Post on 06-Feb-2018
Knowledge Organiser: Causes of World War One
Timeline of key dates
1. 1879 1. Dual Alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary.
2. 1882 2. Triple Alliance formed when Italy joins Dual Alliance.
3. 1888 3. Year of the 3 Kaisers: Kaiser Wilhelm II takes the throne.
4. 1890 4. Kaiser Wilhelm II sacks Chancellor Bismarck.
KW II fails to renew Reinsurance Treaty with Russia.
5. 1894 5. Franco-Russian alliance formed.
6. 1902 6. Anglo-Japanese Alliance formed.
7. 1904 7. Entente Cordiale signed between France and Britain.
8. 1905 8. First Moroccan Crisis: KWII objects to Fr claims to Morocco.
Ger forms the Schlieffen Plan to avoid war on two fronts.
9. 1906 9. Algeciras Conference held to determine future of Morocco.
KWII forced to back down – humiliating!
Britain launches HMS Dreadnought – starts Naval Arms Race
10. 1908 10. Bosnian Crisis: Aust-Hung annexes Bosnia – Russia angry and
humiliated when forced to back down by Germany.
11. 1911 11. Second Moroccan (Agadir) Crisis: Germany sends gunboat
Panther to Agadir in response to France occupying Fez.
Germany backs down after deal with Fr – gets land in Congo.
12. 1912 12. First Balkan War: Balkan League defeats Turkey.
13. 1913 13. Second Balkan War: Balkan League quarrel
Serbia doubles in size.
14. 28 Jun 1914 14. Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand assassinated by Gavrilo Princip
during a visit to Sarajevo, Bosnia.
15. 28 Jul 1914 15. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia and shells Belgrade.
16. 1 Aug 1914 16. Russia refuses German demand to stop mobilising troops.
Germany declares war on Russia.
17. 2 Aug 1914 17. France mobilises in support of Russia.
18. 3 Aug 1914 18. Germany declares war on France.
19. 4 Aug 1914 19. Germany activates Schlieffen Plan and invades Belgium.
Britain declares war on Germany after ultimatum.
20. 6 Aug 1914 20. Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia.
Key Terms / Concepts
21. Imperialism 21. Extending a country’s influence by
building a large overseas empire – usually
using military force.
22. Nationalism 22. A feeling of being superior to other
countries and following your own national
interest above all else.
23. Militarism 23. The belief that a country should keep a
strong military and be prepared to use it to
defend national interests.
24. A Place in the
Sun
24. KWII’s plan to seek a stronger position in
the world through expansion of the German
empire.
25. Weltpolitik 25. ‘World politics’ – a more aggressive
foreign policy aimed at increasing German
military strength and overseas empire.
26. Alliance 26. a group of countries that are formally
united or working together for a similar aim
or common purpose.
27. Splendid
Isolation
27. Britain’s foreign policy before 1904 to
avoid foreign treaties and commitments.
28. Entente
Cordiale
28. A friendly agreement between Br and Fr
that settled long-standing colonial disputes.
29. Dreadnought 29. A type of battleship introduced in 1906,
larger, faster and equipped entirely with
large-calibre guns.
30. Schlieffen
Plan
30. A German plan to defeat France quickly
by invading neutral Belgium before Russia
could mobilise their army.
31. Plan 17 31. French military plan to attack Germany
and recapture Alsace-Lorraine.
33. Black Hand 32. Serbian Nationalist group aimed to unite
all Serbian people in a Greater Serbia.
Knowledge Organiser: Western Front, 1914-17
Time line of key dates
1. 23 Aug 1914 1. British Expeditionary Force meet German forces at Battle of
Mons.
2. Sept 1914 2. Battle of the Marne: The BEF stopped the German advance and
‘saved’ Paris.
3. Oct 1914 3. The first Battle of Ypres: ‘The Race to the Sea’ to control the
coastline begins.
4. Nov 1914 4. The War reached stalemate as both sides dug in defensive
positions.
5. Mar 1915 5. Battle of Neuve Chapelle - attempt to break the stalemate fails
despite early successes.
6. Apr 1915 6. Second Battle of Ypres: Germans used poison gas for the first
time.
7. Sept 1915 7. Battle of Loos: 5,100 gas cylinders released by British to
overwhelm German gas masks. Much blew back to Br trenches.
