e s e n t / j u s t beyond V o l c a n o . . . . House

493 NPS: 1 r e c o r d / K i l a u e a .... 494 Donaghho: Blacow r e p o r t e d s e e i n g l a r g e ....

b l a c k squawking b i r d / i n and n e a r K i l a u e a C r a t e r

495 Donaghho: O l son : o t h e r s b e s i d e s Blacow had .... s e e n o r h e a r d i t / K i l a u e a

496 saw 1 a t c l o s e r a n g e / Kipuka ~ u a u l u ( B i r d .... P a r k )

497 W . Banko: Mermel saw l a r g e b l a c k b i r d .... r e s e m b l i n g crow jump up f rom g round and f l y s i l e n t l y away ... i n c lear s i g h t f o r 5-10 s e c o n d s ... v i s i b i l i t y good / T r e e Molds h o r s e p a s t u r e , HVNP, n e a r V o l c a n o Go l f C o u r s e (1730 h o u r s )

498 W . Banko: P u n i w a i ( f r o m window o f r e s i d e n c e ) .... saw 1 on g r o u n d f l y i n t o a t ree where i t r ema ined b r i e f l y and t h e n f l e w s i l e n t l y away.. . c o u l d n o t r eca l l e x a c t d a t e / HVNP r e s i d e n c e a r e a

(1894-1902)

( p r i o r 1894-1902)

p r i o r e a r l y 1 9 0 0 ' s

ca. 1910 ( 1 8 Feb. 1 9 7 0 )

( ? 1 9 4 1 )

11 J a n . 1 9 7 5

29 Aug. 1976

Mar. 1977 ( 5 A p r i l 1 9 7 7 )

E x t a - l i m i t a l - I s l a n d o f Hawai' i

Koha l a ~ i s t r i c t

499 W. Banko: S t e a r n s saw a s i n g l e i n d i v i d u a l .... a t c l o s e r a n g e a t same l o c a t i o n on two occa- s i o n s / j u n c t i o n o f Kahua f e n c e l i n e a c r o s s j e e p r o a d and head of P o l o l u ( v a l l e y )

HONOKANE

500 W . Banko: F i t c h saw 1 f l y i n g / c a n e f i e l d .... a b o u t 1 . 5 miles f rom N i u l i i toward P o l o l u V a l l e y l o o k o u t

Ka'E D i s t r i c t

KULANI - Keauhou

501 Manu I k i S o c i e t y : Ba ldwin r e p o r t e d 1 s e e n / .... n e a r Puu K u l a n i , Kau

502 W . Banko: Landgra f and C a r l s m i t h h e a r d 2 / .... 200 f t . o r s o o f f Puuoo t r a i l be tween Keawe- wai camp and Puuk ipu

503 W . Banko: Wakida, P e t t y s , Kamelamela, .... H o r i u c h i and o t h e r s h e a r d 2 f o r c e r t a i n , p o s s i b l y more / n e a r Puu Laau , ~ i l a u e a F o r e s t R e s e r v e

KA LAE - P Z k i n i Nui

504 W . Banko: W h i t e saw 1 / a t W a i a h u k i n i ( l a n d .... o f P a k i n i N u i ) n e a r c o a s t , w h i l e on way t o S o u t h P o i n t

f i r s t w e e k i n S e p t . ; 4 , 5 , o r 6 Nov. 1970 (11 Dec. 1 9 7 0 )

22 S e p t . 1968

( ? 1 9 4 1 )

6 Aug. 1 9 7 1

27 Feb. 1974

A p r i l o r May 1969 ( 1 0 J u n e 1 9 6 9 )

~ T l a u e a D i s t r i c t

UNSPECIFIED LOCALITY

505 not found / Olaa woods . . . . 506 seems not t o d e s i r e , or perhaps be a b l e , t o ....

pass / i n t o Puna ( D i s t r i c t )

507 W . Banko: Shipman never saw / i n Puna .... ( D i s t r i c t )

VOLCANO

508 W . Banko: S c o t t saw 1 f l y i n g / near Volcano .... 509 W . Banko: M u l l saw 1 (from window) f l y i n t o ....

