Bell Ringer: Complete the question and turn in your bell ringer in on the

wooden shelf by the door!!

• Label the following pictures as Mutualism, commensalism, or parasitism:

Expectations

• No talking…No warnings!!

• Stay in your seat!!

• Listen…you need this to graduate!!!

STAARS Structure

• REPORTING CATEGORY 1 – 11 Questions– Cell structure/function

• Reporting category 2 – 11 questions– mechanisms of genetics

• Reporting category 3 – 10 questions– biological evolution and classification

• Reporting category 4 – 11 questions– biological processes and systems

• Scientific process skills– These skills will not be listed under a separate

reporting category. Instead, they will be incorporated into at least 40% of the questions from categories 1-5.

Packet

• Packet is divided into the different categories.

• 1st page of each category is your “cheat sheet”

• Notes follow the “cheat sheet”

Reporting Category 1

OVERVIEW

• The Cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.

• Cells contain organelles that perform he functions needed for life.

• All cells must maintain homeostasis (balance). They function in a very narrow range of temperature, pH, O2, CO2, food, and waste.

Organelles: (A=Animal, P=Plant, B=Both)

• In the spaces next to each organelle, write only the keywords that will help you recognize them on the test. Label each as Animal, Plant, or Both using the symbols above.

Nucleus (B)

• Control center of the cell

• Contains DNA• Responsible for carrying

out all the functions of the cell

• “Brain” of the cell

• Keyword: Control Center; Brain of cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum (B)

• A.K.A. The “ER”• 2 Types:• Smooth• Rough = Ribosomes• Responsible for

transporting proteins to their destinations

• Keywords: Transports proteins

Chromatin (B)• Loose, unwound DNA

• Only seen when the cell is NOT dividing

• What does chromatin or DNA look like when cell divides?

• Keywords: Loose unwound DNA; Cell not dividing

Cell Membrane (B)

• AKA Phospholipid bilayer• Controls what enters and

leaves the cell• Transports products into

and out of the cell• Made up of 2 layers of

lipids with proteins embedded

• Keywords: Controls what enters and leaves cell

Cytoplasm (B)

• Gel like filling of the cell that contains the organelles

• Keywords: gel filling of cell

Cell Wall (P)

• Stiff outside covering made of cellulose

• Protects and supports plant cells

• Keywords: Protects/supports cell

Centrioles (A)

• Help in mitosis (cell reproduction) by organizing the spindle fibers that pull the chromosomes apart.

• Keywords: Used in mitosis; Pulls chromosomes

Chloroplasts (P)

• Double membrane sacs that contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis

• Keywords: chlorophyll; photosynthesis

Mitochondria (B)

• Double membrane sacs that take food and oxygen to make it energy in the form of ATP

• Keywords: Energy, ATP, Powerhouse

Ribosomes (B)

• mRNA that was copied from DNA goes here to be translated into proteins

• Keywords: Proteins; Protein Synthesis

Golgi Apparatus (B)

• Stats of sacs that takes proteins from the ER and packages and modifies them

• Keywords: Packages/Modifies proteins

Lysosomes (B)

• sacs of digestive enzymes that break down and recycle particles

• Keywords: Digests

Vacuoles (B)

• Storage sacs for water, food, and dissolved substances.

• They are large in plants and called a central vacuole

• Keywords: Storage, water, nutrients

Bell Ringer!!

• Have your packet out and ready to go!

• No talking….No Warnings!!

• You have 6 Days until the STAARS!!!!

Cell Processes

• Divided into 2 categories:– No Energy Needed– Energy Needed

Diffusion

• Movement of molecules from high to low concentration

Osmosis

• Movement of water across a membrane from high to low concentration

Osmosis

• Hypertonic HIGH makes the cell DRY

• Hypotonic LOW makes the cell GROW.

Facilitated Diffusion

• Using a protein to move molecules from high to low concentrations

Active Transport

• Molecules move from low to highconcentration

Endocytosis/Exocytosis

• Moving large molecules into or out of cell by enclosing them in a membrane

Prokaryotic

• Simple cell (like bacteria) with no nucleus-just loop of DNA, ribosomes and a membrane, but no membrane bound organelles

Bacterial Cell Shapes

Know the ones with the arrows only!!!!