8. Feb 1916 8. Germans begin battle to capture strategic forts at Verdun.
General Falkenhayn’s tactic of attrition was to ‘bleed France white’.
9. 1 July 1916 9. Haig launched attack at the Somme to relieve French at Verdun.
First day resulted in 57,000 Br casualties.
British used the tank for the first time.
10. Nov 1916 10. Battle of the Somme ends with loss of 1.25 million men.
11. Apr 1917 11. Battle of Vimy Ridge: Canadian troops capture strategic high
position from Germans.
Nivelle Offensive – disaster for the French – led to mutinies in
the French Army and removal of French C-in-C Robert Nivelle.
America declares war on Germany.
12. Jul 1917 12. Third Battle of Passchendaele: heavy rain and drainage
destroyed by artillery led to the battlefield becoming a muddy
quagmire. Over 300,000 Allied troops lost with very little gain.
13. Nov 1917 13. Battle of Cambrai: British attach - 476 tanks are used along the
entire line.
New Weapons
21.
Aircraft
20. Planes and balloons used to spot enemy
positions.
German used Zepplins to carry out bombing
raids (London, May 1915)
May 1917 – first serious German aeroplane
bombing raid – Folkestone.
22.
Tanks
21. Tracks enabled tanks to travel on rough
terrain. Heavily armoured body stopped
ordinary gunfire.
First used at Somme, but took a while to
develop effective tactics.
23.
Poison
Gas
22. Germans first to use chlorine gas in April
1915, but was highly visible.
Dec 1915, Germans used phosgene – invisible
and deadly but slow acting.
Sept 1917 – Germans used mustard gas –
causes blisters and internal bleeding.
Key Terms / Concepts
14. Stalemate 14. Deadlock where neither side can
move or achieve outright victory.
15. Artillery 15. Very large guns that fire at long
range. Moved on wheels or tracks.
16. BEF 16. British Expeditionary Force: Br force
of 150,000 created to travel in the event
of war.
17. Attrition 17. The wearing down and gradual
weakening of the enemy forces.
18. No Mans
Land
18. Land between the front line
trenches of opposing sides.
19. Over the
Top
19. Phrase used to describe the infantry
climbing out of the trenches to attack
the enemy.
20. Morale 20. Positivity, confidence, motivation.
Knowledge Organiser: Events of WW1 Gallipoli Campaign, 1915
Time line of key dates
1. 1915 1. Attempts to break stalemate on Western Front unsuccessful.
2. Mar 1915 2. Beginning of Gallipoli Campaign: British ships begin attack on Turkish
forts in Dardanelles Straits.
3. April 1915 3 (i) Amphibious landings of Br, Fr and ANZAC troops on Helles Beach.
(ii) Amphibious landings unsuccessful – troops instructed to dig in.
4. May 1915 4. One day truce between Allied forces and Turkish to bury the dead.
5. Aug 1915 5. Further beach landings at Suvla Bay by 20,000 British soldiers – failed to
break Turkish defences.
6. Nov 1915 6. Start of Turkish winter – un-prepared soliders begin suffering effects of
frostbite.
7. Dec 1915 7. Decision taken to withdraw from Gallipoli
8. 10 Dec 1915 8. Evacuation of British troops from Gallipoli (10 Dec – 9 Jan)
Key Individuals / Groups
9. Winston Churchill 9. First Lord of the Admiralty and ‘Easterner’
10. David Lloyd George 10. Prime Minister and Easterner – believed in “knocking
out the props from under Germany”
11. Sir Douglas Haig 11. Commander in Chief of Br Army and ‘Westerner’
12. Lord Fisher 12. First Sea-Lord – against sending ships to Gallipoli
13. Sir Ian Hamilton 13. Allied Commander at Gallipoli – unable to co-ordinate
the attack from his ship some distance from the front.
Key Terms / Concepts
16. Easterners Believed the war could be won by
defeating Germany’s allies.
17. Westerners Believed the war could only be won
by defeating German army on W.
Front.
18. ‘Side-Show’ A minor incident that distracts
from more important events.
19. Gallipoli Major campaign of WW1 on Turkish
peninsula
20. Dardanelles
Straits
A stretch of water that separates
European and Asian Turkey.