midstory of an ohia t r e e i n h i s yard where it remained f o r a b r i e f period and then flew s i l e n t l y away (1530 hours) / residence on Kalanihonua Road, Volcano

PAHOA SOUTH

510 W . Banko: Keylon was p o s i t i v e h e saw one .... f l y i n g s i l e n t l y towards the coas t ; a l s o w i t - nessed by school c h i l d r e n , 0730 hours / near Pahoa School

KALAPANA

511 W . Banko: Judd reported seeing 1 a t ca. .... 4 0 f t . . ,b lack with prominent b i l l , broad wings, smaller than a hawk / ca. 1 mile to- wards Puna from Queen's Bath (Kalapana)

512 W . Banko: Roberts daughter-in-law, . . . . Bernadet te , saw and heard one / around her residence ca. 1 mile N E of Wahaula Heiau

1 7 Nov. 1 9 7 4

16 Oct. 1977

1 May 1971

e a r l y Feb. 1978

E x t r a - l i m i t a l - I s l a n d o f H a w a i ' i - - ( C o n t i n u e d )

Hawaii V o l c a n o e s N a t i o n a l P a r k

PUU ULAULA

512a W . Banko: Be e r , ~ a k i z u r u and Makizuru 8500- examined o n e 7 5 f t . away t h r o u g h b i n o c u l a r s 9000 b e f o r e i t f l e w away / a l o n g Mauna Loa summit t r a i l

VOLCANO

513 O l s o n s a w 1 i n f l i g h t / n e a r E e n t r a n c e t o .... HVNP on t h e h ighway t o H i l o

514 W . Banko: Cruz saw and h e a r d 1 w h i l e .... h u n t i n g p i g s . . . c o u l d n o t remember s e a s o n o r e x a c t y e a r / c a . l ' m i l e NE o f Napau C r a t e r

515 W . Banko: Cruz saw and h e a r d 1 a f t e r a .... h a r d Kona s t o r m / n e a r Kokoolau , C h a i n o f Cra te r s

516 W . Banko: Mermel l o g g e d r e p o r t ( 1400 h o u r s ) . . . . o f t o u r b u s d r i v e r who h e a r d and r e p o r t e d a b o u t 5 t o u r i s t s saw l a r g e b l a c k b i r d i n t h e t r e e s and a s k e d i f t h e r e we re c rows i n t h e a r e a . . . s a i d f o r e s t b i r d s became q u l e t when t h e b lack b i r d squawked / T h u r s t o n Lava Tube

KALAPANA

517 W . Banko: R o b e r t s h e a r d 1 / Wahaula He iau . . . . 518 W . Banko: R o b e r t s : Pau h e a r d and saw 1 ....

twice on d i f f e r e n t d a y s / n e a r Wahaula He iau

3 A p r i l 1967

27 Nov. 1940

ca. 1960 ( 1 5 J a n . 1 9 6 9 )

W i n t e r o f 1963-1964 ( 1 0 J a n . 1 9 7 3 )

5 S e p t . 1976

e a r l y Feb. 1 9 7 8

w e e k o f 2 o r 9 Feb. 1978

. 8 a P. Banko: h e a r d 1 ( p o s s i b l y 2 ) n e a r Wahaula H e i a u a t 0815 h o u r s b u t c o u l d n o t make v i s u a l c o n t a c t ; t o l d by M . P l o t t h a t a p o s s i b l e s i g h t i n g o f o n e had b e e n made s e v e r a l weeks p r e v i o u s l y i n t h e same a r e a by a r c h a e o l o g i c a l s u r v e y crew

Mauna Kea ~ i s t r i c t

MULTIQUADRANGLE

.... 1 0 J u n e 1978

519 n o t f ound / H i l o D i s t r i c t .... (1894-1902)

520 n o t s e e n o n s u r v e y s and unknown i n r e c e n t .... (1976-1977) h i s t o r y ... d o u b t f u l w h e t h e r h a b i t a t is c u r - r e n t l y o f a n y s i g n i f i c a n c e / U . S . Army P o h a k u l o a T r a i n i n g Area

