L-14

Part III Pre-reform Russia (5)

7. Culture

A. Themes

1. Expansion of education, esp. secondary and tertiary

2. Religious dissent: intensifies, diversifies

3. Growth of Russian national consciousness

4. Emergence of proto-intelligentsia

5. Golden age of Russian literature

B. Education

1. Educational Reform of 1804a. Structureb. Problems

2. Nikolaevan Retrenchmenta. Education as social policyb. Nikolaevan policy

3. Growth and Impact4. Science and Scholarship

Primary and Secondary School Enrollments

Country 1840 1860

Total (thousands)

Per 1,000 population

Total (thousands)

Per 1,000 population

Russia 270 5 955 13

Germany 3,700 113 7,100 156

France 2,900 85 4,029 149

Literacy Rates (percent)

Country 1800 1850

M F M F

Russia 6 4 19 10

Gt. Britain 68 43 72 45

Germany 80 50 86 84

France 47 27 69 46

Russia: Gymnasium and University Enrollments

Year Gymnasium University

1809 450

1825 7,700 1,700

1848 18,900 4,600

1854 17,800 3,600

Social Composition of University (1848-49)

Social Group Number Percent

Nobility 2,506 63.6

Clergy 279 7.2

Raznochintsy 1,152 29.3

Total 3,937 100.0

Moscow University: 1804 Charter

C. Religion: Orthodoxy and Dissent

1. Official Church and Popular Orthodoxy

2. Dissent: Old Believers and Sectarians

Old Believer Center: Rogozhskoe Cemetery Complex (Moscow)

D. Russian National Consciousness

Admiral Aleksandr S. Shishkov (1754-1841)

A. N. Karamzin(1766-1826)

E. Decembrism

1. Historiography

2. Movement: overview

3. Decembrists: profile

4. “Decembrism”: liberal nationalism

5. Significance: mutual alienation

Decembrist Movement: Overview

1816 SPB Union of Salvation1818 Union of Welfare1821 Northern Society1821 Southern Society1825 Society of United Slavs1825 Uprising:

14 December SPB29 December Chernigov Regiment

Decembrist Uprising on Senate Square (December 1825)

Pavel Pestel: Pravda Russkaia (Russian Truth)

Sergei Murav’ev-Apostol

Decembrists in Chains

5 Decembrist Martyrs:Pestel, Ryleev, Bestuzhev,

Murav’ev, Kakhovskii

Decembrist Execution Site: Petropavslovskii Fortress

F. Proto-intelligentsia1. Terminology: Radicals and obshchestvo

(“educated society”)

2. Social Profile

3. “Circles” (kruzhki) of the 1830s

4. Westerner-Slavophile debate

5. Radical socialist currentsa. Herzen: Russian peasant socialism

b. Bakunin: Anarchism

c. Petrashevtsy: Utopian socialism, mass engagement

6. Russian Liberalism

Radical Dissenters: Social Origins

Social Category Percent of Arrested

Nobles 80

Non-nobles 20

Radical Dissenters: Social Position

Social Status Percent of Arrested

Student 49

Civil Servant 25

Writer, Artist 10

Army Officer 6

Teacher 9

Unknown 1

P. Ia. Chaadaev (1794-1856)

1836 “Philosophical

Letter”

1837 “Apology of a

Madman”

Vissarion G. Belinskii (1811-1848)

Konstantin Dm. Kavelin (1818-85): Westerner, Historian

Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov (1759-1859)

Konstantin S. Aksakov (1817-60)

Ivan S. Aksakov (1823-86)

Boris Chicherin 1828-1904: Liberal Ideologist

Alexander Herzen (1812-70):Russian peasant socialism

Alexander Herzen & Family Estate near Moscow

Mikhail Bakunin, 1814-76:Anarchism

Mikhail V. Petrashevskii (1821-66): Utopian socialism

6. Literature and Creative Arts

1. Why a golden age?

2. Literary giants: Griboedov, Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol’

3. Art: Ivanov and Venetsianov

4. Music: Glinka and Russian national opera

Aleksandr Griboedov (1795-1829): “Woe of Wit” (1822-4)

A.S. Pushkin, 1799-1837

Hannibal and Granddaughter, Nadezhda O. Pushkina (and

Pushkin’s mother)

Mikhail Iu. Lermontov (1814-41)

Nikolai V. Gogol (1809-52)

Aleksandr Ivanov (1806-58)

Ivanov: “Appearance of Christ before the People” (1837-57)

Aleksei G. Venetsianov 1780-1847

Venetsianov: “Fortune-telling with cards” (1830s)

Venetsianov: “In the Fields in Spring”

Venetsianov, “Peasant Children” (1820s)

Venetsianov, “The Reapers” (1820s)

Mikhail Iv. Glinka 1804-57

6. Conclusions

1. Elite identity

2. Impact of Western ideology

3. Revolutionary inaction

4. Cultural pluralism

5. Elite/narod gap