21. Front The point to which an army has
advanced and is engaging with an
enemy.
22. ANZAC Australian and New Zealand Army
Corps.
Casualties
14. Allies 14. 205,000
15. Turkish 15. 250,000
Knowledge Organiser: Events of WW1, War at Sea
Time line of key dates
1. 1898 1. German Naval Laws increase size of the Reichsmarine
2. 1906 2. HMS Dreadnought launched. Naval Arms Race restarts.
3. 1914 3. (i) British blockade of German ports began.
(ii) A minor Naval Battle at Heligoland Bight.
4. Nov 1914 4. Battle of Coronel – 2 British Cruisers sunk, 1600 lives lost.
5. Dec 1914 5. (i) German naval bombardment of Whitby, Scarborough and Hartlepool.
(ii) Battle of Falkland Islands – German Pacific Fleet destroyed.
6. Jan 1915 6. Battle of Dogger Bank – German battle cruiser Blucher destroyed.
7. Feb 1915 7. Germans begin unrestricted submarine warfare.
8. May 1915 8. American Liner ‘Lusitania’ sunk by German U-Boat, 1200 passengers lost.
9. May 1916 9. Battle of Jutland – German High Seas fleet attempts to break blockade.
10. Jun 1916 10. Britain now lost 500,000 tons of shipping.
11. 1917 11. Introduction of the Convoy system to transport goods across Atlantic.
Key Individuals / Groups / Ships
12. Admiral Jellicoe 12. Admiral of the Fleet – led the British Navy at the Battle of
Jutland.
13. Admiral Beatty 13. Senior Naval Officer – Commander of battlecruiser squadron.
14. Admiral von Hipper 14. German Naval officer – Commander of German flotilla from Kiel
15. Admiral von Scheer 15. Commander of German flotilla from Wilhelmshaven.
16. HMS Indefatigable 16. British ship destroyed at the Battle of Jutland
17. HMS Queen Mary 17. British ship destroyed at the Battle of Jutland
Key Terms / Concepts
18. U-Boat 18. ‘Unterseeboot’ or submarine.
19. Reichsmarine 19. German Navy
20. Blockade 20. To seal off – to prevent passage of
goods.
21. Central Powers 21. Germany and her allies (Austria-
Hungary and Turkey)
22. Sea Mines 22. Explosive device placed in water –
triggered by propeller movement or
magnetism.
23. Depth Charge 23. Introduced in 1916 – designed to
explode at certain depth.
24. Torpedo 24. New weapon – missile fired from
submarine.
25. Q Ships 25. Decoy ships – merchant ships with
disguised heavy guns.
26. Convoy System 26. Merchant ships travelling in close
formation with British or American
warship escort.
27. Unrestricted
warfare
27. Removed the convention of warning
Merchant ships of imminent attack.
QUOTE: 30th May 1916, Admiral Beatty: “There's something wrong
with our bloody ships today”. At the Battle of Jutland after the battlecruisers HMS Indefatigable and HMS
Queen Mary were quickly hit, blown up and sunk with the loss of almost all
hands.
Knowledge Organiser: The Eastern Front & End of the War, 1917-18
Western Front 1917-18: Time line of key dates
8. Nov 1916 8. Battle of Somme ended with loss of 1.25million
9. April 1917 9. Nivelle Offensive leads to French Army Mutiny
10. 1 April 1917 10. USA declares war on Germany.
Canadians capture fortified Vimy Ridge
11. July 1917 11. Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
12. Nov 1917 12. Battle of Cambrai – British use 350 tanks
13. March 1918 13. Ludendorff Offensive breaks allied lines
14. 8th Aug 1918 14. Allied counter attack – ‘Black Day’ for German Army –
start of Hundred Days
15. Sept. 1918 15. Allies reach Hindenburg Line
16. Oct 1918 16. German army in full retreat
17. 11 Nov 1918 17. Germany signs armistice and fighting on the Western
Front ends.
Eastern Front: Time line of key dates
1. Aug 1914 1. Russian army invades East Prussia
Russian troops defeated at Battle of Tannenberg
2. May 1915 2. Russian forces defeated by Aust-Hung at Gorlice
3. June 1916 3. Brusilov Offensive – Russia broke Aust-Hung line
4. Aug 1916 4. Brusilov Offensive slowing – 500,000 killed
5. Feb 1917 5. Russian Revolution – Tsar overthrown by Provisional
Government – stay committed to war.