Eukaryotic

• cells (like yours) that contain a nucleus and many other organelles. **Remember…YOU are EUKARYOTIC

Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic

Viruses• Viruses are made of a

protein coat (CAPSID) surrounding a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA).

• They are smaller than cells and need cells to replicate and translation to reproduce.

• VIRUSES CAN’T BE HARMED BY ANTIBIOTICS.

• Some can be stopped by vaccinations. Viruses attach using receptors on the cell surface.

Virus Life Cycle

Mitosis

• Interphase• Prophase• Metaphase• Anaphase• Telophase

Turn to next page in your

notes!

Interphase

Cell Is Dividing

Growth

DNA is Replicating

Growth

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Cytokinesis

Meiosis

Check For Understanding

• Daughter Cells are identical.

• Daughter cells contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

• DNA duplicates before this process.

• This process produces eggs and sperm.

Biomolecules and Elements

• Biomolecule• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic Acids (DNA)

• Elements that make up biomolecule

• C,H,O

• C,H,O

• C,H,O,N,

• C,H,O,N,P

Lipid

• Waxes and Fats• Has the most amount of

energy

• Where in plants can lipids be found?

Carbohydrates

• Sugars• In foods, usually

anything “white”• Good for Quick Energy

Proteins

• Meats• Muscles in Animals

Nucleotide

• Makes up DNA

• 3 Parts:– Sugar– Phosphate– Base

Bell ringer: Answer the questions below. Once you finish…Study fo yo

quiz!!!

• What is the correct order of the stages of mitosis?

• What 3 things make up a nucleotide?

• Which cells are attacked by HIV?

• What is the first stage of the lytic virus life cycle?

• No Talking… No warnings!!

• Listen!!

• Stay in your seats!!

DNA RNASugar Deoxyribose Ribose

Base ATGC AUGC

Strands Double Single

Complimentary Base Pairs• In DNA,– Adenine (A) bonds with Thymine.– Guanine (G) bonds with Cytosine.– Thymine (T) bonds with Adenine.– Cytosine (C) bonds with Guanine.

• In RNA,– Adenine (A) bonds with Uracil (U).– Guanine (G) bonds with Cytosine (C).– Uracil (U) bonds with Adenine (A).– Cytosine (C) bonds with Guanine (G).

Check for Understanding

• Check for Understanding:• Write the complementary strand of DNA that

would bond to: TACACCGTC ____________________

• Translate the strand into mRNA. __________________________

• List the amino acids that these codons stand for. Use the chart below.____________ ___________ __________

Amino Acids Chart

Nucleotide

• Building block of DNA & RNA.

• Made up of:– Sugar (Deoxyribose or

Ribose)– Phosphate group– Nitrogen Base What

are these again?

Replication

• Making a DNA copy of DNA is replication.

• Cells need to copy their DNA for mitosis (growth, repair, maintenance).

• Daughter cells are genetically identical.

Replication• Enzyme (Helicase) unzips

DNA down the middle of the hydrogen bonds.

• New bases come in and pair up with the exposed bases.

• Two new strands of DNA are formed that are exactly alike.

Central Dogma

DNA m RNA Proteins •

Transcription Translation

Transcription (Nucleus)

• Purpose: Make DNA into RNA• Steps:– 1. Enzymes unzip the DNA and make an mRNA

copy. A with U and G with C.– 2. The mRNA leaves the nucleus on its way to the

ribosome for translation.

Translation (Ribosomes)• Every 3 bases (codons) on

the mRNA code for 1 amino acid.

• 2. tRNA brings in the amino acids. They have an anti-codon which matches the codon on the mRNA.

• 3. As the correct amino acids are brought in, they are bonded together with peptide bonds to form a polypeptide.