UMIKOA

521 W . Banko: D a h l b e r g saw and h e a r d 3 / ca. 3500 11 J a n . 1974 0 .25 mile maka i Kuka i au Ranch ( 'Umikoa ) ( 1 6 O c t . 1 9 7 4 ) ( 2 8 miles N o f H i l o )

KEANAKOLU

522 W . Banko: L a n d g r a f h e a r d 2 / Maulua T r a i l c a . 5200 11 J a n . 1969 o n e - f i f t h way t o Shack Camp f rom W a i p u n a l e i T r a i l . . . w i n d w a r d Mauna Kea

523 W . Banko: L a n d g r a f h e a r d 2 / Maulua T r a i l c a . 5200 21 May 1969 one-f i f t h way t o Shack Camp f rom ~ a i p u n a l e i T r a i l ... windward Mauna Kea

524 W . Banko: L a n d g r a f : Mi randa saw 2 / a l o n g ca. 5100 1 7 o r 1 8 S e p t . 1 9 7 1 Maulua T r a i l n e a r Shack Camp, Laupahoehoe

525 W . Banko: L a n d g r a f h e a r d 2 / w i t h i n c a . 5100 25 S e p t . 1 9 7 1 0 .25 m i l e o f Shack Camp and 0 .25 mile o f 1969 r e p o r t

E x t r a - l i m i t a l - I s l a n d o f H a w a i ' i-- ( C o n t i n u e d )

PUA AKALA

526 W . Banko: L a n d g r a f and Kamelemela h e a r d 2 , 6300 24 J u l y 1 9 7 5 0700 h o u r s / P u a A k a l a (Puuoo Ranch)

NAOHUELEELUA

527 W . Banko: B r y a n s a w a small f l o c k o f p e r - c a . 6000 1 9 S e p t . ,1950 h a p s h a l f a d o z e n / i n Kipuka A l a l a , o l d ( 1 4 Dec. 1 9 6 6 ) pahoehoe mamane-naio-ohia k i p u k a

528 W. Banko: Ladd s a w 1 and h e a r d 1 w h i l e s k i n - 4700 Dec. 1 9 7 5 n i n g a s h e e p / n e a r E e d g e o f 1859 l a v a f l o w , P u u a n a h u l u

P I IHONUA

529 W. Banko: a c c o r d i n g t o C r a v a l h o 2 ' A l a l a came t o h i s p a s t u r e a b o u t 10-12 y e a r s a g o and h e saw them r e p e a t e d l y u n t i l 1 d i s a p p e a r e d s e v e r a l y e a r s l a t e r . Its companion r ema ined and is a l s o s e e n r e p e a t e d l y . . . i n g u a v a t rees and a r o u n d p o n d s i n p a s t u r e whe re i t a p p e a r s t o f e e d o n b u l l f r o g s / c a t t l e p a s t u r e o f f A k o l e a Road, P i i h o n u a , H i l o

( 9 May 1 9 7 7 )

530 Tomich: 1 r e p o r t e d / abandoned c a n e l a n d ca. 1000 Mar. 1970 ... o f f ~ a i k a h e Road, ca. 0 .25 mile f rom n a t u r a l l y f o r e s t e d l and . . .Wa iakea U k a , a b o v e H i l o

531 W. Banko: Pung saw 2 l a r g e b l a c k b i r d s c a . 700 c a . 1 3 A p r i l 1977 resembl ing ' A l a l a f l y i n g toward Mauna Kea a t dusk. . . s u r p r i s e d b u t c e r t a i n of i d e n t i t y / near Ainako Avenue, H i l o

E x t r a - l i m i t a l - I s l a n d of Maui

P A I A

532 W. Banko: Vaughn saw a d a r k b i r d c a . 1730 .... 26 Oc t . 1970 h o u r s b a c k l i t i n a£ t e r n o o n l i g h t , w i t h " f r i n g e d " wing edges and w i t h s t r a i g h t ( n o t g u l l - s h a p e d ) wings ( r e c a l l e d he r e a c t e d t o i t a s a crow b e f o r e i t dawned on him t h a t t h e r e a r e no crows on Maui) / v i c i n i t y of Puunene t u r n o f f

t-' PC, I-