6. Oct 1917 6. Bolshevik Revolution in Russia led by Lenin. Russia
withdraws from the war.
7. Mar 1918 7. Russians sign peace treaty with Germany – Treaty of
Brest Litovsk.
Key words
18. Mobilise 18. To prepare and organize (troops) for active
service.
19. Tannenberg 19. Battle fought between Russia and Germany from
26–30 August 1914
20. Offensive 20. An attacking military campaign.
21. Line 21. The position(s) closest to the area of conflict of
an armed force's personnel and equipment
22. Revolution 22. A forcible overthrow of a government or social
order, in favour of a new system.
23. Hindenburg
Line
23. A German defensive position of World War I,
built during the winter of 1916–1917 on the Western
Front
24. Mutiny 24. A refusal to obey the orders of a person in
authority.
25. Retreat 25. withdraw from enemy forces.
26. Armistice 26. A formal agreement to stop fighting.
Size of American
Expeditionary Force
1917-18
Jun1917 14,000
Jan 1918 200,000
May 1918 1,000,000
Oct 1918 1,800,000
Knowledge Organiser: The Peace Treaties, 1919-23
Time line of key dates
1. Jan 1918 1. Woodrow Wilson publishes his 14 Points
2. 11 Nov
1918
2. Fighting on the Western Front ended with the signing of the armistice.
3. Jan 1919 3. The ‘Big Three’ arrived in Paris to draw up a peace treaty
4. May 1919 4. The terms of Treaty of Versailles announced to the German people.
5. June 1919 5. Germany refused to sign and sinks their own navy at Scapa Flow in protest.
6. 28 Jun
1919
6. Under threat of continued war, Ebert (new German leader) signed the
Treaty of Versailles.
7. 1920 7. Clemenceau voted out because Treaty wasn’t harsh enough for French!
8. Mar 1920 8. Kapp Putsch - Attempted revolution against the new German government led
by Ebert’s right-wing opponents.
9. 1922 9. Germany fell behind on reparations payments.
10. 1923 10. French and Belgian soldiers entered the Ruhr region to take raw materials.
German government ordered workers to go on strike – met with violence
from French and Belgian soldiers.
German government ‘solved’ economic crisis by printing more money which
led to hyperinflation (rapid price rises).
Other Treaties Germany’s Allies
23.
Treaty of
St.
Germaine
1919 Austria
Separated Austria and Hungary
Territory given to Czechoslovakia (Bohemia, Moravia),
Yugoslavia (Bosnia, Croatia), Poland (Galicia) and Italy.
Army restricted to 30,000.
Forbidden to unite with Germany.
24.
Treaty of
Neuilly
1919 Bulgaria
Lost land to Greece, Romania and Yugoslavia.
Armed forces limited to 20,000.
Forced to pay £100 million in reparations.
25.
Treaty of
Trianon
1920 Hungary
Lost land to Romania (Transylvania), Czechoslovakia
(Slovakia, Ruthenia), Yugoslavia (Slovenia, Croatia).
Economy was too weak to pay reparations.
26.
Treaty of
Sevres
1920 Turkey
Lost land to Greece (Smyrna), although returned under
Treaty of Lausanne, 1923. Syria was placed under
French control by mandate.
Key Terms / Concepts
11.Self-
determination11. Principle that states should rule
themselves rather than be ruled by
others.
12. Rhineland 12. Area of German land between the
river Rhine and the French border.
13. Saarland 13. German area rich in coal mines.
14. War Guilt
Clause14. Article 231 of the Treaty that
forced Germany to accept full blame
for the war.
15. Reparations 15. Money payable by Germany and her
Allies to the victorious nations.
16. Mandates 16. German overseas territory that was
put under League of Nations control.
17. Aschluss 17. German word for union with
Austria.
18.
Demilitarisation18. To remove or reduce armed forces
within a particular area.
19. Disarmament 19. Reducing or completely removing a
nation’s military and weapons.
The Big Three - aims
20. WoodrowWilson
USA
Idealist – 14 points
Fair treaty to prevent Germany seeking
revenge.