Check for Understanding

Which nuclear process is represented below?• A DNA molecule untwists Two strands of

DNA separate Molecular bases pair up Two identical DNA molecules are produced

A.Recombination B. Fertilization C. Replication D. Mutation

What is the keyword in the question??

QuizWrite the key word(S) that goes with each organelle.

Tell if the organelle can be found in (P), (A), or (B).1.Mitochondria 2.Ribosomes 3.Vacuole 4.Nucleus 5.Chloroplasts 6.Cell Wall 7.Cell Membrane 8.

Endoplasmic Reticulum9. Identify this cell shape: 10.What are the 3 phases of Interphase?11. Identify this bio-molecule:12. What are 3 main differences between mitosis & meiosis?

Bell Ringer: Answer the questions below! You have 3 minutes!

1. What is the complimentary DNA strand for: ATGCCATGA

2. What is the complimentary RNA strand for: ATGCCATGA

3. What are the 3 amino acids for the following DNA strand: ATGCCATG

Reminders

• No Talking…No Warnings

• Stay in your seat!

• Listen!!! You have 4 days until your STAARS test

Review

DNA RNA

Sugar

Bases

Strand

• What is transcription?

• What is translation?

• Where does transcription occur?

• Where does translation occur?

• What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

• What are some tips to help you identify replication on the test?

Mendelian Genetic Basics

• Allele: Form of a gene. Ex. B or b• P=parent generation• F1=first filial (family)• F2= Second family (3rd generation)

• Genotype: genes for a trait. Ex. Bb

• Phenotype: physical appearance

• Dominant: The allele that shows up in the offspring (Capital letter)

• Homozygous: Both alleles are same for a trait. BB or bb

• Heterozygous: Both alleles are different for a trait. Bb

• Recessive: allele that is hidden if dominant gene is present. (lowercase)

• Purebred: Homozygous • Hybrid: Heterozygous

Punnett Squares

• Monohybrid Cross: Tt X Tt

Practice

• In dogs, wire hair (S) is dominant to smooth (s). In a cross of a homozygous wire-haired dog with a smooth-haired dog, what will be

the phenotype of the F1 generation?• S S •

s

• • s

Dihybrid Crosses – 2 traits!

• Incomplete Dominance: Inheritance pattern where neither trait is dominant over the other and a third trait is formed Ex. Red flower (RR) X White flower (WW) makes a Pink flower

• Outcome becomes a characteristic that is “between” the two parental characteristics

Codominance

• Codominance: Two alleles are expressed equally in a phenotype. Ex. In blood types, A and B are co-dominant, O is recessive.

Mutations

• Mutation: changes in DNA.• • Point mutation: one base pair is changed.

ATTGC is changed to ATAGC• • Deletion: Part of a chromosome is missing. Abcd

Abd • Duplication: Part of a chromosome contains two

copies of the same information. Abcde AAbcde

Translocation

• Translocation: a piece of one chromosome is stuck on another creating extra genetic information in the cell

• Monosomy: One copy of a chromosome is present instead of two (Turner’s)

• Trisomy: 3 copies of a chromosome are present instead of two (Down’s Syndrome)

Pedigree Charts• Circles are females, squares are

males. Individuals with genetic diseases are colored in.

• Recessive genetic disorder: two non-affected parents will have a child with the disease Ex. Sickle Cell Anemia, Cystic Fibrosis

• Dominant genetic disease: One parent must have the disease to pass it to their offspring Ex. Huntington’s Disease

• Sex linked: A recessive gene that mother’s carry on their X chromosomes pass it to their sons Ex. Hemophilia

• Remember!!! Look to see if there is a key describing the chart!!!

Karyotypes

• Karyotype: pictures taken of the chromosomes at metaphase. They are cut out and matched with their identical chromosome. Two copies of each chromosome should be present (homologous chromosomes; 1 from dad, 1 from mom).

• Karyotypes are used to show mutations.

Identify the Genetic Disorder!

• Recombinant DNA: made by connecting, or recombining, fragments of DNA from different sources.

You ARE the father….

Practice quiz 2

• Corrections:– #1: Answer choice A should read Gg