Presentation on

lab on a chip technology

Submitted by Submitted to

Indu Baroliya P K Sharma sir (HOD)

Roll No 13900971 (Department OF nanotechnology)

• Introduction

• What is LOC

• Chip materials & fabrication technology

• Electronic circuitry on lab-on-chips

• Role of Nanotechnology

• Advantages

• Disadvantages

• Application

• Conclusion

• Lab-on-a-chip refers to technologies which allow operations

which normally require a laboratory synthesis and analysis of

chemicals on a very miniaturized scale, within a portable or

handheld device.

• A typical lab-on-chip device contains micro channels, which

allow liquid samples to flow inside the chip, but also integrates

measuring, sensing and actuating components.

• A lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is a device that integrates one or several

laboratory functions on a single chip of only millimeters to a few

square centimeters in size.

• Lab-on-chip technology focuses on the development of hybrid

devices, which integrate fluidic and electronic components onto the

same chip.

• Basically lab-on-chip integrate nonmaterial, micro fluidics,

nanosensors, micro electrics, biochemistry, fluidic and electronic

components onto the same chip.

Chip materials

•lab-on-chip devices are hybrids that combine glass, silicon and

various polymers like acrylic, polyester, polycarbonate, resists,

thermoplastics or molds like the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).

• Silicon, glass or polymers are suitable for making the microfluidic

components of the chips; metals like gold, platinum or titanium are

used for the conductive parts; silicon dioxide, silicon nitride and

titanium nitride are for insulation and passivation.

Lab-on-chip fabrication techniques are analogous to those of

microelectronics, since closely related micro fabrication and

integration methodologies are shared by both.

There are 3 way of fabrication process:-

Deposition method

Etching process

Bonding

Deposition method

•Here we can use any vapour deposition process that produces

thin metal, ceramic, or compound films, through thermal

oxidation in a gas chamber at an elevated temperature.

(a) Metallization of the substrate by sputtering a metal film of

Au, Pt, or ITO.

(b) Spin coating of photosensitive resist film onto the metal film.

In lab-on-chip fabrication technology, patterning is the transfer of

outlines of features (which define micro channels, microelectrodes, or

other components) on the top of a substrate by means of ultraviolet

illumination via a photo mask.

(c) exposure of the photosensitive film via a photo mask that results in the transfer of

the desired electrode patterns onto the photosensitive film.

(d) after photo-development, chemical etching removes the bare metalized areas,

which results in the formation of the electrodes.

After patterning all features on substrates (micro channels, elements,

inlets, etc), the base plate and the cover plate must be bonded in

order to seal the chip. It is possible to bond silicon, glass, or rigid

polymer plates, by bonding

Bond the PDMS channel to a glass

substrate

Electronic circuitry on lab-on-

chips

• The sensor is followed by an analogue front-end, which conditions

the measuring signal, analogue-to digital converters (ADC), and a

digital signal processor that analyses the signal.

analogue front-end

• The signals can be electrical, optical, etc.

The analyzed data further sent via a bus to external computer for

post-processing, or even visualized on integrated displays or

external screen.

• Nanosensors are also a key element of many lab-on-a-chip systems.

Sensors have been developed using nano materials like carbon nano

tubes, capable of detecting very low concentrations, even down to

single molecules in some cases. These are extremely useful in

allowing a high degree of analytical flexibility in a lab-on-a-chip

system without increasing the overall size of the device.

• Faster analysis and response times due to short diffusion

distances, fast heating, high surface to volume ratios, small

heat capacities.

• Better process control because of a faster response of the

system (e.g. thermal control for exothermic chemical

reactions)

• Compactness of the systems due to integration of much

functionality and small volumes

• Massive parallelization due to compactness, which allows

high-throughput analysis

• Lower fabrication costs, allowing cost-effective disposable

chips, fabricated in mass production

• Novel technology and therefore not yet fully developed.

• LOCs more complex than in conventional lab equipment.

• Detection principles may not always scale down in a positive

way, leading to low signal-to-noise ratios.

•Personalised medicine

•Point-of-care diagnostics

•Marine sensors

•Monitor pollution

•Monitor pandemics / diseases

•Link to medical and patient databases

•Usage as terminal testers

•Military medicine

•Future advancements in lab-on-a-chip technology will

always depend on at least two major scientific disciplines

- microfluidics, and molecular biology. Nanotechnology

will play a key role in tying these two fields together as

the technology progresses.

•Despite the hurdles always associated with

commercialization of a new technology, viable examples

of these devices are beginning to appear on the market. It

seems that lab-on-a-chip technology will become

increasingly important in the coming years, both in the

medical world and in the chemical industry