League of Nations
21. Georges Clemenceau
France
Realist
French people wanted to cripple
Germany
Weaken Germany as much as possible.
22. David Lloyd George
Britain
Remove German Empire and Navy
Restart trade between Br and Germany
BUT! Promised British people he’d ‘make
Germany pay’
Terms of the Treaty of Versailles
Article Description
1-26The Covenant of the League of Nations - Germany was
not allowed to join.
42The Rhineland was demilitarised - the German army
was not allowed to go there.
45The Saar, with its rich coalfields, given to France for 15
years.
51 Alsace-Lorraine returned to France.
80 Germany forbidden to unite with Austria.
87
Lands in eastern Germany - the rich farmlands of Posen
and the Polish corridor between Germany and East
Prussia - given to Poland.
100Danzig made a free city under League of Nations
control.
119All Germany's colonies taken and given to France and
Britain as 'mandates'.
160 The German army restricted to 100,000 men.
181The German navy restricted to six battleships and no
submarines.
198 Germany not allowed to have an air force.
231Germany was responsible for causing all the loss and
damage caused by the war.
232Germany would have to pay reparations, to be decided
later - eventually set at 132 billion gold marks.
Wilson’s 14 Points
1 No secret treaties.
2 Free access to the seas in peacetime or wartime.
3 Free trade between countries.
4 All countries to work towards disarmament.
5 Colonies to have a say in their own future.
6 German troops to leave Russia.
7 Independence for Belgium.
8 France to regain Alsace-Lorraine.
9 Frontier between Austria and Italy to be adjusted.
10 Self-determination for the people of Eastern
Europe (they should rule themselves.
11 Serbia to have access to the sea.
12 Self-determination for the peoples of the Turkish
empire.
13 Poland to become an independent state with
access to the sea.
14 League of Nations to be set up.
Knowledge Organiser: The League of Nations
Time line of key dates
1. Jan 1920 1. League of Nations set up to sort out disputes between nations.
2. Nov 1920 2. Warren Harding won USA Presidential election promising to keep America
out of the League of Nations.
3. 1920 3. Polish army took control of Vilna. Lithuania appealed to the League but it
did not act. The Poles kept Vilna.
4. 1921 4. Upper Silesia: a plebiscite determined whether Silesians wanted to be
German or Polish. The League divided the region and both sides accepted.
5. 1921 5. Aaland Islands: League ruled in favour of Finland. Sweden accepted.
6. 1921 6. Washington Treaty: USA, Br, Fr and Jap agree to limit size of navy.
7. 1923 7. Corfu: Mussolini, occupied Greek island of Corfu after the murder of Italian
general, Tellini. League condemned Mussolini’s actions, but Greece was made
to pay compensation to Italy and apologise.
8. 1925 10. Bulgaria: Greek troops invaded Bulgaria after an incident on the border.
The LoN condemned the Greek action and Greece was forced to withdraw.
9. 1926 11. Germany joins the League of Nations after signing Locarno Treaty.
10. 1928 12. Kellog Briand Pact: 65 nations agreed not to use force to settle disputes.
11. Oct 1929 13. Wall Street Crash in USA started the ‘Great Depression.
12. Sept 1931 14. Japan invaded Manchuria after an alleged Chinese attack on the South
Manchurian railway at Mukden. China appealed to the League.
13. 1932 15. Japan set up a new Government in Manchuria (renamed Manchuko).
14. Sept 1932 16. League published Lytton report condemning Japan.
15. Feb 1933 17. Japan left the League. Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany.
16. Oct 1933 16. Hitler withdrew from the Disarmament Conference and left the LoN.
17. Dec 1934 17. Mussolini began preparations for invasion of Abyssinia.
18. Jan 1935 18. Br, Fr and It sign Stresa Pact – promised to unite against Germany.
19. Oct 1935 19. Mussolini sent troops and heavy artillery to invade Abyssinia.
League imposed economic sanctions, but did not include oil.
Britain and France did not close the Suez Canal to Italian ships.
Hoare-Laval Plan to divide Abyssinia leaked. LoN reputation in tatters.
20. May 1936 20. Mussolini had conquered all of Abyssinia.
Key terms / concepts / People
Covenant Agreement of 26 rules of the LoN
Moral Persuasion The LoN could apply pressure to
countries who were in the wrong.
Economic Sanctions The LoN could block trade with
countries who were in the wrong.
Isolationism American policy – stay out of foreign
affairs, including the LoN.
Veto Power of veto meant that everyone
had to agree to an action before it
was decided.
Wall St Crash Collapse in the price of shares on the
US stock market that began a world
wide economic depression.
Lord Lytton LoN Official sent to investigate
Manchurian Crisis.
Emp. Heile Selassi Emperor of Abyssinia (now Ethiopia)
Benito Mussolini Fascist Leader of Italy from 1922.
Humanitarian Achievements of the LoN
Refugees
CommissionReturned PoWs to homelands.
Stamped out disease in refugee camps.
International
Labour
Organisation
Banned poisonous lead paint.
Limited children’s working hours.
Introduced 48 hour working week.
World Health
OrganisationWorked to end leprosy.
Worked to reduce Malaria and Yellow
Fever by exterminating mosquitos.
Drugs
CommissionBlacklisted companies involved in drugs
trade.
Slavery
CommissionFreed 200,000 slaves in British owned
Sierra Leone.
Challenged forced labour in Tanganyika
(now Tanzania)
Knowledge Organiser: Causes of the Second World War
Time line of key dates
1. Jan 1933 1. Hitler became Chancellor – began big rearmament programme and left LoN.
2. 1934 2. Hitler agreed a 10 year friendship (non-aggression) pact with Poland.
3. Jan 1935 3. 90% of the population of the Saarland voted to return to German rule. It
returned to Germany in March.
4. Mar 1935 4. Hitler introduced military conscription – breaking terms of ToV.
5. Jun 1935 5. Hitler made a Naval agreement with Britain. Hitler could rebuild the
German Navy to 35% of British Naval strength and 45% submarine strength.
6. Mar 1936 6. France and Russia had signed a Mutual Assistance Pact to protect from Ger.
Hitler sent troops to remilitarise the Rhineland. LoN condemned the move.
Spanish Civil War begins between Communists and Right Wing rebels under
General Franco.
7. Apr 1937 7. Hitler sent German bombers to help Franco in Spanish Civil War. The town
of Guernica bombed by Luftwaffe with estimated 1,650 killed.
8. 1937 8. Germany, Japan and Italy signed Anti-Commintern (Anti-Communist
International) Pact - became the Axis Alliance.
9. Mar 1938 9. Hitler marched his troops into Austria to ‘supervise’ a plebiscite about the
future of Austria. 99.75% of Austrians voted to unite with Germany.
10. May 1938 10. Hitler declared he was willing to fight Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia had
promises of support from Britain, France and USSR. Tensions rose.
11. 15 Sept 38 11. Hitler told Chamberlain that he wanted part of Sudetenland.
12. 19 Sept 38 12. Br and Fr put plans to the Czechs to give parts of Sudetenland to Hitler.
13. 22 Sept 38 13. Second meeting between Hitler and Chamberlain – Hitler demanded all of
the Sudetenland.
14. 29 Sept 38 14. Munich Agreement: Br, Ger, Fr and It decided to appease Hitler and give
him all the Sudetenland. Did not consult Czechs or USSR.
15. 1 Oct 39 15. Hitler’s troops marched into Sudetenland.
16. Mar 1939 16. Hitler’s troops invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia
17. Aug 1939 17. Hitler and Stalin sign the Nazi Soviet Pact.
18. 1 Sept 39 18. German army invaded Poland.
19. 3 Sept 39 19. Chamberlain declared to the British people that Br and Ger were at war.
Key terms / concepts / People
Lebensraum Hitler’s plan to create more living space
for Germans in Eastern Europe.
Rearmament The process of rebuilding and expanding
the armed forces.
Conscription Making it compulsory to join the army
when you reach a certain age.
Plebiscite Vote by the people to make a decision.
Guernica Spanish market town destroyed by the
German air force in April 1937
Luftwaffe German Air Force.
Anschluss Political union between Germany and
Austria.
USSR Communist Russia led by Josef Stalin
Appeasement Chamberlain’s policy of giving in to
Hitler’s demands to avoid war.
For Against
Hitler was standing up to
Communism – a bigger
threat.
It allowed Germany time to
get stronger – too strong!
No-one wanted to relive the
horrors of WW1 . Avoid
war!
It scared the USSR. Hitler
had clear plans to extend
eastwards – threatened USSR
Britain was not ready for
war in 1938. Britain needed
time to prepare.
Appeasement was based on
the mistaken idea that
Hitler could be trusted.
Treaty of Versailles had
been unfair to Germany.It encouraged Hitler to be
aggressive.
No guarantee of US support
in war against Germany. Appeasement: The
Right Policy?
You decide!
Depression meant that own
economic affairs was more
important.
Knowledge Organiser: British Society, 1939-75 – Young People
Time line of key dates
1. Sept 1939 1. Approx 1.5 million people moved from areas at high risk of
bombing during evacuation.
2. May 1940 2. Blitz begins – second wave of evacuation begins.
3. Dec 1942 3. Beveridge Report identifies 5 social ‘evils’ for working classes:
Want (poverty), Disease, Ignorance, Squalor, Idleness.
4. 1944 4. Education Act – compulsory, free education up to age 15.
5. Jul 1945 5. Labour Party won a landslide victory in the General Election.
6. 1945 6. Family Allowances Act – 5 shillings per child per week.
7. 1946 7. National Insurance Act – benefits for unemployed and sick.
8. 1947 8. Town and Country Planning Act cleared slums and bomb
damaged houses and relocated families to new towns.
9. 1948 9. National Health Service opens.
Childrens Act - all Local Authorities to provide Child Protection
services.
10. 1955 10. Britain enters period of ‘prosperity’.
11. Sept 1958 11. Notting Hill Riots – Gangs of Teddy Boys attack black population.
12. Aug 1963 12. ITV show ‘Ready, Steady, Go!’ launched.
13. 1964 13. Beatles sold 25 million albums worldwide.
Series of violent clashes between ‘Mods’ and ‘Rockers’ at British
seaside towns.
14. Jul 1965 14. Comprehensive Schools began to replace Grammar and
Secondary Modern Schools.
15. Aug 1967 15. ‘Summer of Love’ – 50,000 Hippies gathered for 3 day ‘Love-In’.
16. Mar 1968 16. 25,000 student protesters gathered outside US Embassy in
London to protest against Vietnam War. Violent clashes with
police.
Key Terms / Concepts
17. National
Government
17. Wartime Government under Churchill that
included all main political parties.
18. Welfare
state
18. Reforms of the labour government - gave
help for families, unemployed and sick.
19. Prosperity 19. A period of economic success (growth) and
affluence (wealth)
20. Universality 20. Principle that everyone would benefit from
welfare reforms.
21. Teddy Boy 21. ‘Teenager’ of 1950s - long ‘Edwardian
Style’ drape jacket, drainpipe trousers.
22. Mods 22. 1960s teen sub-culture - smart, Italian
fashions, scooters. Listened to Jazz and R&B.
23. Rockers 23. 1960s teen sub-culture - leather jackets,
denim, motor cycles. Listened to rock.
24. Skinheads 24. 1970s Youth culture – associated with
working class, inner-city youth. Shaved heads,
wore denim and heavy boots (bovver boots).
25. Grammar
School
25. Selective state school that allowed
children in who passed 11+ exam.
26. Secondary
Modern School
26. Provided a general education to students
who did not get in to grammar school.
27.
Comprehensive
27. Non-selective state school that encouraged
children of different backgrounds to mix.
Knowledge Organiser: British Society, 1939-75 - Immigration
Time line of key dates
1. 1940 1. Arrival of Commonwealth and Empire Servicemen and women
2. 1942 2. Arrival of American ‘GI’s (totalled around 3million)
3. 1945 3. End of the Second World War – many PoWs choose to remain in Britain
4. 1948 4. Arrival of SS Empire Windrush bringing immigrants from Jamaica
5. 1949 5. Nationality Act becomes law: gives all citizens of Br Empire free access to Br
6. 1955 6. Transport workers strike in Wolverhampton and Bristol in protest against
‘coloured workers’
7. 1958 7. August: Violence between Black and White Youths in Nottingham
8. 1958 8. September: Notting Hill Riots – attacks on Black community by Teddy Boys
9. 1962 9. Commonwealth Immigrants Act – limits immigration to skilled workers.
10. 1965 10. Race Relations Act – illegal to discriminate on grounds of race.
11. 1967 11. Formation of the National Front Political Party
12. 1968 12. Enoch Powell delivers the ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech in Birmingham
13. 1976 13. Racial Equality Act – made racially offensive music or publications illegal.
Key Individuals / Groups
14. Oswald Moseley 14. Former fascist leader – set up the anti-immigration Union
movement.
15. Kelso Cochrane 15. Carpenter from Antigua that was murdered by 6 white youths.
16. Enoch Powell 16. Outspoken Conservative MP – known for ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech
17. Jomo Kenyatta 17. Gave all Kenyan Asians 2 years to become citizens or leave.
18. Idi Amin 18. Ugandan dictator – expelled 50,000 Asians from Uganda
19. Peter Rachman 19. Landlord – provided poor quality, expensive accommodation for
immigrants in West London
20. Sybil Phoenix 20. Immigrant - Helped establish race relations groups – awarded MBE
Wave 1
1940s
Wave 2
1950s
Wave 3
1960s & 70s
IrishAmerican GIs
PoWsPoles
Commonwealth servicemen
Carribean(West Indes)
Commonwealth
Asia(Indian Sub-continent)
African Asians(Kenya,
Uganda)
Key Terms / Concepts
21. Immigration 21. Act of coming to live permanently
in another country.
22. Nationality 22. Status of belonging to a particular
nation
23. GIs 23. American servicemen stationed in
Britain in WW2
24. PoWs 24. Prisoners of war – captured enemy
soldiers held in camps in Britain.
25. Windrush 25. Highly publicised ship that arrived
in 1948 carrying immigrants from
Jamaica.
26. Colour Bar 26. Discrimination that prevented
black immigrants finding housing / jobs
etc.
27. Race Relations 27. Relations between different races
within one country.
28. Commonwealth 28. International association of UK and
countries that were in Br Empire.
Knowledge Organiser: British Society, 1939-75 - Women
Time line of key dates
1. 1941 1. All women aged 20+ registered for war work.
2. 1944 2. 200,000 women working in munitions.
3. 1945 3. End of the Second World War – Family Allowance payments introduced.
4. 1948 4. NHS opens – provides maternity and child health care services.
6. 1955 6.Government agreed to equal pay in public sector jobs. Phased in over 6 yrs.
7. 1961 7. Birth control pill became available to married women on the NHS.
9. 1967 9. Abortion Act passed legalised abortion if two doctors approved.
12. 1968 12. (i) Barbara Castle appointed as Minister for Employment
(ii) Women workers at Ford Motor Cars, Dagenham strike for equal pay.
13. 1969 13. Divorce Reform Act – removed the ‘blame culture’ in divorce.
14. 1970 14. (i) First Women’s Liberation Conference held at Ruskin College.
(ii) Womens Lib Protest at Miss World Contest.
(iii) Equal Pay Act introduced by Barbara Castle (phased in by 1975).
15. 1975 15. Margaret Thatcher becomes leader of the Conservative Party.
Key Individuals / Groups
16. Fawcett Society 16. Campaign group for equal pay and equal treatment.
17. 6 Point Group 17. Campaign group: Political, Occupational, Moral, Social, Economic
and Legal equality for women.
18. Germaine Greer 18. Feminist writer and author of ‘The Female Eunuch’ published
1970
19. Barbara Castle 19. Britain’s first female government minister. Made Minister for
Employment in 1968.
Key Terms / Concepts
20. Munitions 20. Military weapons, ammunition and
equipment.
21. Auxiliary
Services
21. Providing supplementary help or
support to armed forces.
22. Women’s Land
Army
22. Civilian organisation that enabled
women to work in agriculture in WW2.
23. Trade Unions 23. Organised associations of workers
formed to protect their rights.
24. Women’s
Liberation
24. Movement with the overall aim of
creating equality between men and
women.
25. Contraceptive /
Birth Control Pill
25. Oral pill designed to prevent
pregnancy.
26. ‘Back Street’
abortion
26. Illegal abortions carried out in
unregistered premises.
27. Equality 27. The state of being equal, especially
in status, rights or opportunity.